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Effects of Leaves Extract of Eichhornia Crassipes on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Pinus Roxburghii and Bauhinia Purpurea

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Effects of Leaves Extract of Eichhornia Crassipes on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Pinus Roxburghii and Bauhinia Purpurea Journal of Aquatic Science and Marine Biology Volume 1, Issue 2, 2018, PP 13-19 Effects of leaves extract of Eichhornia crassipes on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea Dipty Poudel1, Ram Asheshwar Mandal1*, Ram Prasad Ghimire2 1Kathmandu Forestry College Nepal 2Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) *Corresponding Author: Ram Asheshwar Mandal, Kathmandu Forestry College, Nepal ABSTRACT E. crassipes is threatening the aquatic diversity in famous lakes of Nepal. Thus, this study was objectively carried out to evaluate the effects of extract of E. crassipes on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea, assess the soil nutrients according to proportion of extract and distilled water. Leaves of E. crassipes were collected from Phewa lake. Next, laboratory techniques were applied for oven drying, soaking, shaking incubator, centrifuging, filtering and dilution. Altogether 120 polypots, 60 each from Pinus roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea were used for seed germination. So, 15 replicates for each block representing concentration of extract: distilled water (75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and th th control). Records were taken between 18 March and 24 April, 2018. Temperature and humidity were recorded on 0700, 1300 and 1900 hours. Soil N, P, K, C and pH of different concentrations were analyzed in the lab. It was found that the highest germination in 25:75 concentration specifically 14 and 11 in P. roxburghii and B. purpurea respectively. The diameter of P. roxburghii was the highest in 25:75 with 1.52 mm while it was the highest in 75:25 with 1.34 mm of B. purpurea. The average height of seedling growth of P. roxburghii was the highest in 25:75 concentration having 8.24 cm. The highest record of needles 12 was found in 75:25 concentration. The repeated measures ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in seed germination and seedling growth at 95% confidence level. The nutrient analysis showed that, the highest N%, P2O5 kg/ha, K2O kg/ha and C% were 0.22, 30.30,1359.60 and 2.56 respectively in P. roxburghii at 75:25 concentration. The R2 values of temperature vs germination was 0.16 and this was 0.01 for P. roxburghii and B. purpurea respectively. This research will be useful tool to utilize this for efficient organic fertilizer for forest nursery work. Keywords: E. crassipes, P. roxburghii, B. purpurea, extract, germination, soil nutrient INTRODUCTION , 2011). Eichhornia crassipes is a floating "obligate" E. crassipes is commonly thought to have (requiring a wet habitat) plant belonging to the entered Nepal from India due to the geographic family Pontederiaceae. Eichhornia crassipes proximity of the two countries. It was first which is considered to be originated from the reported in Nepal in 1966 as cited by (Maharjan Amazon and has disseminated very quickly in & Ming, 2012). E. crassipes has been infested in various tropical and sub- tropical countries of Latin several famous lakes particularly Phewa, America and the Caribbean, Africa, Southeast Bishazari, Begnas etc in Nepal. Phewa Lake has Asia and the Pacific (Wolverton & Mc Donald, been one of the most important touristic assets 1979, Charudattan et al.,1995). Water hyacinth of Pokhara, hampered badly due to the invasion is an allelopathic aquatic plant (Gross, 2010) of this weed. The beauty of the lakes is affected which has gained notoriety as an invasive weed due to infestation and the consequences are worldwide (Chai et al ., 2013). This capacity of effect on ecotourism business, irrigation system rapid growth and propagation is the major and suffocation to the aquatic organisms. Huge problem for management of E. crassipes in amount of money has been invested to clean E. aquatic ecosystem. In addition, this weed is also crassipes from the lakes. Therefore, the proper listed on IUCN’s 100 most dangerous invasive management option is needed to control the species (Tellez et al.,, 2008) and included on weed. In fact, the proper utilization of the weed will world’s top 10 worst weeds (Aboul-Enein et al., be better option to control the weed. However, Journal of Aquatic Science and Marine Biology V1 ● I2 ● 2018 13 Effects of leaves extract of Eichhornia crassipes on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea study regarding the effect of leaves extract on seed different concentrations. Daily observation and germination and seedling growth of common recordings were noted for 34 days and 38 days timber and fodder species like Pinus roxburghii for the seed germination and seedling growth of and Bauhinia purpurea respectively has not so Pinus roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea far done in Nepal. Leaves extract of E. crassipes respectively. Moreover, temperature and can be utilized as a organic manure which will humidity were recorded for three timings (0700, reduce cost of chemical fertilizer (Chai, 2013). 