David Hume: the Making of a Philosophical Historian
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Augustine on Knowledge
Augustine on Knowledge Divine Illumination as an Argument Against Scepticism ANITA VAN DER BOS RMA: RELIGION & CULTURE Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Research Master Thesis s2217473, April 2017 FIRST SUPERVISOR: dr. M. Van Dijk SECOND SUPERVISOR: dr. dr. F.L. Roig Lanzillotta 1 2 Content Augustine on Knowledge ........................................................................................................................ 1 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 4 Preface .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 7 The life of Saint Augustine ................................................................................................................... 9 The influence of the Contra Academicos .......................................................................................... 13 Note on the quotations ........................................................................................................................ 14 1. Scepticism ........................................................................................................................................ -
Diogenes Laertius, Vitae Philosophorum, Book Five
Binghamton University The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB) The Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy Newsletter 12-1986 The Lives of the Peripatetics: Diogenes Laertius, Vitae Philosophorum, Book Five Michael Sollenberger Mount St. Mary's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://orb.binghamton.edu/sagp Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Ancient Philosophy Commons, and the History of Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Sollenberger, Michael, "The Lives of the Peripatetics: Diogenes Laertius, Vitae Philosophorum, Book Five" (1986). The Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy Newsletter. 129. https://orb.binghamton.edu/sagp/129 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in The Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy Newsletter by an authorized administrator of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. f\îc|*zx,e| lîâ& The Lives of the Peripatetics: Diogenes Laertius, Vitae Philosoohorum Book Five The biographies of six early Peripatetic philosophers are con tained in the fifth book of Diogenes Laertius* Vitae philosoohorum: the lives of the first four heads of the sect - Aristotle, Theophras tus, Strato, and Lyco - and those of two outstanding members of the school - Demetrius of Phalerum and Heraclides of Pontus, For the history of two rival schools, the Academy and the Stoa, we are for tunate in having not only Diogenes' versions in 3ooks Four and Seven, but also the Index Academicorum and the Index Stoicorum preserved among the papyri from Herculaneum, But for the Peripatos there-is no such second source. -
The Relation of History of Science in the Structure of Scientific
The Relation of History of Science to Philosophy of Science in The Structure of Scientiªc Revolutions and Kuhn’s later philosophical work Vasso Kindi University of Athens In this essay I argue that Kuhn’s account of science, as it was articulated in The Structure of Scientiªc Revolutions, was mainly defended on philosophical rather than historical grounds. I thus lend support to Kuhn’s later claim that his model can be derived from ªrst principles. I propose a transcendental reading of his work and I suggest that Kuhn uses historical examples as anti-essentialist Wittgensteinian “reminders” that expose a variegated land- scape in the development of science. T. S. Kuhn was a physicist who became a historian, but who also wrote a book, the Structure of Scientiªc Revolutions (1970),1 that proved seminal in philosophy of science. In that book, unlike what was typical in philosophy of science before the so-called historical turn, there are quite a few refer- ences to particular cases from the history of science. After the Structure, and all the praise and controversy that it evoked, Kuhn published Black- Body Theory and Quantum Discontinuity (1987), a book of history of science. The question that repeatedly arose was: what is the relation of Kuhn’s phi- losophy of science to the history of science? He was asked, for example, whether the Black-Body book exhibited the pattern of development that was elaborated in the Structure. His commentators wanted to know whether the facts pertaining to quantum theory provided conªrmation for his philosophical model, whether they could serve as a testing ground, but also, whether his account of these particular facts was shaped by his philo- sophical model. -
History from a Philosophic Perspective
