INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 87

The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (: Apoidea)

Mark Deyrup Archbold Biological Station P.O. Box 2057 Lake Placid, FL 33862 Jayanthi Edirisinghe Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Beth Norden Department of Systematic Biology Entomology Section, MRC - 188 National Museum of Natural History Washington, D.C. 20560

Abstract. A list is provided of 113 species of bees and their 157 known floral hosts at the Archbold Biological Station(ABS), a 2105 ha site on the Lake Wales Ridge in Highlands County in south-central Florida. This is more species than might be expected at a single site so far south in Florida, based on previous studies in the Miami area and Everglades National Park, but fewer species than would be expected in an upland area of similar size with open habitats in north Florida, the mid-Atlantic states, or the upper Midwest. The small size ofthe fauna might be correlated with the absence of species that require a cold period in their life cycle, those that require clay or other heavy soils, those that require mesic woodlands and those that require abundant host plants in certain groups that are poorly represented on the ABS, such as Rosaceae. The natural history of southeastern bees is not known in enough detail to ascribe these causes to the individual species that are missing from the ABS fauna. In terms of bee taxa, the relatively small diversity at this site can be mainly attributed to a very poor representation of the genus Andrena (3 species), a poor representation of the genus Lasioglossum (13 species), and a poor representation of the entire family Apidae (22 species). The bee fauna of the ABS is mostly composed of species that occur (or may be expected to occur) through much of the southeastern Coastal Plain, combined with species that are widely distributed in eastern North America. In addition to these elements, there appear to be at least a few species or populations that may be relics of the dry savannahs that stretched across southern North America in parts of the Pleistocene or in the late Pliocene. There is only one species that appears to have come up from tropical Florida or the West Indies. There is no evidence that there are plants that are dependent on single bee species at the ABS, but certain buzz-pollinated plants may rely on only a few species of Bombus. A few species of bees appear to be oligolectic; their host plants, however, are visited by a wide variety of bees and other . Bees at the ABS belong to four conspicuous mimetic complexes: metallic green; black with a red abdomen; black with red bands and spots; black with yellow bands and spots. Most ABS bees do not have any warning coloration that is conspicuous to human eyes. There is only one exotic bee on the site, the European honey bee. This lack of a large exotic component in the fauna contrasts with the situation in the ants, of which about one fourth are introduced. Honey bees are often extremely abundant, and possibly dominate nectar and pollen resources in ways that are disruptive to native bees. Although it is easy to observe individual honey bees displacing individual native bees on flowers, there are no data on the ecological effects of honey bees on native pollinators at the ABS. About one quarter ofthe bee species (26) are parasitic species that depend on other species to gather nectar and pollen. This proportion of parasitic species is similar to some other well-studied sites in temperate North America, and is higher than the proportion found in tropical areas.

Introduction there are only a few other published attempts to list all the bees of a single site in North America. There To make a survey of bees at any site requires are some good reasons for this. 1. Since every site only dedication and a certain degree of knowledge. differs in its ecology from every other site, a site list Published site surveys of bees, however, are rare: is site specific, and may not have much predictive 88 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI value for another site that has different habitats. 2. many species of bees, so bees provide many data Site lists are an open-ended enterprise. Every site points. Bees are likely to be sensitive to changes in could have its own list of everything, but the effort the physical habitat (e.g., whether a site is open or that this would require would be impossible in a forested) as well as to presence or absence of certain practical sense. When are site lists worth the effort? plants and the prevalence and type of chemical There is no rule for answering this question; it insecticides. Bees are especially useful as an exam­ depends on the situation. 3. The production of site ple of a group that is both diverse and resilient, lists of insects is an old-fashioned activity, requir­ judging by a recent inventory of bees in Carlinville, ing little in the way of modern technology, and Illinois after an interval of 75 years (Marlin and much in the way of characteristics that are in LaBerge 2001).6. It is relatively easy to work with eclipse in modern science: a dedication to field bees. The bee fauna, especially in eastern North natural history, the ability to identify large num­ America, is relatively well known, and Mitchell bers of species, and a willingness to remain in one (1960,1962) has provided a manual for eastern bees place for a series offield seasons. 4. It is difficult to that covers the great majority of species. Since decide when a survey is sufficiently complete for almost all bees, even most of the parasitic species, publication; more species continue to be found year visit flowers, it is relatively easy to collect bees, after year, including common species that were including some of the rarer species. 7. Since bees overlooked until an understanding of their natural are important pollinators of certain flowers, bees history made them easy to find. are ecologically significant, not only as indicators, There are, however, compensating factors that but in their own right. make it worth the effort and expense to produce and publish this list of bees from a single site. 1. Biolog­ Methods and materials ical diversity is an abstract concept until it is seen operating in ecological communities. There are The Archbold Biological Station (ABS) is a more than 700 species of bees in the eastern United private institution with about 5000 acres (2100 States (Mitchell 1960, 1962), but many of these hectares) of natural habitats. The soil is acidic and species never encounter each other. When more low in nutrients; it is almost pure sand except for than 100 species are found in a single site, however, organic matter in the form of partially broken down one is forced to consider whether all these bees have leaf litter in upland sites and muck sediments in a multitude of different functional roles. 2. Site lists seasonal ponds. All the habitats burn periodically, are useful for biogeographic analysis and compar­ some more frequently than others. Many plants ative community ecology. Such studies help explain respond to burning by profuse flowering. Major patterns of distribution and diversity, and can also habitats are: 1. Florida scrub, a shrub community help guide management in a world that is increas­ dominated by dwarf oaks, Ericaceae and short ingly managed by our species. The scientific litera­ palmettos, sometimes with an over story of pine. ture could, in theory, become overwhelmed by Scrub areas remain dry during the rainy season, innumerable site lists for bees and other organ­ and tend to burn at about 15 to 50 year intervals. 2. isms, but such lists are rare, to the point that it is Pine flatwoods, open areas with short shrubs, difficult to find site lists to compare for biogeo­ palmettos, and many species of herbaceous plants; graphic analysis or for comparative community usually there is a sparse over-story of pines. Many ecology. Since there are only a few site lists for bees flatwoods areas flood occasionally during the rainy in North America, our discussion and analysis of season. They tend to burn at about 5 to 15 year this list is largely speculative. The pioneer finds intervals. 3. Seasonal ponds are open, with grasses, many novelties, but has few explanations. 3. Site sedges, and various herbs. Shrub by St. John's Worts lists, especially annotated site lists, add bits of (Hypericum spp.) occur in many ponds. Seasonal natural history information to our knowledge ofthe ponds are highly flammable when dry, and can species in the list, in this case, both bees and plants. potentially burn every few years. 4. Sandhill has a 4. Site lists of various organisms serve as baseline sparse over-story of pines and a more or less dense studies in a world that is rapidly changing. Without ground cover of grasses and herbs, with scattered these lists, it is difficult to track the comprehensive clumps of shrubs and palmettos. This habitat is effects of destruction, degradation and fragmenta­ maintained by fires at about 3 to 15 year intervals. tion of remaining natural areas. Most sites in 5. Bayheads occur in wet areas that have escaped natural areas in temperate North America have burning for about 25 years or more, and are densely INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 89

shaded by large pines, several species of evergreen Annotated list of bees broadleaf trees and vines that have grown up into the canopy. 6. The fire lanes that cut through the The following list treats families in the same various natural habitats are another habitat type. order as they appear in Hurd (1979). Genera and Their regular maintenance can provide elevated species are alphabetical under the families. No­ population levels of annual herbs that are more menclature generally follows Hurd (1979). Nomen­ normally found in open patches of the various clature of genera of Halictidae follows Moure and habitats that the fire lanes traverse. For more Hurd (1987) in order to avoid confusion, as it is not detailed descriptions ofthe habitats of the Archbold always clear which species will be placed in which Biological Station see Abrahamson et al. (1984). subgenera of Lasioglossum. Family classification Habitats that occur at the latitude of the Archbold follows Michener (2000). Records of flower associa­ Biological Station in Florida, but are not represent­ tions do not always refer to pollen gathering. No ed on the station include: cypress swamps, marsh­ attempt was made to match the pollen found on a es, wet and dry prairie systems, flood plain and bee with that of a particular plant. Letters (f, m) corridor forest, coastal beaches, mangroves and after the plant name refer to the sex of the bees coastal subtropical forest. found on that flower; numbers refer to the number The climate is transitional between warm tem­ of specimens. Plant nomenclature, English names perate and subtropical. The temperature may drop of plants, and designation of plants as native or below O°Cseveral times during the winter, but only exotic in Florida follow Wunderlin (1998), except as for a few hours, and sheltered microhabitats are noted. Author names of plants appear in the cross­ frost-free. Mean rainfall is 135.1 em (53.2 in) annu­ reference list of plants. ally, most of which falls between late May and mid­ October. Summers are hot and wet, winters are cool COLLETIDAE and dry, with the dry season stretching through the spring, when drought stress is generally the great­ Caupolicana sp. est. Rapid percolation of water through the sand Flowers: Dalea feayi (Lm), Dicerandra frutescens accentuates the severity of the drought conditions (If,1m), Trichostema dichotomum (1m). This spe­ during the dry season. Many of the upland plants cies was seen robbing nectar by using the labrum to have drought adaptations, but flushes of growth slit the corolla of D. frutescens and unopened buds and flowering are not usually directly dependent on of T. dichotomum. Many additional specimens were recent rains, as they often are in desert regions of seen, but not collected, on flowers of Dicerandra southwestern North America. frutescens, Trichostema dichotomum, and a few on Collecting bees and records of floral hosts has Seymeria pectinata. This appears to be a rare been a long-term effort. Most specimens were col­ species confined to Florida scrub habitat. It is a lected on flowers or in Malaise traps. The survey large, conspicuous species, active in both morning took advantage of knowledge of the site and of the and evening, and the scarcity of specimens in habits of particular bee species to collect as many collections indicates that it is truly a rare species bee species as possible. For example, a special effort (Deyrup 1994). Pollen hosts at the ABS are un­ was made to look for bees on Nuphar lutea (L.) known, and the females we have collected were not (Small) because oligolectic bees are known to occur carrying pollen. ABS records: Sept. on this plant. The survey was not designed to be replicable by inexperienced investigators at other Colletes banksi Swenk sites. Flowers: Ilex glabra (2If, 21m), Serenoa repens All records cited in this survey have associated (If, 1m), Lyonia fruticosa (l m), Persea borbonia voucher specimens. The great majority of the spec­ (Lm). Most females on Ilex were carrying pollen; imens are in the collection of the Arch­ this is a probable pollen host. The female on Ser­ bold Biological Station, but some are in the Florida enoa was not carrying pollen. One male was prey of State Collection of in Gainesville or the Mallaphorina clausicella (Macquart) (Diptera:Asil­ National Museum of Natural History in Washing­ idae). ABS records: Mar.- May. ton, DC. Identifications are by the authors and a number of specialists who are listed in the acknowl­ Colletes brimleyi Mitchell edgment section below. The outside identifiers are Flowers: Ilex glabra (1£), Persea borbonia (10f, also included in the species accounts. 4m), P. humilis (1£), Quercus laurifolia (1£), Q. 90 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

