Evolutionary Biology

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EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY SUBDISCIPLINES OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Behavioral Evolution • Evolution of mating systems, courtship behavior, foraging behavior, predator escape mechanisms, and cooperation. Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) • Evolutionary change in the processes that translate genetic information (genotype) into its behavioral, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical characteristics (phenotype). Evolutionary Ecology • How the life histories, diets, and other ecological features of species evolve, and how these processes affect the composition and properties of communities and ecosystems, also, how species evolve in response to one another (e.g. evolution of predator-prey relationships). Evolutionary Genetics • The origin of variation; the patterns of variation within populations and species, along with the causes and consequences of these variations. Paleobiology • Large-scale evolutionary patterns in the fossil record. Examines origins and fates of lineages, major groups, and anatomical and behavioral novelties, evolutionary trends, and changes throughout geographic areas and geologic time. Evolutionary Physiology/Morphology • How physiological, biochemical, and anatomical features of an organism provide adaptation to its environment and lifeways. Also examines the history of these adaptations. Human Evolution • Many evolutionary biologists use conceptual issues of the subdisciplines to study a particular group of organisms. Of these groups, one draws special attention—the human lineage. Molecular Evolution • Investigates the history and causes of evolutionary changes in nucleotide sequences, the structure and number of genes, their physical arrangement on chromosomes, and other molecular phenomena, including the evolution of genomes. Systematics • Distinguishes and names species, infers phylogenetic relationships among species and classifies species based on their evolutionary relationships. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY.

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History and Philosophy of Systematic Biology
History and Philosophy of Systematic Biology Bock, W. J. (1973) Philosophical foundations of classical evolutionary classification Systematic Zoology 22: 375-392 Part of a general symposium on "Contemporary Systematic Philosophies," there are some other interesting papers here. Brower, A. V. Z. (2000) Evolution Is Not a Necessary Assumption of Cladistics Cladistics 16: 143- 154 Dayrat, Benoit (2005) Ancestor-descendant relationships and the reconstruction of the Tree of Lif Paleobiology 31: 347-353 Donoghue, M.J. and J.W. Kadereit (1992) Walter Zimmermann and the growth of phylogenetic theory Systematic Biology 41: 74-84 Faith, D. P. and J. W. H. Trueman (2001) Towards an inclusive philosophy for phylogenetic inference Systematic Biology 50: 331-350 Gaffney, E. S. (1979) An introduction to the logic of phylogeny reconstruction, pp. 79-111 in Cracraft, J. and N. Eldredge (eds.) Phylogenetic Analysis and Paleontology Columbia University Press, New York. Gilmour, J. S. L. (1940) Taxonomy and philosophy, pp. 461-474 in J. Huxley (ed.) The New Systematics Oxford Hull, D. L. (1978) A matter of individuality Phil. of Science 45: 335-360 Hull, D. L. (1978) The principles of biological classification: the use and abuse of philosophy Hull, D. L. (1984) Cladistic theory: hypotheses that blur and grow, pp. 5-23 in T. Duncan and T. F. Stuessy (eds.) Cladistics: Perspectives on the Reconstruction of Evolutionary History Columbia University Press, New York * Hull, D. L. (1988) Science as a process: an evolutionary account of the social and conceptual development of science University of Chicago Press. An already classic work on the recent, violent history of systematics; used as data for Hull's general theories about scientific change.
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1. Adaptation and the Evolution of Physiological Characters
Bennett, A. F. 1997. Adaptation and the evolution of physiological characters, pp. 3-16. In: Handbook of Physiology, Sect. 13: Comparative Physiology. W. H. Dantzler, ed. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. 1. Adaptation and the evolution of physiological characters Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, ALBERT F. BENNETT 1 Irvine, California among the biological sciences (for example, behavioral CHAPTER CONTENTS science [I241). The Many meanings of "Adaptationn In general, comparative physiologists have been Criticisms of Adaptive Interpretations much more successful in, and have devoted much more Alternatives to Adaptive Explanations energy to, pursuing the former rather than the latter Historical inheritance goal (37). Most of this Handbook is devoted to an Developmentai pattern and constraint Physical and biomechanical correlation examination of mechanism-how various physiologi- Phenotypic size correlation cal systems function in various animals. Such compara- Genetic correlations tive studies are usually interpreted within a specific Chance fixation evolutionary context, that of adaptation. That is, or- Studying the Evolution of Physiological Characters ganisms are asserted to be designed in the ways they Macroevolutionary studies Microevolutionary studies are and to function in the ways they do because of Incorporating an Evolutionary Perspective into Physiological Studies natural selection which results in evolutionary change. The principal textbooks in the field (for example, refs. 33, 52, 102, 115) make explicit reference in their titles to the importance of adaptation to comparative COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGISTS HAVE TWO GOALS. The physiology, as did the last comparative section of this first is to explain mechanism, the study of how organ- Handbook (32). Adaptive evolutionary explanations isms are built functionally, "how animals work" (113).