CANADIAN SOCIAL STUDIES VOLUME 41 NUMBER 1, Fall 2008 www.quasar.ualberta.ca/css History from a Philosophic Perspective Catherine Broom Simon Fraser University Return to Articles Abstract One of the key components of Social Studies has always been history, yet many of us seldom explore what we mean by history. This paper delves into the meaning of history through an examination of Collingwood’s work and a discussion of how we can incorporate twentieth century thought into his work. This paper aims, in Collingwood’s words, to “deepen understanding” of our craft. Philosophy of History: Collingwood The philosophies of history of Thucydides, Plato, Aristotle, Polybius, St Augustine, Bodin, Vico, Herder, and Hegel (selections in Tillinghast, 1963) and Collingwood (1956) make clear that understanding “history” is not easy. The questions that have to be answered, such as for and of whom is it written and why, are philosophical ones. Most of these philosophers saw history from a religious viewpoint: they viewed its events as illustrating the unfolding of “Providence,” or God’s purpose. However, Collingwood’s work (1956) illustrates the true meaning of history. Collingwood argues that certain early accounts, such as in preGreek societies, or certain modern accounts, like those based on dividing societies into a number of epochs, such as Marx’s, are not really history, as they shape facts to suit their larger theoretical frameworks. Rather, history is the reenactment of past thought in the mind of a historian in order to answer a question about people in the past the historian has first articulated. -
DIOGENES of SINOPE Diogenes of Sinope (C
DIOGENES OF SINOPE Diogenes of Sinope (c. 412‐323 BC), a contemporary of Plato and Aristotle, is considered the founder of the philosophical school of Cynicism. Concerned more with action than with words, he left no writings. What we know of his thought is what has been related to us by contempo‐ raries and later scholars. The most extensive account is from Diogenes Laertes, writing almost 500 years after Diogenes lived. LIFE OF DIOGENES OF SINOPE, THE CYNIC (404‐323 BC) RD BY DIOGENES LAERTIUS (3 CENTURY AD) Diogenes was a native of Sinope, son of Hicesius, a banker. Diocles relates that he went into exile because his father was entrusted with the money of the state and adulterated the coin‐ age. But Eubulides in his book on Diogenes says that Diogenes himself did this and was forced to leave home along with his father. Moreover Diogenes himself actually confesses in his Porde‐ lus that he adulterated the coinage. Some say that having been appointed to superintend the workmen he was persuaded by them, and that he went to Delphi or to the Delian oracle in his own city and inquired of Apollo whether he should do what he was urged to do. When the god gave him permission to alter the political currency, not understanding what this meant, he adulterated the state coinage, and when he was detected, according to some he was banished, while according to others he voluntarily quitted the city for fear of consequences. One version is that his father entrusted him with the money and that he debased it, in consequence of which the father was imprisoned and died, while the son fled, came to Delphi, and inquired, not whether he should falsify the coinage, but what he should do to gain the greatest reputation; and that then it was that he received the oracle. -
Francis Fukuyama the National Interest Summer 1989
The End of History? Francis Fukuyama The National Interest Summer 1989 IN WATCHING the flow of events the intellectual climate of the world's over the past decade or so, it is hard to two largest communist countries, and avoid the feeling that something very the beginnings of significant reform fundamental has happened in world movements in both. But this history. The past year has seen a flood phenomenon extends beyond high of articles commemorating the end of politics and it can be seen also in the the Cold War, and the fact that "peace" ineluctable spread of consumerist seems to be breaking out in many Western culture in such diverse regions of the world. Most of these contexts as the peasants' markets and analyses lack any larger conceptual color television sets now omnipresent framework for distinguishing between throughout China, the cooperative what is essential and what is restaurants and clothing stores opened contingent or accidental in world in the past year in Moscow, the history, and are predictably Beethoven piped into Japanese superficial. If Mr. Gorbachev were department stores, and the rock music ousted from the Kremlin or a new enjoyed alike in Prague, Rangoon, and Ayatollah proclaimed the millennium Tehran. from a desolate Middle Eastern What we may be witnessing is not capital, these same commentators just the end of the Cold War, or the would scramble to announce the passing of a particular period of rebirth of a new era of conflict. postwar history, but the end of history And yet, all of these people sense as such: that is, the end point of dimly that there is some larger process mankind's ideological evolution and at work, a process that gives coherence the universalization of Western liberal and order to the daily headlines. -
HUME and MILL on "UTILITY of RELIGION": a BORGEAN GARDEN of FORKING PATHS?L