myrtifolia (1£), Quercus sp. (1£), Serenoa repens (If, Flowers: Baccharis halimifolia(7f, 13m), Euthamia 3m). No females with filled scopae were taken on caroliniana (13f, gm), Hyptis verticillata (Lm), any hosts. Females often occur on oak catkins, Palafoxia feayi (1£), Pityopsis graminifolia (1£), where they are presumably gathering pollen. The Polygonellagracilis (3m), Solidago fistulosa (16m). pollen of oaks is composed of small grains that do Females with full scopae on Euthamia, Baccharis, not clump easily, so it is possible that the scopae and Palafoxia. At the ABS this is a fall species that may shed their pollen when the bees are captured. is associated with Asteraceae. ABS records: Sept.­ ABS records: Feb. - May. Oct.

Colletes distinctus Cresson Colletes sp. A Flowers: Xyris elliottii (I£). ABS records: Mar, Flowers: Eryngium cuneifolium (1£), Hypericum June. reductum (1£), Licania michauxii (1£), Lyonia fru­ ticosa (3m), Polygonella robusta (1£), Serenoa repens Colletes latitarsis Robertson (3£). ABS records: Dec., Apr. - May, Sept. We know of only two ABS specimens (Malaise trap). ABS records: Apr. Colletes sp. B Flowers: Bumelia tenax (If, 2m). ABS records: Colletes mandibularis Smith May. Flowers: Aralia spinosa (Lm), Baccharis halimifo­ lia (If, 3m), Eryngium cuneifoliurn. (4f, 12m), Eu­ Hylaeus confluens Smith thamia caroliniana (If, 2m), heterophylla Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (1£), Aralia spinosa (1£), (If, Lm), Hyptis verticillata (1£), Ilex glabra (12f, Eriocaulon decangulare (3m), Euthamia carolini­ 2m), Melilotus albus (Lm), Pityopsis graminifolia ana (2£), Hypericum edisonianum (1£), H. reductum (1£), Polygonella basiramia (2m), P. gracilis (If, (3£), Ilex cassine (3f, Lm), Parkinsonia aculeata (1£), 4m), P. polygama (If, Lm), P. robusta (If, 3m), Rhus Polygonella robusta (3f, 2m), Prunus angustifolia copallina (If, 1m), Serenoa repens (5£), Solidago (1£), staminate flowers of Salix caroliniana (7f, Lm), fistulosa (Lm), S. odora chapmanii (2m), Synge­ Syngonanthus flavidulus (If, 1m). Specimens were nanthus flavidulus (6m). Many of the females tak­ taken at honeydew produced by Cinara sp. aphids en on various hosts have full scopae; this is appears on Pinus clausa (If, 6m). A male was found collect­ to be a polylectic species at the ABS. It flies in ing nectar at a flower of Vaccinium myrsinites from spring and fall; there are no records for June and which the corolla had recently dehisced. ABS July. A female in the ABS collection was identified records: Jan. - Oct. by Roy R. Snelling. ABS records: Feb. - May, Aug. - Dec. Hylaeus graenicheri Mitchell Flowers: Serenoa repens (4£), Mihania cordifolia Colletes nudus Robertson (I£). This is the only ABS species that is otherwise Flowers: Hypericum fasciculatum (1£), Ilex glabra only known from specimens from tropical areas of (2f, 2m), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (4f, 2m), Per­ south Florida. ABS records: Mar. - May, Nov. sea borbonia (If, 2m), P. humilis (2m), Serenoa repens (2m). No females have full scopae. A male in Hylaeus ornatus Mitchell the ABS collection was identified by Charles Por­ Two specimens from Malaise traps, identified by ter. ABS records: Apr. - June. Roy Snelling. ABS records: May - June.

Colletes productus Robertson Hylaeus schwarzi Cockerell Five specimens collected in Malaise traps. ABS Flowers: Hypericum edisonianum (Lm), Mikania records: May. cordifolia (1£), Nuphar lutea (2m), Pontederia cordata (If, 1m). ABS records: Feb., Apr. - June, Colletes simulans Cresson Nov. Flowers: Baccharis halimifolia (5m), Euthamia caroliniana (2m). ABS records: Sept. - Oct. Hylaeus volusiensis Mitchell One specimen from Malaise trap. ABS record: Colletes thysanellae Mitchell Apr. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 91

ANDRENIDAE structure, lining of the nest and coating of the pollen ball, larval structure, variations in the head Andrena atlantica Mitchell shape of the adult male and the occurrence of Two specimens from Malaise trap. ABS records: mating on flowers. The pollen host recorded was H. Apr. subaxillaris; bees were also taken on "Chrysopsis microcephala," probably referring to Chrysopsis Andrena dimorpha Mitchell graminifolia var. microcephala (Small) Cronquist, Four specimens from Malaise traps. ABS a synonym of P. graminifolia. A species of minute records: Mar. - Apr. robber fly (Asilidae) was often seen perched next to the burrows at the ABS, and two females were seen Andrena fulvipennis Smith to enter the burrows (Scarbrough et aL 1995). Flowers: Chrysopsis scabrella (Lm), Euthamia Possibly the fly larvae prey on the bee larvae or caroliniana (If, 1m), Heterotheca subaxillaris (1£), provisions, or it might be a way for the female fly to Pityopsis graminifolia (19f, 7m). Observations of get her eggs into cooler and damper sand away from females indicate that P. graminifolia is a pollen the surface. ABS records: Aug. - Nov. host; the female on H. subaxillaris had full scopae. ABS records: Sept. - Nov. Perdita halictoides Smith One specimen from Malaise trap. ABS record: Perdita bequaerti Viereck May. Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (18f, 11m), Palafox­ ia feayi (If, 2m). Prey of Zelus longipes (Linnaeus) Perdita polygonellae Timberlake (Reduviidae), 1 m. bee. Observations of females Flowers: Polygonella basiramia (1£), P. gracilis indicate that B. angustifolia and Palafoxia feayi (3f, 2m). Females with full scopae were taken on P. are pollen hosts. This is a communal nesting spe­ gracilis. A female in the ABS collection was identi­ cies; details of nesting behavior are the subject of a fied by Bryan Danforth. ABS records: Oct. - Nov. current study at the ABS. Mating is often seen on flowers of B. angustifolia, and was also seen on P. HALICTIDAE feayi. A male and female in the ABS collection were identified by Bryan Danforth. ABS records: Sept. ­ Agapostemon splendens (Lepeletier) Oct. Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (3£), Baccharis halimi­ folia (1£), Balduina angustifolia (2f, 5m), Bejaria Perdita blatchleyi Timberlake racemosa (1£), Bidens alba (1£), Calamintha ashei Flowers: Pityopsis graminifolia (5f, 6m). ABS (1m), Callicarpa americana (If, 1m), Chrysopsis records: Oct. - Nov. scabrella (If, 2m), Dalea feayi (3m), Erigeron stri­ gosus (1£), Eupatorium mohrii (1m), Euthamia Perdita floridensis Timberlake caroliniana (2f, 3m),. Garberia heterophylla (4f, Flowers: Ilex glabra (10f, 14m), Lyonia fruticosa 1m), Heterotheca subaxillaris (1£), Ilex glabra (2f, (If, 1m). Aggregations of solitary nests are in open 2m), Lachnanthes caroliniana (If, 7m), Lantana sandy areas, including dry seasonal ponds; details camara (1£), Liatris tenuifolia (Lm), Licania of nesting behavior are the subject of a current michauxii (Lm), Ludwigia peruviana (If, 1m), Mi­ study at the ABS by Beth Norden and colleagues. mosa quadrivalvis (1£), Opuntia humifusa (6£), Parasite at ABS: Sphecodes brachycephala. A male Palafoxia feayi (If, 3m), Piloblephis rigida (Lrn), and female in the ABS collection were identified by Pityopsis graminifolia (2f, 1m), Polygonella basir­ Karl Krombein. ABS records: Apr. - May. amia (If, 1m), Richardia scabra (Lm), Sabal etonia (4f, 1m), Serenoa repens (2f,2m), Solidago odora Perdita graenicheri Timberlake (1m), Syngonanthus flavidulus (1£), Urena lobata Flowers: Heterotheca subaxillaris (7f, 1m), Pity­ (2£), Vaccinium darrowii (1m), Vitis rotundifolia opsis graminifolia (18f, 13m), Solidago odora (2f, (2£), Ximenia americana (1m). Males (conspicuous­ 1m). Females with full scopae were taken on all ly different from females) were often seen patrol­ these hosts. This species was studied at the ABS by ling patches of flowers. Two females and two males Norden et aL (1992). These researchers found that in the ABS collection were identified by Karl Krom­ aggregations of solitary nests occur in sandy areas bein. ABS records: Feb. - Nov. with sparse vegetation. The paper describes nest 92 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

