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The Vegetation and Land Use of a South African Township in Hammanskraal, Gauteng

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The Vegetation and Land Use of a South African Township in Hammanskraal, Gauteng The vegetation and land use of a South African township in Hammanskraal, Gauteng By Carolina Elizabeth van Niekerk Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree M.Sc. Botany In the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science University of Pretoria Pretoria 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................. 4 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 5 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION............................................................................................. 7 2.1 TERMINOLOGY................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................................. 9 2.3 THE TURKANA TRIBE.................................................................................................... 10 2.4 SUSTAINABILITY ........................................................................................................... 11 2.5 APPROACH .................................................................................................................... 12 2.6 SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 15 3 FIELDWORK.......................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 AIM OF THE FIELDWORK.............................................................................................. 16 3.2 SITE AND SITE SELECTION.......................................................................................... 16 3.3 PROCEDURE OF THE FIELDWORK ............................................................................. 18 3.4 SCOPING........................................................................................................................ 18 3.5 STRATIFICATION OF THE STUDY SITE....................................................................... 21 3.6 SAMPLE PLOTS SELECTION........................................................................................ 22 4 THE ECONOMICAL SYSTEM............................................................................................... 27 4.1 LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY............................................................................................. 27 4.2 THE GROWING GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR ..................................................... 27 4.3 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY OF SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION................................. 29 5 THE SOCIAL SYSTEM.......................................................................................................... 32 5.1 LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY............................................................................................. 32 5.2 SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 32 5.3 NEEDS OF THE HOUSEHOLD ...................................................................................... 33 5.4 FIELDWORK................................................................................................................... 34 6 THE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM ............................................................................................... 47 6.1 LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY............................................................................................. 47 6.2 SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PLANT COMMUNITY.......................................................... 51 6.3 THE ROLE OF THE ECOSYSTEM ................................................................................. 53 6.4 FIELDWORK................................................................................................................... 54 2 7 RESOURCES......................................................................................................................... 82 7.1 RESOURCES AND AFRICA........................................................................................... 83 7.2 SOIL ................................................................................................................................ 84 7.3 SPACE ............................................................................................................................ 85 7.4 WATER ........................................................................................................................... 89 7.5 JATROPHA CURCAS............................................................................................................ 92 7.6 MORINGA OLEIFERA........................................................................................................... 97 7.7 XIMENIA CAFFRA.............................................................................................................. 100 7.8 PAPPEA CAPENSIS........................................................................................................... 103 7.9 CAPITAL ....................................................................................................................... 105 8 TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 107 8.1 PERMACULTURE ........................................................................................................ 108 8.2 CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE (CA) ...................................................................... 113 8.3 INTERCROPPING ........................................................................................................ 116 8.4 ORGANIC FARMING (OF)............................................................................................ 118 9 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 121 9.1 THE FUNCTIONING OF THE SYSTEMS ..................................................................... 121 9.2 THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE SYSTEMS ...................................................... 123 9.3 AVAILABLE RESOURCES ........................................................................................... 131 9.4 THE SUITABLE TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................... 132 9.5 POSSIBLE LAYOUTS FOR A SUSTAINABLE PLANT COMMUNITY.......................... 136 10 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 142 10.1 THE CURRENT LAND USE ...................................................................................... 142 10.2 DYSFUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP......................................................................... 143 10.3 FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ................................................................................ 144 10.4 LAYOUTS FOR A HOUSEHOLD .............................................................................. 145 INDEX OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... 146 INDEX OF FIGURES................................................................................................................... 147 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... 149 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 149 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The world today is faced with major threats to a stable future, such as the greenhouse effect, depletion of fossil fuels, desertification, poverty and the growing gap between rich and poor. People are becoming more aware of the importance of a sustainable relationship between social systems and ecosystems. These systems were investigated in a South African township in Hammanskraal, Gauteng. Fieldwork was done to determine the current land use of the residents, the land use impacts of the residents and the natural resources available to the residents. The current land use of the residents was determined by observations and interviews. The people modified the ecosystem to make decorative gardens, plant food crops and to fence the yards. The land use impact varied over the total area of the selected site. A TWINSPAN analysis divided the ecosystem into two major communities namely the Residential Major-community, which was divided into 5 sub-communities, and the Savanna Major-Community, which was divided into 3 sub-communities. The land use impact was determined for each sub-community of the Savannah Major-Community in terms of species composition, vegetation structure, grass biomass and grazing capacity. The land use impact of the residents is most destructive on the Residential Major-Community, though the impact in each sub-community is similar. The local ecosystem is used to discard waste and to cut trees for firewood. The land use impact of the residents on the local ecosystem is low compared to agricultural activities. It is concluded that the relationship between the social and the ecological systems of the selected site is dysfunctional, because some natural resources needed by the social system are limited or destroyed. These resources include soil, space, water and energy. An interesting question that was investigated is: Why do people plant ornamental
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