TEAO~ Reuista Iberoamericana de Estudios Utilitaristas-2005, XlVII: 117-129 ISSN 1132-0877 HUME AND MILL ON "UTILITY OF RELIGION": A BORGEAN GARDEN OF FORKING PATHS?l JOSE L. TASSET2 University ofA Coruiia ABSTRACT This work is not a specific assessment of Utility ofReligion by John Stuart Mill, but a defence of what I think is a utilitarian, but not millian, view on the problem that work states, the question of the utility of religion in contemporary societies. I construct that view from neohumeanism more than from millian positions, notwithstanding, I postulate that view as a genuine utilitarian one. Every cultural tradition makes a different approach to ethical and political theories. Spanish and Ibero-American utilitarians make precisely it with Clas sical Utilitarianism. From that point of view, Ibero-American people identifies utilitarianism with radical and enlightened tradition linked with the reform that through XVIIIth and XIXth centuries tried to undermine the foundations of conservative society in our nations. This aim was not achieved, at least not completely; because of that, the pursuit of Utilitarianism remains opened between us. In the end,I will argue that Spanish and Ibero-American utilitarians connect utilitarianism with philosophical and political radicalism, and inside that His panic utilitarianism, plays an important role the criticism of social and political functions of Religion. Maybe, part of the future of Utilitarianism in our cultural context depends on a return of the Theory to its radical roots, also in religious subjects. Keywords: J ohn Stuart Mill, David Hume, Jorge Luis Borges, religion, deism, theism, functionalism, truth. RESUMEN Este trabajo no pretende ser una evaluaci6n especifica de la Utilidad de la Religi6n de John Stuart Mill, sino una defensa de 10 que creo es una posici6n 1 Date of acceptance: 26/07/2006. -
The Happiness Philosophers
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Introduction A philosophy is the expression of a man’s intimate character. — William James But even as we as a nation have embraced education as critical to economic growth and opportunity, we should remember that colleges and universities are about a great deal more than measurable utility. Unlike perhaps any other institutions in the world, they embrace the long view and nurture the kind of critical perspectives that look far beyond the present. — dreW Gilpin faUsT, presidenT of harvard UniversiTy The Word “UTiliTarian” is not apt to strike the right chord in the world’s moral consciousness. Today, as in the nineteenth century, it can all too easily conjure up visions of soulless manager drones addicted to “efficient” adminis- tration in the least imaginative and most dehumanizing sense, or of those who would destroy a many-sided liberal education in the name of the immediately practical, useful, and vocational. The defenders of the humanities, including the presidents of Harvard and Columbia and their peers, have tended to define themselves by their opposition to instrumental or “utilitarian” approaches to education, which, it is implied, will prioritize “economic growth and opportu- nity” and miss the big issue: how over the long haul to cultivate individuals who can think critically, empathize with others, imagine better worlds, and actively engage in meaningful democratic citizenship. These, in their view, are the invaluable intangibles that cost-bene fit-minded, bean-counting, Dicken- sian utilitarian functionaries cannot even conceptualize much less defend. -
Chapter One Historiography and Sources
CHAPTER ONE HISTORIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES Publications devoted to the writing of library history in the United States date from the 1950s but did not begin to appear with regularity until the latter stages of the 1970s. Articles on the "value of library history" have been produced by Jesse H. Shera (1952, 1.12), Haynes McMullen (1952, 1.11), Raymond Irwin (1958, 1.17), Louis Shores (1961, 1.26), and John C. Colson (1969, 1.44) and collectively constitute a genre in their own right. More traditional contributions reviewing and evaluating the literature stem from classic essays by Felix Reichmann ("Historical Research and Library Science," 1964, 1.29) and Sidney L. Jackson ("Materials for Teaching Library History in the U.S.A.," 1972, 1.76). These were followed by two fine articles on public library historiography by Sidney Ditzion and Francis Miksa, respectively (1973, 1.82; 1982, 1.139); overviews of the literature encompassing academic, public, and private libraries as well as key individuals and landmark publications by Shera (1973, 1.87) and Colson (1976, 1.100); general analyses of recent scholarship by David Kaser (1978, 1.121) and Lee Shiflett (1984, 1.145); and a statistical and analytical study of the historical monograph from 1975 to 1985 by Laurel A. Grotzinger (1986, 1.155). Thematic and methodological issues came under the scrutiny of Michael H. Harris (1975, 1.97; 1976, 1.105; 1986, 1.157), Elaine Fain (1979, 1.128), Wayne A. Wiegand (1983, 1.143), and Robert V. Williams (1984, 1.147). Interpretive concerns, in particular, dominated the writings of Harris, an avowed revisionist, and were featured with rejoinders in two issues of the Journal of Library History (vol. -
Philosophy.Pdf