Augochlora pura Say thus flavidulus (If), Vaccinium corymbosum (3f, Flowers: Aralia spinosa (If), Balduina angustifo­ taking nectar through holes gnawed by some other lia (If), Bidens alba (If), Callicarpa americana (2f), ), Vaccinium darrowii (If), Vaccinium myrs­ Chamaecrista fasciculata (If), Elephantopus ela­ inites (If). Only one male was found. In addition to tus (Lm), Eryngium cuneifolium (2f), Garberia het­ being much rarer than A. aurata, A. gratiosa also erophylla (2f, 2m), Hyptis mutabilis (2m), Ilex cass­ seems to be more closely dependent on disturbed ine (If), Ilex glabra (2f, 8m), Ludwigia peruviana areas; most specimens were found near the ABS (2f), Persia borbonia (If), P. humilis (If), Phytolac­ buildings, or near the railroad that runs through ca americana (l m), Pityopsis graminifolia (1m), part of the ABS. One female in the ABS collection Polygonella robusta (If), Rhus copallina (If, 1m), was identified by George Eickwort. ABS records: Sabal etonia (If), Serenoa repens (2f, 2m), Smilax Feb. - June, Sept. - Nov. auriculata (3f). Prey of spider Peucetia viridans (Hentz) (If bee). ABS records: Mar. - Oct. Augochlorella striata (Provancher) Fifteen specimens from blue bowl traps and a Augochlorella aurata (Smith) malaise trap in dry swamp forest by Lake Annie. Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (2f), Baccharis halimi­ ABS records: Feb. - Apr. folia (3f), Balduina angustifolia (4f), Bejaria race­ mosa (2f), Bidens alba (If), Calamintha ashei (3f), Augochloropsis anonyma (Cockerell) Carphephorus odoratissimus (If), Chapmannia Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (2f), Hypericum reduc­ floridana (2f), Dalea feayi (6f), Dicerandra frute­ tum (If), Ilex glabra (If), Polygonella basiramia scens (2f), Elephantopus elatus (2f), Erigeron stri­ (If), P. gracilis (Lm), P. polygamma (2f), P. robusta gosus (2f), Eryngiurn cuneifoliurti (2f), Euthamia (2f), Chamaecrista nictitans (If), Heterotheca sub­ caroliniana (1m), Galactia regularis (8f), Garberia axillaris (If), Lagerstroemia indica (f), Mikania heterophylla (3f), Gaylussacia dumosa (2f), Het­ cordifolia (If), Sabal etonia (3f), Rhexia mariana, erotheca subaxillaris (If), Hypericum reductum Vaccinium corymbosum (If, taking nectar through (2f), H. tetrapetalum (2f), Hyptis verticillata (If), holes gnawed by some other insect.), 11:myrsinites Liatris laevigata (If, 1m), L. tenuifolia (2f), Licania (If), Vitis rotundifolia (If). ABS records: Feb. ­ michauxii (If, 1m), Ludwigia peruviana (3f), June, Sept. - Dec. Lygodesmia aphylla (If), Mikania cordifolia (8f), Mimosa quadrivalvis (13f), Momordica charantia Augochloropsis metallica (Fabricius) (If), Opuntia humifusa (4f), Palafoxia feayi (If), Flowers: Asclepias curassavica (Lm), Baccharis Persea humilis (If), Piloblephis rigida (2f), Pirique­ halimifolia (If), Bidens alba (If), Bumelia tenax ta caroliniana (2f), Pityopsis graminifolia (9f), (1m), Chamaecrista fasciculata (2f), C. nictitans Polygonellapolygamma (2f), P. robusta (1m), Quer­ (If), Chapmannia floridana (If), Commelina erecta cus myrtifolia (4f), Rhus copallina (If), Sabal eio­ (If), Elephantopus elatus (If), Eriogonum longifoli­ nia (If), Sabatia grandiflora (If), Sabal etonia (If), um (4f, 6m), Galactia regularis (If), Garberia hei­ Serenoa repens (4f, 1m), Seymeria pectinata (5f), erophylla (If, 1m), Heterotheca subaxillaris (2f), Solidago odora (2f), Vaccinium darrowii (If), 11: Hypericum reductum (If), Hyptis verticillata (2f), myrsinites (If), Warea carteri (2f). The rarity of Ilex glabra (If, 1m), Lachnanthes caroliniana (4f), males (5 were collected) on flowers is so striking Lagerstroemia indica (If), Licania michauxii (3f, that it seems likely that mating must occur else­ 5m), Mikania cordifolia 3f, 1m), Parthenocissus where. Two females and one male in the ABS quinquefolia (4f), Piriqueta caroliniana (2f), Persea collection were identified by George Eickwort. ABS borbonia (2f), P. humilis (If, 2m), Phytolacca amer­ records: Mar. - Nov. icana (If), Pityopsis graminifolia (2f), Polanisia tenuifolia (If), Polygonella gracilis (If), P. polyga­ Augochlorella gratiosa (Smith) ma (2f, 1m), Quercus chapmanii (If), Sabal etonia Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (3f), Bejaria racemosa (4f), Serenoa repens (4f, 1m), Solidago odora (If). (2f), Bidens alba (If, 1m), Cirsium horridulum (If), Prey of Peucetia viridans (Hentz) on Balduina Gaylussacia dumosa (If), Hypericum reductum (If), angustifolia (If). Two females in the ABS collection Ilex cassine (If), Lagerstroemia indica (If), Lepid­ were identified by Karl Krombein, one male by ium virginicum (If), Pectis Linearifolia (If), Charles Porter. ABS records: Mar. - Nov. Polygonella basiramia (If), Rosa bracteata (2f), Sida acuta (3f), Solidago fistulosa (If), Syngonan- INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 93