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Auditory Experience Controls the Maturation of Song Discrimination and Sexual Response in Drosophila Xiaodong Li, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Azusa Kamikouchi*
RESEARCH ARTICLE Auditory experience controls the maturation of song discrimination and sexual response in Drosophila Xiaodong Li, Hiroshi Ishimoto, Azusa Kamikouchi* Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Abstract In birds and higher mammals, auditory experience during development is critical to discriminate sound patterns in adulthood. However, the neural and molecular nature of this acquired ability remains elusive. In fruit flies, acoustic perception has been thought to be innate. Here we report, surprisingly, that auditory experience of a species-specific courtship song in developing Drosophila shapes adult song perception and resultant sexual behavior. Preferences in the song-response behaviors of both males and females were tuned by social acoustic exposure during development. We examined the molecular and cellular determinants of this social acoustic learning and found that GABA signaling acting on the GABAA receptor Rdl in the pC1 neurons, the integration node for courtship stimuli, regulated auditory tuning and sexual behavior. These findings demonstrate that maturation of auditory perception in flies is unexpectedly plastic and is acquired socially, providing a model to investigate how song learning regulates mating preference in insects. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.34348.001 Introduction Vocal learning in infants or juvenile birds relies heavily on the early experience of the adult conspe- cific sounds. In humans, early language input is necessary to form the ability of phonetic distinction *For correspondence: and pattern detection in the phase of auditory learning (Doupe and Kuhl, 1999; Kuhl, 2004). [email protected] Because of the strong parallels between speech acquisition of humans and song learning of song- Competing interests: The birds, and the difficulties to investigate the neural mechanisms of human early auditory memory at authors declare that no cellular resolution, songbirds have been used as a predominant model in studying memory formation competing interests exist.
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THEORETICAL COMMUNICATIONS EVO/DEVO From archebiosis to evolution of organisms and informational systems Yuri Natochin1 and Tatiana Chernigovskaya2 EVO/DEVO 1Faculty of Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Universutetskaya nab., 7–9, Saint Petersburg, 199106, Russian Federation 2Department of the Problems of Convergence in Natural Sciences and Humanities, Laboratory for Cognitive Studies, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7–9, Saint Petersburg, 190000, Russian Federation Address correspondence and requests for materials to Tatiana Chernigovskaya, [email protected] Abstract Laws of evolution seem to be relevant not only for biological domains, but for informational systems. This paper provides a sketch of a comparison of two systems — that of homeostatic systems, and that of language evolution. We argue that the patterns of evolution of functions are hierarchically organized according to four main levels: I — the primary level: a cell in biology, a phoneme in language; II — functional units: a nephron, a morpheme; III — organs: a kid- ney (a lung, a heart, etc.), a word; IV — systems: physico-chemical constancy, a sentence or a phrase. There is a set of restrictions for each domain: the linguis- tic changes have not occurred in all languages, in many cases they are still un- derway, there are ‘old’ and ‘young’ languages, etc. Such comparisons appear to be relevant and can be applied to objects as far removed as these. This allows us to speak of certain evolutionary universals. Keywords: laws of physiological evolution, history of evolutional physiology in Russia, origins of life, language evolution. Introduction: A glimpse of history Citation: Natochin, Y.
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The Evolution of Bird Song: Male and Female Response to Song Innovation in Swamp Sparrows
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The Unique Skeleton of Siliceous Sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) That Evolved first from the Urmetazoa During the Proterozoic: a Review
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Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide
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