Philosophy 1 PHIL:1401 Matters of Life and Death 3 s.h. Contemporary ethical controversies with life and death Philosophy implications; topics may include famine, brain death, animal ethics, abortion, torture, terrorism, capital punishment. GE: Chair Values and Culture. • David Cunning PHIL:1636 Principles of Reasoning: Argument and Undergraduate major: philosophy (B.A.) Debate 3 s.h. Undergraduate minor: philosophy Critical thinking and its application to arguments and debates. Graduate degrees: M.A. in philosophy; Ph.D. in philosophy GE: Quantitative or Formal Reasoning. Faculty: https://clas.uiowa.edu/philosophy/people/faculty PHIL:1861 Introduction to Philosophy 3 s.h. Website: https://clas.uiowa.edu/philosophy/ Varied topics; may include personal identity, existence of The Department of Philosophy offers programs of study for God, philosophical skepticism, nature of mind and reality, undergraduate and graduate students. A major in philosophy time travel, and the good life; readings, films. GE: Values and develops abilities useful for careers in many fields and for any Culture. situation requiring clear, systematic thinking. PHIL:1902 Philosophy Lab: The Meaning of Life 1 s.h. Further exploration of PHIL:1033 course material with the The department also administers the interdisciplinary professor in a smaller group. undergraduate major in ethics and public policy, which it offers jointly with the Department of Economics and the PHIL:1904 Philosophy Lab: Liberty and the Pursuit of Department of Sociology and Criminology; see Ethics and Happiness 1 s.h. Public Policy in the Catalog. Further exploration of PHIL:1034 course material with the professor in a smaller group. Programs PHIL:1950 Philosophy Club 1-3 s.h. -
A Rationalist Argument for Libertarian Free Will
A rationalist argument for libertarian free will Stylianos Panagiotou PhD University of York Philosophy August 2020 Abstract In this thesis, I give an a priori argument in defense of libertarian free will. I conclude that given certain presuppositions, the ability to do otherwise is a necessary requirement for substantive rationality; the ability to think and act in light of reasons. ‘Transcendental’ arguments to the effect that determinism is inconsistent with rationality are predominantly forwarded in a Kantian manner. Their incorporation into the framework of critical philosophy renders the ontological status of their claims problematic; rather than being claims about how the world really is, they end up being claims about how the mind must conceive of it. To make their ontological status more secure, I provide a rationalist framework that turns them from claims about how the mind must view the world into claims about the ontology of rational agents. In the first chapter, I make some preliminary remarks about reason, reasons and rationality and argue that an agent’s access to alternative possibilities is a necessary condition for being under the scope of normative reasons. In the second chapter, I motivate rationalism about a priori justification. In the third chapter, I present the rationalist argument for libertarian free will and defend it against objections. Several objections rest on a compatibilist understanding of an agent’s abilities. To undercut them, I devote the fourth chapter, in which I give a new argument for incompatibilism between free will and determinism, which I call the situatedness argument for incompatibilism. If the presuppositions of the thesis are granted and the situatedness argument works, then we may be justified in thinking that to the extent that we are substantively rational, we are free in the libertarian sense. -
Plato's Retreat : a Play in Two Acts 35057008493487 PHILOSOPHY-IN-DRAMA SERIES
PHILOSOPHY IN DRAMA SERIES MA INC PS 8579 C66 P62 2002 O'Connell, Sean, 1944- Plato's retreat : a play in two acts 35057008493487 PHILOSOPHY-IN-DRAMA SERIES VOLUME V PLATO'S RETREAT FORTHCOMING IN THIS SERIES: VOLUME III Neecheemoos and Inuspi VOLUME IV Winter at Delphi PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED: VOLUME I Cartesian Dreams VOLUME II Lives and Evils Of MI-MI miiiwu Copyright registered © 2002 by Phi-Psi Publishers. All rights reserved. Except for briefpassages quoted in reviews, no portion of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, or performed in any manner whatsoever without written consent of the publisher. A play is performed whenever it is acted out for audiences, live or on film or on video, whether or not admission is charged. This book may not be resold or loaned-for-hire. Library loans do not constitute loans for hire. Address all inquiries to: Permissions Phi-Psi Publishers Box 75198, Ritchie P.O. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6E 6K1 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data O'Connell, Sean, 1944- Plato's retreat A play. (Philosophy-in-drama series; 5) ISBN 0-9686685-2-6 1. Plato. Republic-Drama. I. Title II. Series: O'Connell, Sean, 1944- Philosophy-in-drama series; 5 PS8579.C66P62 2001 C812'.6 C2001-911302-1 PR9199.3.Q3175P62 2001 Designer: Marcey Andrews Production Manager: Marcey Andrews Marketing Director: Patricia Sweet Printing and Binding: Dial Printing Inc., Swarm Enterprises Front cover art: Kallipolis. R. Mitchell Crozier. 8 112"x 11 " (Pen on paper) PRINTED IN CANADJ fnl-Ml BtUJUtlJ PLATO'S RETREAT A PLAY IN TWO ACTS by SEAN O'CONNELL CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE SERIES 1 INTRODUCTION 15 PLATO'S RETREAT39 ACT ONE Scene One *1 Scene Two 85 Scene Three ACT TWO Scene One 155 Scene Two 159 Scene Three 195 Scene Four 215 HUD'S JinlOT PHIL0S0PHY-IN-DRAIY1A LEARNING SERIES Volume V PREFACE TO THE SERIES The first great Western Philosopher and one to whom all others bow—if not in agreement then at least with reverence—wrote nearly all his works in quasi-dramatic form.