Augochloropsis sumptuosa (Smith) Dialictus miniatulus Mitchell Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (2f, 4m), Bejaria Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (4f), Baccharis halimi­ racemosa 5f, 2m), Calamintha ashei (If), Chamae­ folia (2f), Balduina angustifolia (4f), Chamaec­ crista fasciculata (4f), Commelina erecta (If), Dalea rista fasciculata (If), Chrysopsis scabrella (If), Er­ feayi (4f, 1m), Diodia teres (If), Eriogonum longifo­ yngium cuneifolium (3f), Garberia heterophylla lium (If, 2m), Eryngium cuneifolium. (1f),Galactia (2f), Hypericum cumulicola (3f), H. edisonianum regularis (2f), Heterotheca subaxillaris (If), Hi­ (4f), H. reductum (12f), H. tetrapetalum (If), Ilex eracium gronovii (If), Hypericum cumulicola (3f), glabra (3f), Mikania cordifolia (If), Mimosa quadri­ H. edisonianum (If), H. reductum (3f), Ilex opaca val vis (2f), Paronychia chartacea (If), Phytolacca arenicola (If), Lachnanthes caroliniana (2f, 1m), americana (1m), Piloblephis rigida (2f), Pityopsis Liatris laevigata (2m), L. tenuifolia (If, 1m), Lica­ graminifolia (If), Polygonella basiramia (If), P. nia michauxii (4m), Ludwigia peruviana (Lm), gracilis (If), P. robusta (If), Sabal etonia (llf), Lyonia fruticosa (1m), Mikania cordifolia (If, 2m), Serenoa repens (2m). A female in the ABS collection Mimosa quadrivalvis (If), Opuntia humifusa (4f), was identified by George Eickwort. ABS records: Palafoxiafeayi (2f, 2m), Phytolaccaamericana (Lm). Mar., May - Nov. Pityopsisgraminifolia(If), Polygonellagracilis (Lm), P. robusta (If), Rhus copallina (If), Richardia sea­ Dialictus nymphalis (Smith) bra (2f), Sabal etonia (If), Serenoa repens (If), Flowers: Asclepias curtissii (If), Agalinis filifolia Seymeria pectinata (If), Solidago odora (3f, 2m), (5f), Asimina reticulata (If), Baccharis halimifolia Vaccinium corymbosum (If), V. myrsinites (If), (If), Balduina angustifolia (2f, 1m), Calamintha Vitis rotundifolia (If), Ximenia americana (If, 1m), ashei (2f), Chapmannia floridana (If), Chrysopsis Xyris elliottii (If). Two females in the ABS collec­ scabrella (If), Cirsium horridulum (2f), Commeli­ tion were identified by Karl Krombein. ABS records: na erecta (2f), Croton michauxii (2f), Dalea feayi Feb. - Dec. (3f), Eriogonum longifolium (2f), Eryngium cunei­ folium (7f), Eupatorium leptophyllum (2f), Eu­ Dialictus coreopsis (Robertson) thamia caroliniana (If), Garberia heterophylla (If), Flowers: Agalinis [ilifolia (2f), Balduina angusti­ Helianthemum corymbosum (4f), Heterotheca sub­ folia (Lm), Chamaecrista fasciculata (If), Croton axillaris (4f), Hypericum cumulicola (19f), H. ediso­ michauxii (If), Eriocaulon decangulare (3f), Hi­ nianum (If), H. reductum (3f), Hypoxis juncea (2f), eracium gronovii (If), Hypericum tetrapetalum (If), Ilex glabra (6f), Lagerstroemia indica (If), Liatris Ilex glabra (2f), Lachnanthes caroliniana (2f), Lia­ ohlingerae (If), Licania michauxii (2f, 1m), Linaria tris laevigata (If), Polygonella gracilis (If), Rosa floridana (If), Ludwigia peruviana (If), Mikania bracteata (If), Sabal etonia (If), Sabatia gratidiflo­ cordifolia (If), Opuntia humifusa (6f), Paronychia ra (2f), Solidago odora (If), Syngonanthus flavidu­ americana (If), P. chartacea (35f, 3m), P. herniar­ lus (2f), Sisyrinchium nashii (2f), Xyris breoifolia ioides (4f, 9m), Pectis linearifolia (If), Phytolacca (If), X. elliottii (If). A female in the ABS collection americana (4f, 2m), Piloblephis rigida (If), Pity­ was identified as D. longiceps by George Eickwort, opsis graminifolia (8f), Pluchea odorata (2f), Pola­ who seemed to believe that the species known as nisia tenuifolia (If), Polygonella basiramia (6f, longiceps should be removed from synonymy with 4m), P. gracilis (7f, 2m), P. polygama (If), P. robus­ coreopsis. In a letter dated 5 Feb., 1991, he writes: ta (If), Polypremum procumbens (If), Sabal etonia "My identifications of Dialictus tegularis, tamia­ (9f, 6m), Sabatia brevifolia (If), S. grandiflora (3f), mensis, and longiceps in your collection are correct. Serenoa repens (6f), Sisyrinchium xerophyllum (If), Please recall that the synonymy of longiceps with Solidago odora (6f, 1m), Stipulicida setacea (3f), robertsonellus (previously considered a junior syn­ Syngonanthics flavidulus (16f), Tradescantia roseo­ onym of coreopsis) has not been published." This lens (If), Xyris brevifolia (If), X. elliottii (If). Two seems to imply that Eickwort thought that robert­ males in the ABS collection were identified by sonellusMitchener, a southeastern species described George Eickwort. ABS records: Jan. - Nov. as Halictus longiceps Robertson (this name is a junior homonym, according to Michener 1951) is a different species from the more widespread coreop­ Dialictus placidensis Mitchell sis. Thus, robertsonellus may eventually become Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (If), Balduina angusti­ the valid name for the ABS species. ABS records: folia (If), Callicarpa americana (If), Chamaecrista Feb. -Mar. fasciculata (If, on extra-floral nectaries), Chap- 94 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI mannia floridana (2f), Commelina erecta (2f), Cro­ ana (If), Heterotheca subaxillaris (If), Hypericum ton michauxii (2f), Dicerandra frutescens (If), Eri­ reductum (If), Ilex glabra (If), Linaria floridana geron strigosus (2f), Eryngium aromaticum (If), E. (If), Opuntia hurnifusa (5f), Pectis linearifolia (6f), cuneifolium. (If), Eupatorium leptophyllum (4f), Phytolacca americana (If), Rubus trivialis (3f), Euthamia caroliniana (If), Garberia heterophylla Sabatiagrandiflora (If), staminate flowers of Salix (9f), Hypericum edisonianum (If), H. reductum caroliniana (3f), Serenoa repens (2f), Syngonan­ (2f), Ilex cassine (3f), 1. glabra (Llf), Indigofera thus flavidulus (6f), Tradescantia roseolens (If). A caroliniana (1m), Lagerstroemia indica (4f), Lud­ female in the ABS collection was identified by wigia peruviana (3f), Lyonia lucida (If), Mimosa George Eickwort. ABS records: Jan. -June, Sept.­ quadrivalvis (I3f), Palafoxia feayi (3f), Paronychia Oct. americana (If), P. chartacea (If), Phytolacca amer­ icana (2f, 1m), Piriqueta caroliniana (If), Pityopsis Evylaeus pectoralis (Smith) graminifolia (If), Polygonella gracilis (4f, 1m), P. Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (3f), Bidens alba myriophylla (If), P. polygama (If), P. robusta (If), (2f, 1m), Cirsium horridulum (If), Lepidium vir­ Prunus angustifolia (If), Quercus myrtifolia (If), ginicum (If), Linaria [loridana (2f), Momordica Rhus copallina (6f), Rubus trivialis (3f), Sabal charantia (If), Persea borbonia (If), Phytolacca etonia (4f), staminate flowers of Salix caroliniana americana (1m), Prunus angustifolia (If) stami­ (If), Serenoa repens (7f, 7m), Seymeria pectinata nate flowers of Salix caroliniana (12 f), Serenoa (2f), Sisyrinchium xerophyllum (If), Solidago odo­ repens (If). A male in the ABS collection was iden­ ra (6f), Tradescantia roseolens (2f), Trichostema tified by George Eickwort. ABS records: Jan. - Nov. dichotomum (If), Vaccinium corymbosum (If), Vi­ tis rotundifolia (If), Warea carteri (If), Ximenia Evylaeus nelumbonis (Robertson) americana (If). A female in the ABS collection was Flowers: Nuphar lutea (llf, 8m). ABS records: identified by George Eickwort. At the time of this Mar. - June, Sept. identification (1991), the female of placidens is was officially unknown. In a letter dated 5 Feb., 1991, Evylaeus sp. George Eickwort explained the situation: "Dialic­ An unidentified species, known from a single tus placidensis Mitchell is the male of Dialictus specimen taken in a yellow bowl trap. It does not fit tarponensis Mitchell. The synonymy has not been the description of any species known from eastern published; I shall probably elect to call tarponensis North America, but there is always the possibility the senior name, as females are much more fre­ that this is one ofthe many species known from the quently collected and studied. This is actually a Southwest. Xeric habitats in Florida are already frequently collected and widespread species, and known to contain a number of southwestern ar­ there are previous records from Archbold." As far as thropods, or close relatives of southwestern species we know, this taxonomic change was not published (Deyrup 1990). before George Eickwort's sudden death. The use of the name D. placidensis in our paper is not intend­ Halictus ligatus Say ed as a change in nomenclature or usage; we use Flowers: Argemone mexicana (If), Asclepias cur­ this name because it is the name on the identified tissii (If), Baccharis halimifolia (If), Balduina specimen. ABS records: every month of year. angustifolia (IOf, 6m), Bidens alba (I6f, 1m), Calli­ carpa americana (If, 1m), Carphephorus corymbo­ Dialictus tamiamensis Mitchell sus (If, 1m), Cirsium horridulum (2f), Erigeron Flowers: Eriocaulon decangulare (4f), Heterothe­ strigosus (If), Eriocaulon decangulare (If), Eupa­ ca subaxillaris (If), Lachnanthes caroliniana (If), torium mohrii (2f), Euthamia caroliniana (Ifm Portulacapilosa (If), Syngonanthus flavidulus (I2f, 2m), Galactia elliottii (If), Heterotheca subaxillaris 1m), Xyris brevifolia (If). A female in the ABS (5f), Hieracium gronovii (If), Lactuca graminifolia collection was identified by George Eickwort. ABS (If), Ludwigia peruviana (If), Melilotus albus (2f), records: Jan. - Apr., June - Aug., Nov. - Dec. Opuntia humifusa (7 f), Palafoxia feayi (9f, 1m), Pityopsis graminifolia (4f, 3m), Pluchea odorata Dialictus tegularis (Robertson) (3f), Polygonellapolygama (If), Rosa bracteata (3f), Flowers: Abrus precatorius (If), Agalinis filifolia Sabal etonia (If), Sabatia grandiflora (If), Serenoa (If), Argemone mexicana (If), Balduina angustifo­ repens (2f), Solidago fistulosa (If, Lm), S. odora (5f, lia (If), Calamintha ashei (If), Euthamia carolini- 1m), Syngonanth.us flavidulus (If), Urena lobata INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 95

