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Reconstructing Views on Classification and Changes in Distribution

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Reconstructing Views on Classification and Changes in Distribution A chronological survey of bibliographical and iconographical sources on rhinoceroses in southern Africa from 1795 to 1875: reconstructing views on classification and changes in distribution L.C. (Kees) Rookmaaker Rhino Resource Center, c/o IUCN Species Survival Programme, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] Rhinoceroses were widespread in southern Africa at the end of the eighteenth century, but by 1875 their range was much reduced. The changes in distribution that occurred during this period can be reconstructed from a close examination of the written evidence left by travellers, from the drawings and paintings pro- duced by artists in the field, and from the specimens that were destined for museum and other collections in Europe. As the southern African interior was explored and settled, several new species of rhinoceros were described, including Rhinoceros simus by Burchell in 1817, Rhinoceros keitloa by Andrew Smith in 1836, Rhinoceros niger by Schinz in 1845 based on travels by Alexander, and Rhinoceros oswelli by Elliot in 1847. From the late 1840s, it was usual to recognise four species of rhinoceros in southern Africa, called locally Borele, Keitloa, Muhoohoo and Kiaboaba. In 1875, Drummond recognised five types, and some hunters even exceeded this number. Selous, however, convincingly advocated that only two species should be recognised, the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis and the white Ceratotherium simum. The purpose of this monograph is to document evidence of rhinoceroses in southern Africa and it includes locality records, illustrations and lists of specimens. All locality records of rhinoceroses are given with coordinates, while maps show the nineteenth-century ranges of both black and white rhinoceroses in the present countries of South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Many of the illustrations – some reproduced for the first time – were made in the field. Images by Samuel Daniell in 1801, William Burchell in 1812, William Cornwallis Harris in 1842 and Thomas Baines between 1862 and 1868 show the characteristics of the various species. The specimens (hides, skeletons, skulls, horns) collected during the nineteenth century and preserved in European collections are listed and their status discussed. CONTENTS Abstract · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 5 22 Delegorgue · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 57 47 Drummond · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 116 Introduction · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 6 23 Wahlberg · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 60 Rhinoceros events · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 117 Material and methods · · · · · · · · · · · · · 6 24 Burke · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 64 Rhinoceros specimens in Europe · · 118 Travellers’ accounts · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 7 25 Rhenish Mission · · · · · · · · · · · · · 65 The species debate · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 118 1 Barrow · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 7 26 Sherwill · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 65 Distribution of rhinoceroses · · · · · · 127 2 Truter and Somerville · · · · · · · · · 9 27 Tindall · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 65 I Eastern Cape · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 127 3 Paravicini di Capelli · · · · · · · · · · · 14 28 Hall · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 66 II Northern Cape· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 127 4 Lichtenstein · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 14 29 Methuen · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 66 III Free State · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 128 5 Schmelen · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 15 30 Gordon Cumming · · · · · · · · · · · 67 IV North West Province and 6 Burchell · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 15 31 Oswell· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 70 Gauteng · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 128 7 Delalande · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 22 32 Arkwright · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 74 V Limpopo Province and 8 Campbell · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 22 33 Livingstone · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 74 Mpumalanga · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 129 9 Thompson · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 27 34 Dolman · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 75 VI KwaZulu-Natal · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 129 10 Moffat · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 28 35 Andersson · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 75 VII Namibia · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 130 11 Krebs · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 28 36 Leyland · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 80 VIII Botswana · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 131 12 Boie · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 28 37 Chapman · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 80 IX Zimbabwe · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 132 13 Van Horstok · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 29 38 Baines · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 85 X Historical distribution of the 14 Records from the Eastern Cape · · 30 39 Struthers · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 103 black rhinoceros · · · · · · · · · · · · · 133 15 Bain · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 31 40 Baldwin · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 103 XI Historical distribution of 16 Kay · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 31 41 Records from Zimbabwe · · · · · · 107 the white rhinoceros · · · · · · · · · 135 17 Dunn · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 32 42 Murray family · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 109 Acknowledgements · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 135 18 Smith · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 32 43 Hamilton · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 110 Picture credits · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 136 19 Harris · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 36 44 Mohr · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 110 Bibliography · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 137 20 Arbousset and Daumas · · · · · · · 56 45 Selous · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 112 Unpublished sources· · · · · · · · · · · · 137 21 Alexander · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 56 46 Leslie · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 116 Published sources · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 139 6 [56] Introduction INTRODUCTION classification that occurred. Observations prior to 1795 (i.e., At the end of the eighteenth century, scientists generally during the Dutch East India Company period at the Cape) accepted that there was only one species of rhinoceros on the were largely treated by Rookmaaker (1989) and were limited to African continent, which differed from the Asian rhinoceros by the western and southern parts of South Africa. After 1875 most the lack of incisors and the presence of two horns on the nose of southern Africa had been settled and rhinoceroses were seen instead of one (Rookmaaker, 2004a, 2005a). It was known at the infrequently. Although some of the historical sources on the time that the rhinoceros inhabited the country near the Cape of African rhinoceros have been previously discussed (Rook- Good Hope, where the animal had been shot and described by maaker, 1983), many travellers have not been placed within a Anders Sparrman at Quammedacka in 1775 and by Robert context of zoological history as is done here, nor has particular Jacob Gordon on the Gamka River in 1778 (Rookmaaker, 1989: attention been paid to the extensive iconography. Most data 284). At that time specimens were relatively rare in European presented here were found in published books and periodicals, collections and consisted mostly of horns without any support- while manuscript journals have been consulted when they ing information (Rookmaaker, 1999a). Although actual data were accessible. An attempt was made to locate all drawings, are absent, it is reasonable to assume that until the end of the engravings, paintings and other artwork showing the rhinoc- eighteenth century the rhinoceros was relatively undisturbed eros of southern Africa for the period under discussion. I have and therefore common in suitable areas throughout southern presented the rhinoceros records in chronological order, Africa. giving short accounts of the lives and travels of the observers, In the course of less than a century, in the period ending while the localities are listed in the tables and the artwork is around 1875, rhinoceros had been encountered almost every- largely illustrated in the figures. I have given references to where in appropriate habitats south of the Kunene and Zam- appropriate literature in the hope of providing sufficient infor- bezi rivers. As hunters, traders and farmers settled in regions mation to allow further study. increasingly distant from the coast, the animals were pushed back or became locally extinct (Guggisberg, 1966; Emslie & MATERIAL AND METHODS Brooks, 1999). During this time, the number of species recog- As outlined above, the sources used here are bibliographical, nised by those who travelled in the African interior increased iconographical (both published and unpublished), and the dramatically. New species were described with reference to the specimens previously or currently in museums or other collec- size of the animals or the shape of the horns, including Rhinoc- tions. Bibliographical sources comprise published journals, eros simus, R. keitloa, R. niger and R. oswellii. In 1875, there would diaries and notes written by travellers during expeditions, as have been general agreement among knowledgeable people well as books and some articles in periodicals resulting from that there were at least four, and possibly as many
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