1300 and 1900 hours). The seed germination and seedling growth Measurement and recoding: depends upon the soil fertility (UNEP, 2006, Germination percentage of P. roxburghii and B. Vidya & Girish, 2014) but the research purpurea under distinct concentrations of leaves regarding the effect of leaves extracts on soil extract of E. crassipes were recorded. Similarly, nutrient has not done so far in Nepal. Therefore, after the germination of seeds, seedling height, this study was objectively carried out to assess base diameter was measured and no. of leaves the effects of leaves extracts of E. crassipes on were counted on a one-day interval basis and seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus recorded. roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea. In addition, the evaluation the effect of leaves extract on soil Soil analysis: nutrient (N, P, K, C) and pH based is another Soil N, P, K, C and pH of different concentrations aim of this research. were analyzed using Kjedahl method, Bray’s MATERIALS AND METHODS method no.1 for acid soils (Bray and Kurtz, 1945), Flame photometric method (Toth and Prince, E. crassipes leaves were collected from Phewa 1949), Walkley and Black (1958) Volumetric lake from Pokhara, Nepal. Pokhara is a small method and pH meter (DoAC, 2011) respectively. valley lying in central Nepal at latitude and longitude 28.2380° N, 83.9956° E respectively. Statistical analysis: Valley has an average temperature of 20.6 °C The collected data were analyzed using the and rainfall averages 3474 mm. Phewa Lake descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The borders the valley towards south at an elevation normality of the data was tested using Kolmogorov of about 827 meters from asl. The seed of P. and Shapiro-Wilk test. The One-Way ANOVA, roxburghii and B. purpurea were collected from Tukey’s b, Repeated Measures ANOVA and Tree Improvement and Silviculture Component, correlation (temperature vs germination and Nepal. humidity vs germination) were used as inferential statistics for the data which showed normal and LABORATORY WORK Kruskal-Wallis for not normal (Kothari, 2004). E. crassipes leaves were cleaned and dry patted RESULTS using clean cloth. The chemical from E. crassipes leaves was extracted (Chai et al., 2013) at lab in Results illustrates the effect of extract on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus Nepal Academy of Science and Technology. In roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea. The results fourth day of seed sowing, 4 drops of extract also show perception of people on E. crassipes prepared was applied using a dropper. Extract in Phewa lake. This result also determines the was applied in intervals of 4 days for 4 times. effect of extract on soil nutrient and pH. Four drops of extract were applied for the fifth time after 23 days of sowing to check effects on Effects of extract of E. crassipes on seed seedling growth. germination of Pinus roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea Nursery setup: Total 10 recordings were taken for Pinus Altogether 120 polypots, 60 each for Pinus roxburghii on everyday basis regularly after roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea were used th th for seed germination. The seeds were sown on 10 Day of seed sowing i.e. 28 March, 2018 th th th 18 March and recorded till 24 April, 2018 for to 6 April, 2018. Early germination is seen in germination and seedling growth. Nursery plot 75:25 concentration and 50:50 concentration. was established using randomized complete However, it shows that germination was in block design (RCBD) inside glass house having st rd peak from 31 March to 3 April with 4 15 replicates for each block. Each block represents the concentration of E. crassipes extract: distilled germinations in 25:75 concentration in both water (75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and control). All days but it was the lowest germination was polypots except control pots were treated using observed in control concentration (figure 1). 14 Journal of Aquatic Science and Marine Biology V1 ● I2 ● 2018 Effects of leaves extract of Eichhornia crassipes on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea The one way ANOVA showed that there In the case of Bauhinia purpurea diameter was was no significant effect on the germination seen highest in 50:50 concentration initially with percentage of P. roxburghii. 1 mm. There was not much difference in average diameter initially between 75:25 concentration with 0.94 mm and 50:50 concentration. In the end of the study 75:25 concentration resulted out to have the highest average diameter of 1.34 mm Average diameter of control was seen least from beginning of data recording till the end (Fig 4). Fig1. Germination recording in P. roxburghii In the case of B. purpurea, early germination was observed after 11th day of seed sowing in 50:50 and 25:75 concentration. Peak germination was shown in 18th April in 25:75 concentration with 3 seeds germination (fig.
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