(1£), Vigna luteola (1£), Wedelia trilobata (I£). ABS rantia (Lm), Parkinsonia aculeata (Lm), Pityopsis records: Mar. - Oct. graminifolia (2f, 4m), Polygala grandiflora (Lm), Richardia scabra (If, 1m), Seymeriapectinata (Lm), Nomia heteropoda (Say) Stipulicida setacea (I£). ABS records: Feb., Apr. ­ Flowers: Balduina anguetifolia (4f, 3m), Bidens Nov. alba (I£). ABS records: Sept. - Oct. perplexum (Smith) Nomia maneei Cockerell Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (1m), Bejaria race­ Flowers: Galactia elliottii (1£), G. regularis (I£). mosa (2f, 1m), Bidens alba (If, 2m), Calamintha ABS records: May - Sept. ashei (If, 1m), Dalea feayi (If, 1m), Elephantopus elatus (1m), Erechtites hieracifolia (1£), Eryngium Sphecodes atlantis Mitchell cuneifoliuni (1£), Euthamia caroliniana (2f, 1m), Flowers: Stipulicida setacea (I£). Twenty-eight Galactia regularis (3m), Hieracium gronovii (If, specimens were taken in Malaise traps. ABS records: 1m), Hypericum edisonianum (1£), H. reductum Mar. - Jul., Oct. - Dec. (1£), Ilex glabra (2f, 3m), Indigofera hirsuta (If, 2m), Lachnanthes caroliniana (2£), Lupinus dif­ Sphecodes banhsii Lovell [usus (Lm), Mimosa quadrivalvis (Im)palafoxia Flowers: Hyptis verticillata (Lm); only specimen feayi (1£), Parkin.sonia aculeata (4m), Persea humi­ taken at ABS. ABS record: Oct. lis (1m), Pityopsis graminifolia (2f, 2m), Polygonel­ la robusta (If, 2m), Seymeria pectinata (Lm), Si­ Sphecodes brachycephalus Mitchell syrinchium xerophyllum (1m), Syngonantlius fla­ Flowers: Ilex glabra (I£). Females seen entering vidulus (1£), Vigna lutea (I£). ABS records: Mar. ­ burrows of Perdita floridensis. ABS records: Apr. ­ Nov. May. Anthidium maculifrons Smith Sphecodes fattigi Mitchell. Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (Lm), Bejaria racemosa Twelve specimens were taken in Malaise traps. (Lm), Bidens alba (1£), Crotalaria pallida (1£), Ga­ ABS records: Apr. - June, Sept. lactia regularis (1£), Hieracium gronovii (1£), Ilex glabra (1m), Lachnanthes caroliniana (If, 1m), Sphecodes heraclei Robertson Palafoxia [eayi (1£), Parhinsonia aculeata (If, Lm), Flowers: Baccharis halimifolia (1£), Eriogonum Pluchea odorata (Lm), Vigna luteola (I£). A female longifolium (1m), Eryngium cuneifolium (1£), Eu­ was collected that was gathering hairs from Pity­ thamia caroliniana (2f, 2m), Ilex cassine (1£), 1. opsis graminifolia: ABS records: Feb. - Sept. glabra (l m), Licania michauxii (2f, 2 m), Polygonel­ la gracilis (4£), P. polygama (2m), P. robusta (2£), Coelioxys boharti Mitchell Serenoa repens (3f, 2m), Solidago fistulosa (If, 1m), Two specimens collected in Malaise traps at the S. odora (2m) Syngonanthus flavidulus (6£). This is ABS are in the Florida State Collection of Arthro­ the only species of Sphecodes regularly seen on pods. flowers at the ABS. ABS records: Mar. - Oct., Dec. Coelioxys dolichos Fox Sphecodes stygius Robertson Flowers: Aralia spinosa (1m), Balduina angusti­ Twenty-seven specimens were taken in Mal­ folia (f), Bidens alba (3m), Euthamia caroliniana aise traps. ABS records: Oct. (Lm), Hyptis verticillata (1£), Lachnanthes carolin­ iana (1£), Smilax auriculata (1m). A female in the ABS collection was identified by T. Griswold. Mega­ chile xylocopoides is "almost certainly" a host at the Anthidiellum notatum rufimaculatum Schwarz ABS (Krombein 1967). ABS records: Mar. - Apr., Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (2m), Bidens alba June, Sept. - Oct. (Irn), Calamintha ashei (1£), Crotalaria pallida (1£), Galactia regularis (If, 1m), Garberia heiero­ Coelioxys galactiae Mitchell phylla (If, 1m), Ilex glabra (If, 3m), Indigofera Two specimens collected in Malaise traps at the hirsuta (1£), Linaria floridana (2f, 2m), Lupinus ABS are in the Florida State Collection of Arthro­ diffusus (1£), Melilotus albus (1£), Momordica cha- pods. 96 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

Coelioxys germana Cresson M. mendica; one C. sayi emerged first from another Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (If, 2m), Bidens nest that then produced four M. mendica. Both alba (If), Calamintha ashei (Lm), Galactia regu­ Krombein (1967) and Schreffler found that the laris (Lm), Parhineonia aculeata (1m), Pluchea parasites and the host bees emerged on the same odorata (If, Lm), Ximenia americana (1m). ABS day or within 2 days of each other. ABS records: records: Apr., June, Aug. - Oct. Mar. - Nov.

Coelioxys mexicana Cresson Coelioxys slossoni Viereck Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (5f, 6m), Eryn­ A single specimen in the ABS collection was gium. cuneifolium (If), Eupatorium mohrii (If, 1m), collected in a Malaise trap, and identified by T. Garberia heterophylla (1m), Heterotheca subaxil­ Griswold. ABS records: Aug. laris (Lm), Lachnanthes caroliniana (2f, 3m), Lia­ tris tenuifolia (Lm), Ludwigia peruviana (If), Mi­ Coelioxys texana Cresson hania cordifolia (Lm), A female in the ABS collec­ Flowers: Aralia spinosa (Lm), Balduina angusti­ tion was identified by T. Griswold. ABS records: folia (If, 3m), Parhinsonia aculeata (4m), Pityopsis May- Oct. graminifolia (Lm). ABS records: Mar. - Apr., Sept. - Oct. Coelioxys modesta Smith Flowers: Bidens alba (If), Ludwigia peruviana Dianihidium. floridiense Schwarz (Lm). Karl Krombein reared this speciesfrom Mega­ Flowers: Stylisma villosa (If), Calamintha ashei chile campanulae and M. georgica at the ABS (Lrn), Carphephorus odoratissimus (If, 1m), Eri­ (Krombein1967). ABS records: Jul. - Sept. ogonum longifoliuni (If), Eupatorium mohrii (Lm), Ilex glabra (If), Lactuca graminifolia (If), Melilo­ Coelioxys octodentata Say tus albus (If), Opuntia humifusa (1m), Palafoxia Flowers: Bidens alba (If, Lrn), Carphephorus odo­ feayi (If), Parkinsonia aculeata (2f, 1m), Pityopsis ratissimus (Lm), Euthamia caroliniana (If), Lach­ graminifolia (Lm), Pontederia cordata (If), Ser­ nanthes caroliniana (If, 2m), Pityopsis graminifo­ enoa repens (Lm), Solidago odora (If), Urena lobata lia (If), Polygonella robusta (If). A male was reared (If), Vigna luteola. ABS records: Apr. - Aug., Oct. from a single cell of molded leaves and flower petals situated in the base of an inflorescence of Lachman­ Dolichostelis louisae (Cockerell) thes caroliniana in a dry seasonal pond. A specimen Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (Lm), Bidens alba of Megachile brevis pseudobrevis was reared from a (Lm), Parhinsonia aculeata (If). Mar. - Apr., June, similar cell. ABS records: June - J ul., Sept. - Oct. Sept. - Oct.

Coelioxys sayi Robertson Heriades leavitti Crawford Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (32f, 41m), Bidens Flowers: Bidens alba (If), Hyptis vertic illata (2m) alba (6f, 9m), Carphephorus odoratissimus (2f), Parkinsonia aculeata (3f). Karl Krombein, who Eryngium cuneifolium (3f, 1m), Euihamia carolin­ reared this species from trap nests at the ABS, iana (3f, 1m), Galactia regularis (2f), Garberia suggested that this species has a single annual heterophylla (Lm), Hypericum fasciculatum (If), generation at the ABS (Krombein 1967). ABS Ilexglabra (4f, 2m), Lachnanthes caroliniana (4m), records: Apr. - May, Oct. Ludwigia peruviana (If, 1m), Mihania cordifolia (2f, 1m), Parkin.sonia aculeata (2m), Pityopsis gra­ Hoplitis truncata (Cresson) minifolia (3f, 4m), Polygonella robusta (If, 1m), Flowers: Calamintha ashei (If), Syngonanthus Serenoa repens (Lm), Seymeria pectinata (If), Vac­ flavidulus (Lm). ABS records: Mar. - Apr. cinium. myrsinites (If), Vigna luteola (If). Coelioxys sayi was reared by Karl Krombein from nests of Lithurgus gibbosus Smith Megachile mendica in trap nests at the ABS (Krom­ Flowers: Calamintha ashei (Lm), Cirsium horrid­ bein 1967). Andrew Schreffler also reared C. sayi ulum. (Lm), Opuntia humifusa (5f, 7m). Four males from trap nests containing M. mendica at the ABS. in the ABS collection were identified by P. D. Hurd, According to Schreffler's labels on specimens in the Jr. Nests at the ABS were described by Vincent ABS collection, two C. sayi emerged first and sec­ Brach (1978); he discovered that at least some ofthe ond respectively from a nest that then produced one tunnels interconnected, and bees might enter by INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 97

one hole and come out by another. ABS records: Megachile campanulae (Robertson) Mar. -Apr. Flowers: Crotalaria pallida (If). A male in the ABS collection was identified by R. R. Snelling. Megachile albitarsis Cresson Karl Krombein reared this species from trap nests Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (2f), Balduina angusti­ at the ABS; he suggests that the species has one folia (28f, 3m), Bidens alba (4f, 4m), Carphephorus generation per year in Florida; he reared Coelioxys odoratissimus (2f), Elephantopus elatus (If), Ere­ modesta from 11 of the 20 cells in his trap nests chtites hieracifolia (1m), Eriocaulon decangulare (Krombein 1967). ABS records: Mar. - Apr., Oct. (2m), Eryngium cuneifolium (1m), Eupatorium mohrii (2f, 3m), Euthamia caroliniana (If, 1m), Megachile deflexa Cresson Galactia regularis (2f), Heterotheca subaxillaris Flowers: Dalea feayi (If, 1m), Galactia regularis (5f, 3m), Ilex glabra (Lm), Indigofera hirsuta (2f), (If). A male in the ABS collection was identified by Lachnanthes caroliniana (4f, 4m), Liatris tenuifo­ R. R. Snelling. ABS records: Apr. - May, Aug. ­ lia (2f, 1m), Palafoxia feayi (9f), Pityopsis gramin­ Sept. ifolia (If), Pluchea rosea (If, 1m), Polygonella ro­ busta (If), Sabal etonia (If), Scoparia dulcis (If), Megachile exilis parexilis Mitchell Solidago odora (2f), Wedelia trilobata (If). ABS Flowers: Abrus precatorius (2f), Bidens alba (2m), records: Mar. - Apr., June - Nov. Calamintha ashei (3f, 3m), Crotalaria pallida (3f, 1m), Dalea [eayi (Lm), Galactia elliottii (5f, 4m), G. Megachile brevis pseudobrevis Mitchell regularis (If, 3m), Ilex glabra (If, 2m), Ludwigia Flowers: Agalinis [ilifolia (10f, 6m), Asimina re­ peruviana (2f, 1m), Lupinus diffusus (If), Parkin­ ticulata (If), Balduina angustifolia (14f, 7m), Be­ sonia aculeata (If, 3m), Vigna luteola (2m). A jaria racemosa (If), Bidens alba (2f, Lm), Cala­ female in the ABS collection was identified by P. D. mintha ashei (If, 1m), Callicarpa americana (If), Hurd. Galleries of this species in trap nests at the Chamaecrista fasciculata (If), Chrysopsis scabrel­ ABS were described by Karl Krombein (1967). ABS la (If, 1m), Cirsium horridulum (If) Commelina records: Mar. - June, Aug. - Oct. erecta (2f), Crotalaria pallida (If), C. rotundifolia (1m), Dalea feayi (2f, 3m), Elephantopus elatus (If), Megachile frugalis Cresson Eryngium cuneifolium. (2f, 2m), Galactia regularis Flowers: Parkinsonia aculeata (2m). One male in (5f, 1m), Gaylussacia dumosa (1m), Heterotheca the ABS collection was identified by T. Griswold. subaxillaris (4f), Hieracium gronovii (If), Hyperi­ ABS records: Apr. - June. cum edisonianum (If), H. reductum (4f), Ilexglabra (4f, 1m), Lachnanthes caroliniana (3f, 2m), Liatris Megachile georgica Cresson laevigata (2f, 2m), L. tenuifolia (If, 3m), Licania Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (If, 5m), Cola­ michauxii (1m), Ludwigia peruviana (If), Opuntia mintha ashei (7f, 2m), Crotalaria pallida (If, 1m), humifusa (4f), Palafoxia feayi (3f), Parhinsonia Galactia elliottii (5f, 6m), G. regularis (7f, 2m), aculeata (4m), Piloblephis rigida (1m), Pityopsis Hieracium gronovii (If), Hypericum reductum (If), graminifolia (llf, 5m), Polygala cymosa (If), Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lm), Linaria floridana Polygonella basiramia (2f), Sabal etonia (2f, 1m), (2m), Ludwigia peruviana (If, 1m), Melilotus albus Seymeria pectinata (If, 1m), Sisyrinchium xero­ (If), Palafoxia feayi (1m), Parhinsonia aculeata (6f, phyllum (4f), Vigna luteola (2f), Vitis rotundifolia 2m), Pityopsis graminifolia (If, 2m), Syngonanthus (If), Xyris breoifolia (If), X. elliottii (2f). One female flavidulus (Lm), Tephrosia chrysophylla (If). A emerged from a cell of leaf and petal fragments female in the ABS collection was identified by R. R. inside curled leaf of Quercus inopina. A male Coe­ Snelling, another by K. V. Krombein. Nest struc­ lioxys octodentata was reared from a similar cell. A ture from trap nests at the ABS are described by K. female in the ABS collection was identified by T. V. Krombein (1967). At the ABS this species is Griswold; a male identified by K. V. Krombein. ABS parasitized by Coelioxys modesta and Leucospis records: Feb. - Nov. affinis floridana Cresson (Krombein 1967). ABS records: Feb. - Nov. Megachile brimleyi Mitchell Flowers: Liatris tenuifolia (If), Galactia regularis Megachile inimica Cresson (If). ABS records: Aug. - Sept. Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (12f, 7m), Bidens pilosa (2f), Carphephorus odoratissimus (1m), Het- 98 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

erotheca subaxillaris (1m), Ludwigia peruviana tenuifolia (Lm), Palafoxia feayi (Lm), Parkinsonia (Lm), Palafoxia feayi (5f, 6m), Parkinsonia aculeata aculeata (2m), Pityopsis graminifolia (3m), Seyme­ (3m), Pityopsis graminifolia (I£). One male in the ria pectinata (1£), Vitis rotundifolia (I£). Prey of ABS collection was identified by T. Griswold. ABS spider Peucetia uiridans (Hentz) (1m. bee). A fe­ records: Mar., Aug. - Sept. male in the ABS collection was identified by T. Griswold. ABS records: Mar. - Nov. Megachile integra Cresson Flowers: Centrosema arenicola (1£), Galactia reg­ Megachile policaris Say ularis (4f, 1m), Parkinsonia aculeata (1m). ABS Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (3f, 1m), Ilex gla­ records: Mar., Aug. - Sept. bra (1£), Opuntia humifuea (Lm), Palafoxia feayi (Lm), Parkinsonia aculeata (l m), Serenoa repens Megachile integrella Mitchell (m). A female in the ABS collection was identified Flowers: Gaylussacia dumosa (I£). A female in the by T. Griswold, a male by R. R. Snelling. A trap nest ABS collection was identified by R. R. Snelling. from the ABS is described by K. V. Krombein ABS records: May - June. (1967); A. Schreffler also reared 3 males and 2 females from a trap nest at the ABS. ABS records: Megachile mendica Cresson Apr. - Oct. Flowers: Abrus precatorius (3£), Agalinis filifolia (7f, 2m), Aralia spinosa (1m), Balduina angustifo­ Megachile pruina Smith lia (3f, 10m), Bejaria racemosa (If, 2m), Bidens Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (If, 4m), Garberia alba (6m), Centrosema arenicola (1£), Chamaecris­ heterophylla (1£), Ludwigia peruuiana(lm), Pity­ ta fasciculata (1£), Chrysopsis scabrella (1£), Eryn­ opsis graminifolia (I£). ABS records: Sept. - Nov. gium cuneifolium (2m), Euthamia caroliniana (If, 1m), Galactia elliottii (1£), G. regularis (2f, 1m), Megachile rugifrons (Smith) Garberia heterophylla (2£),Hypericum edisonianum Flowers: Bidens alba (Lm), Calamintha ashei (1£), (2£), Ilex glabra (9f, 2m), Lachnanthes caroliniana Ilex glabra (2£), Parkinsonia aculeata (2f, 2m). (7f, 6m), Liatris laevigata (2m), Ludwigia peruvi­ ABS records: Apr. - May. ana (2m), Momordica charantia (1£), Palafoxia feayi (2£), Parkinsoniarui aculeaia (1£), Partheno­ Megachile texana Cresson cissus quinquefolia (1£), Pityopsis graminifolia (4£), Flowers: Agalinis filifolia (1£), Asclepias sp. (1£), Richardia scabra (1m), Sabal etonia (Lm), Seyme­ Balduina angustifolia (1£), Calamintha ashei (Lm), ria pectinata (1£), Smilax auriculata (5£), Solidago Eryngium cuneifolium (2£), Ilex glabra (1£), Lach­ odora (1m), Vigna luteola (1£), Vitis rotundifolia nanthes caroliniana (5f, 1m), Opuntia humifusa (4f, 1m), Ximenia americana (If, 1m). A female in (Lm), Palafoxia feayi (2m), Parkinsonia aculeata the ABS collection was identified by T. Griswold, a (1£), Richardia scabra (1£), Solidago odora (I£). male by K. V. Krombein. A. Schreffler and K. V. ABS records: Apr. - Oct. Krombein reared M. mendica from trap nests at the ABS; gallery structure was described by K. V. Megachile xylocopoides Smith Krombein (1967). At the ABS M. mendica breeds Flowers: Aralia spinosa (1m), Balduina angusti­ more or less continuously through the year; it is folia (4£), Bidens alba (If, 4m), Elephantopus elatus parasitized by Coelioxys sayi and an unidentified (1£), Garberia heterophylla (1£), Heierotheca subax­ species of Anthrax (Bombyliidae) (Krombein 1967). illaris (1£), Ilex glabra (1£), Lachnanthes carolini­ ABS records: Feb. - Nov. ana (2£), Ludwigia leptocarpa, (Lm), Mikania cordi­ folia (1m), Palafoxia[eayi (2£), Serenoa repens (2m), Megachile petulans Cresson Smilax auriculata (1m). A female and a male in the Flowers: Abrus precatorius (1£), Agalinis filifolia ABS collection were identified by K. V. Krombein, (3f, 2m), Balduina angustifolia (5f, 14m), Bejaria a male by T. Griswold. Krombein (1967) described racemosa (1m), Bidens alba (1£), Calamintha ashei galleries of M. xylocopoides from trap nests at the (4m), Clitoria fragrans (1£), Crotalaria pallida (1£), ABS, and suggested that there are several genera­ Dalea feayi (Lm), Dicerandra frutescens (1m), Ga­ tions annually at the ABS; he reared Coelioxys lactia elliottii (1£), G. regularis (7f, 1m), Hypericum dolichos from nests of M. xylocopoides at the ABS. edisonianum (If, 1m), Ilex glabra (4f, 7m), 1. opaca ABS records: Mar. - Apr., June - Nov. (l.m), Lachnanthes caroliniana (If, 5m), Liatris INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 99

Osmia sandhouseae Mitchell nia michauxii (1m), Persea borbonia (1m), Prunus Flowers: Calamintha ashei (If), Linaria floridana angustifolia, Serenoa repens (2m), Vigna luteola (Lm), Vaccinium corymbosurn. (If). ABS records: (1m). ABS records: Feb. - May. Mar. Three ABS specimens were identified by T. Griswold. Habropoda laboriosa (Fabricius) Flowers: Gelsemium sempervirens (2f, 2m), Vac­ Osmia sp. cinium corymbosum. (If). ABS records: Feb. - Mar. Flowers: Calamintha ashei (10f, 2m), Lupinus diffusus (If). ABS records: Mar. -Apr. This species Melissodes communis Cresson appears to be undescribed. Specimens were sent to Flowers: Bidens alba (Lm), Lachnanthes carolin­ T. Griswold for inclusion in a revision of North iana (2f, 3m), Opuntia hurnifusa (f), Polygala rug­ American Osmia. elii (1m), Ximenia americana (1m). One specimen in the ABS collection was identified by W. E. LaB­ Trachusa fontemvitae (Schwarz) erge. ABS records: Apr. - Aug. Two copulating pairs and one female were collected from Balduina angustifolia. A male in the Melissodes comptoides Cresson ABS collection was identified by L. Stange. ABS Flowers: Bidens alba (1m). ABS record: Sept. records: Oct. Nomada fervida Smith APIDAE Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (Lm), Bidens alba (Lm), Pityopsis graminifolia (6f, 1m). The host for Epeolus bifasciatus Cresson this species in the fall at the ABS is almost certainly Four specimens were taken in Malaise traps, Andrena fulvipennis, the only Andrena species none on flowers. ABS records: May - June. known to occur at the ABS in fall. In spring there must be some other host. ABS records: Apr. - July, Epeolus carolinus Mitchell Oct. - Nov. Flowers: Conyza canadensis (If), Euthamia caro­ liniana (If, 1m), Garberia heterophylla Svastra aegis (LaBerge) (If), Pityopsis graminifolia (If, 1m). ABS records: Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (If, 3m). ABS Oct. - Nov. records: Oct.

Epeolus erigeronis Mitchell Svastra atripes (Cresson) Flowers: Calamintha ashei (Lm), Ilex glabra (Lm), Flowers: Galactia regularis (If). ABS records: Serenoa repens (If). ABS records: Mar. - May. Aug.

Epeolus floridensis Mitchell Apis mellifera Linnaeus Thirteen specimens were taken in Malaise traps, Flowers (all records are of worker bees): Agalinis none on flowers. ABS records: Apr. - June. filifolia (1), Argemone mexicana (1), Baccharis hal­ imifolia (1), Balduina angustifolia (1), Bidens alba Epeolus glabratus Cresson (2), Calamintha ashei (1), Callicarpa americana Flowers: Bidens alba (Lm), Ilex glabra (2f, 7 m), (1), Carya floridana (3), Cirsium horridulum. (1), Serenoa repens (3f). A male was seen apparently Crotalaria pallida (2), Dicerandra frutescens (1), scent marking by rubbing gaster on a small, low Eupatorium mohrii (1), Euihamia caroliniana (1), leaflet of Serenoa repens. ABS records: Apr. - June. Galactia regularis (4), Gaylussacia dumosa (1), Hypericum edisonianum (2), H. fasciculatum (1), Epeolus pusillus Cresson H. reductum (2), Hyptis verticillata (1), Ilex glabra Flowers: Ilex glabra (If). A female in the ABS (20), Lachnanthes caroliniana (3), Licania collection was identified by R. R. Snelling. ABS michauxii (1), Ludwigia leptocarpa (1), L. peru vi­ records: Apr. - May. ana (1), Nolina brittoniana (4), Nuphar lutea (1), Opuntia humifusa (1), Palafoxia feayi (1), Parkin­ Epeolus zonatus Smith sonia aculeata (2), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (2), Flowers: Aralia spinosa (If), Bidens alba (3m), Persea borbonia (1), Polygonella robusta (1), Pont­ Calamintha ashei (Lm), Ilex glabra (3f, 4m), Lica- ederia cordata (3), Quercus chapmanii (1), Q. lau- 100 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI rifolia (1), Q. myrtifolia (2), Q. nigra (1), Richardia (3w), Carphephorus odoratissimus (1w), Centrose­ scabra (1), Sabal etonia (5), Salix caroliniana (1), ma arenicola (1w), Dicerandra frutescens (1w), Serenoa repens (5), Smilax auriculata (2), Solidago Eryngium cuneifoliu.m. (1w), Hypericum ediso­ fistulosa (1), S. odora (1), Vaccinium corymbosum nianum (1w), Lachnanthes caroliniana (1w), Lan­ (1), V. darrowii (1), Vitis rotundifolia (2), Ximenia tana camara (1w), Liatris tenuifolia (lq), Opuntia americana (1), Xyris elliottii (3). ABS records: every humifusa (2q, 2w), Richardia scabra (2w), Rosa month. bracteata (1w), Sabal etonia (1w), Serenoa repens (lq), Stachytarphetajamaicensis (Iw), Two queens Bombus fraternis (F. Smith) in the ABS collection were identified by G. Hein­ Known at the ABS from two queens, one male, rich. ABS records: Mar. - May, July, Sept. - Nov. one worker; no flower records. Two queens in the ABS collection were identified by G. Heinrich. ABS Bombus variabilis (Cresson) records: Apr., July - Aug. One female was taken in a Malaise trap. ABS record: Oct. Bombus griseocollis (De Geer) Flowers: Gelsemium sempervirens (Lq), Lupinus Ceratina dupla floridana Mitchell diffusus (Lq). One queen, one worker in the ABS Flowers: Bidens alba (If), Pontederia cordata (If), collection were identified by G. Heinrich. ABS Solidago fistulosa (2f), Syngonanthus flavidulus records: Feb. - Mar., Nov. (If). ABS records: Mar. - Apr., Oct.

Bombus impatiens Cresson Xylocopa micans Lepeletier Flowers: Abrus precatorius (lw), Agalinis filifolia Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (2f), Bidens alba (4w), Azalea sp. (cultivated) (Lq), Balduina angus­ (If), Chamaecrista fasciculata (2f), Euthamia car­ tifolia (6w, 2m), Bejaria racemosa (7w), Bidens oliniana (If), Hypericum fasciculatum (If), Ilex alba (2w) , Calamintha ashei (1w), Chamaecrista glabra (If), Lachnanthes caroliniana (3f), Luduii­ fasciculata (2w), Chapmannia floridana (2w), gia leptocarpa (If), Lyonia fruticosa (Lm), Parkin­ Chrysopsis scabrella (lw, 1m), Crotalaria pallida sonia aculeata (2f, 1m), Pontederia cordata (If, (2w), Dalea feayi (4w, 1m), Dicerandra frutescens 2m), Smilax auriculata (2f). One female in the ABS (3w), Eupatorium mohrii (lw), Euthamia carolin­ collection was identified by K. V. Krombein. ABS iana (3w, 1m), Galactia regularis (4w), Garberia records: Jan., Mar. - Apr., June - Aug., Oct. heterophylla (4w, Irn), Gaylussacia dumosa (Lw), Gelsemium sempervirens (Lq), Heterotheca subax­ Xylocopa virginica krombeini Hurd illaris (1w), Hypericum edisonianum (l q, 8w), H. Flowers: Balduina angustifolia (2f, 3m), Garberia fasciculatum (2w), Hyptis mutabilis (1w), H. uerti­ heterophylla (If, 1m), Gelsemium sempervirens (Lm), cillata (Iw), Ilex glabra (2w, 1m), Lachnanthes Ilex glabra (If), 1. opaca arenicola (If), Lachnan­ caroliniana (2w, 1m), Liatris laevigata (1w, 1m), L. thes caroliniana (Lm), Lagerstroemia indica (If), tenuifolia (1m), Ludwigia leptocarpa (1w), L. peru­ Ludwigia peruviana (If, 1m), Opuntia humifusa viana (3w), Lyonia ferruginea (1w), L. fruticosa (If), Pityopsis graminifolia (If, Lm), Serenoa repens (lw), L. lucida (3w), Mikania cordifolia (3w, 5m), (2m) Smilax auriculata (1m). Two males in the ABS Opuntia hu.mifusa (1w), Palafoxia feayi (1w), Per­ collection were identified by G. Heinrich. ABS sea borbonia (3w), Phytolacca americana (1w), Pity­ records: Feb. - May, Aug., Oct. - Nov. opsis graminifolia (2m), Polygonella robusta (Lm), Rhexia mariana (2w), Sabal etonia (Lw), Serenoa List of flower species visited repens (3w), Seymeria pectinata (lw), Vaccinium corymbosum (Lq), Vitis rotundifolia (2w), Xyris Abrus precatorius L. Rosary Pea. Fabiaceae. Old elliottii (lw). Prey of Peucetia viridans (Hentz) on World tropical exotic. Genus lacks native FL Balduina angustifolia (5w, 2m). Three queens in species. Bees: Dialictus tegularis, Megachile the ABS collection were identified by R. W. Daw­ exilis parexilis, M. mendica, M. petulans, Bom­ son. ABS records: Feb. - Nov. bus impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus Agalinis filifolia (Nutt.) Raf. Seminole False Fox­ Bombus pennsylvanicus De Geer glove. Scrophulariaceae. Native. Flowers at Flowers: Abrus precatorius (1w), Agalinis filifolia ABS open in morning, close in early afternoon. (1w), Balduina angustifolia (1w), Bejaria racemosa Bees: Hylaeus confluens, Agapostemon splen- INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 101

dens, Augochlorella aurata, A. gratiosa, vanicus, Xylocopa micans, X. virginica krom­ Augochloropsis anonyma, Dialictus coreopsis, beini D. miniatulus, D. nymphalis, D. placidensis, D. Bejaria racemosa Ventenant. Tarflower. Ericace­ tegularis, Anthidium maculifrone, Megachile ae. Native. Bees: Agapostemon splendens, albitarsis, M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. mendica, Augochlorella aurata, A. gratiosa, Augochlo­ M. petulans, M. texana, Apis mellifera, Bombus ropsis sutriptuosa, Anthidiellum perplexum, impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus Anthidium maculifrone, Megachile brevis Aralia spinosa L. Devil's Walkingstick. Araliaceae. pseudobrevis, M. mendica, M. petulans, Bom­ Native to FL, but planted at ABS. Bees: Col­ bus impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus letes mandibularis, Hylaeus confluen.s, Bidens alba (L.) D.C. Beggar-Ticks. Asteraceae. Augochlora pura, Coelioxys dolichos, C. texa­ Native. At ABS only in disturbed sites. Bees: na, Megachile mendica, M. xylocopoides, Epeo­ Agapostemon splendens, Augochlora pura, lus zonatus Augochlorella aurata, A. gratiosa, Augochlo­ Argemone mexicana L. Prickly Poppy. Papaverace­ ropsis metallica, Evylaeus pectoralis, Halictus ae. Native. Bees: Apis mellifera, Dialictus teg­ ligatus, Nomia heteropoda, Anthidiellum no­ ularis, Halictus ligatus tatum rufimaculatum, A. perplexum, Anthidi­ Asclepias curassavica L. Scarlet Milkweed. Ascle­ um maculifrons, Coelioxys dolichos, C. germa­ piadaceae. Neotropical exotic. Genus with na­ na, C. modesta, C. octodentata, C. sayi, Heria­ tive FL species. Bees: Augochloropsis metalli­ des leauitti, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis ca pseudobrevis, M. exilis parexilis, M. inimica, Asclepias curtissii A. Gray. Curtiss' Milkweed. M. mendica, M. petulans, M. rugifrons, M. Asclepiadaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus nymph­ xylocopoides, Dolichostelis louisae, Ceratina alis, Halictus ligatus dupla floridana, Epeolus glabratus, E. zona­ Asimina reticulata Chapm. Pawpaw. Annonaceae. ius, Melissodes communis, M. comptoides, No­ Native. Bees: Dialictus nymphalis, Megachile mada [eroida, Apis mellifera, Bombus impa­ brevis tiens, Xylocopa micans Azalea sp. Azalea. Ericaceae. Old World temperate Bumelia tenax L. Tough Bully. Sapotaceae. Native. exotic. Genus with native FL species. Bees: Bees: Colletes sp. B, Augochloropsis metallica Bombus impatiens Calamintha ashei (Weath.) Shinners. Ashe's Cala­ Baccharis halimifolia L. Groundsel Tree. Asterace­ mint. Lamiaceae. Native. Bees: Agapostemon ae. Native. Bees: Colletes mandibularis, C. splendens, Augochlorella aurata, Augochlorop­ simulans, C. thysanellae, Agapostemon splen­ sis surnptuosa, Dialictus nymphalis, D. tegu­ dens, Augochlorella au rata, Augochloropsis laris, Anthidiellum notatum rufimaculatum, metallica, Dialictus miniatulus, D. nymphalis, A. perplexurn, Dianthidium [loridiense, Epeo­ Halictus ligatus, Sphecodes heraclei, Apis mel­ lus erigeronis, E. zonatus, Hoplitis truncata, lifera Coelioxys germana, Lithurgus gibbosus, Mega­ Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) B. L. Rob. Coastal chile brevis pseudobrevis, M. exilis parexilis, Plain Honeycomb-Head. Asteraceae. Native. M. georgica, M. petulans, M. rugifrons, M. Bees: Perdita bequaerti, Agapostemon splen­ texana, Osmia sandhouseae, Osmia sp, Apis dens, Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, mellifera, Bombus impatiens Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dialictus coreop­ Callicarpa americana L. American Beauty Berry. sis, D. miniatulus, D. nymphalis, D. placiden­ Verbenaceae. Native. Bees:Agapostemon splen­ sis, D. tegularis, Evylaeus pectoralis, Halictus dens, Augochlora pura, Dialictus placidensie, ligatus, Nomia heteropoda, Anthidiellum no­ Halictus ligatus, Megachile brevis pseudobre­ tatum rufimaculatum, A. perplexum, Coelioxys vis, Apis mellifera dolichos, C. germana, C. mexicana, C. sayi, C. Carphephorus corymbosus (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray. texana, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis pseudo­ Florida Paintbrush. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: brevis, M georgica, M. inimica, M. mendica, M. Halictus ligatus petulans, M. policaris, M. pruina, M. texana, Carphephorus odoratissimus (J. F. Gmel.) H. Her­ M. xylocopoides, Dolichostelis louisae, Trachusa bert. Vanilla-Leaf. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: fontemvitae, Nomada fervida, Svastra aegis, Augochlorellaaurata, Dianthidium floridiense, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, B. penney]- Coelioxys octodentata, C. sayi, Megachile albi­ tarsis, M. inimica, Bombus pennsylvanicus 102 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

Carya floridana Sarg. Scrub Hickory. Juglandace­ Croton michauxii G. L. Webster. RushfoiL Euphor­ ae. Native. Bees: Apis mellifera biaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus coreopsis, D. Centrosema arenicola (Small) F. J. Herm. Pineland nymphalis, D. placidensis Butterfly Pea. Native. Bees: Megachile inte­ Dalea feayi (Chapm.) Barneby. Feay's Prairieclo­ gra, M. mendica, Bombus pennsylvanicus ver. Fabaceae. Native. Bees: Caupolicana elec­ Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene. Par­ ta, Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella au­ tridge Pea. Fabaceae. Native. Flowers at ABS rata, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dialictus open in mornings only. Buzz pollinated. Bees: nymphalis, Anthidiellum perplexum, Megachile Augochlora pura, Augochloropsis metallica, A. brevis pseudobrevis, M. deflexa, M. exilis parex­ sumptuosa, Dialictus coreopsis, D. miniatulus, ilis, M. petulans, Bombus impatiens Megachile brevis pseudobrevis, M mendica, Dicerandra frutescens Shinners. Scrub Balm. Na­ Bombus impatiens, Xylocopa micans tive. Bees: Caupolicana electa, Augochlorella Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench. Sensitive Pea. aurata, Dialictus placidensis, Megachile petu­ Fabaceae. Native. Bees:Augochloropsisanony­ lans, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, B. penn­ ma, A. metallica sylvanicus Chapmannia floridana Torr. & A. Gray. Alicia. Diodia teres Walter. Poor Joe. Rubiaceae. Native. Fabaceae. Native. Flowers at ABS open before Bees: Augochloropsis sumptuosa dawn, close before 11:00 AM. Bees: Augochlo­ Elephantopus elatus BertoL Fall Elephant's-foot. rella aurata, Augochloropsis metallica, Dialic­ Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Augochlora pura, tus nymphalis, D. placidensis, Bombus impa­ Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis metalli­ tiens ca, Anthidiellum perplexum, Megachile albi­ Chrysopsis cf. scabrella T. & G. (may be an unde­ tarsis, M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. xylocopoides scribed species). Goldenaster. Asteraceae. Na­ Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. American tive. Bees: Andrena fulvipennis, Agapostemon Burnweed. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Anthidi­ splendens, Dialictus miniatulus, D. nympha­ ellum perplexum, Megachile albitarsis lis, Megachile brevis pseudobrevis, M. mendi­ Erigeron strigosus MuhL ex Willd. Prairie Flea­ ca, Bombus impatiens bane. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Agapostemon Cirsium horridulum Michx. Thistle. Asteraceae. splendens, Augochlorella auraia, Dialictus Native. Bees: Augochlorella gratiosa, Dialic­ placidensis, Halictus ligatus tus nymphalis, Evylaeus pectoralis, Halictus Eriocaulon decangulare L. Ten angle Pipewort. ligatus, Lithurgus gibbosus, Megachile brevis Eriocaulaceae. Native. Bees: Hylaeus conflu­ pseudobrevis, Apis mellifera ens, Dialictus coreopsis, D. tamiamensis, Hal­ Clitoria fragrans SmalL Sweetscented Pigeonwings. ictus ligatus, Megachile albitarsis Fabaceae. Native. Bees: Megachile petulans Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. var. gnaphifolium Commelina erecta L. Whitemouth Dayflower. Com­ Gand. Longleaf Wild Buckwheat. Polygonace­ melinaceae. Native. Bees: Augochloropsis me­ ae. Native. Bees: Augochloropsis metallica, A. tallica, A. sumptuosa, Dialictus nymphalis, D. sumptuosa, Dialictus nymphalis, Sphecodes placidensis, Megachile brevis pseudobrevis heraclei, Dianthidium floridiense Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Canadian Eryngium aromaticum Baldwin. Baldwin's Eryn­ Horseweed. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Epeolus go. Apiaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus placiden­ carolinus sis Crotalaria pallida Aiton. Smooth Rattlebox. Fa­ Eryngium cuneifolium. SmalL Wedgeleaf Eryngo. baceae. African exotic. Genus with native FL Apiaceae. Native. Bees: Colletes mandibularis, species. C. sp. A, Augochlorapura, Augochlorella aura­ Bees: Anthidiellum notatum rufimaculaium, ta, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dialictus min­ Anthidium maculifrone, Megachile brevis iatulus, D. nymphalis, D. placidensis, Sphe­ pseudobrevis, M. campanulae, M. exilis parex­ codes heraclei, Anthidiellum perplexum, Coe­ ilis, M. georgica, M. petulans, Apis mellifera, lioxys mexicana, C. sayi, Megachile albitarsis, Bombus impatiens M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. mendica, M. texana, Crotalaria rotundifolia J. F. GmeL Rabbit-Bells. Bombus pennsylvanicus Fabaceae. Native. Bees: Megachile brevis Eupatorium leptophyllum DC. False fenneL Aster­ pseudobrevis aceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus nymphalis, D. placidensis INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 103

Eupatorium mohrii Greene. Mohr's Thoroughwort. Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rushby. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Agapostemon splen­ Camphorweed. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: An­ dens, Halictus ligatus, Coelioxys mexicana, drena fulvipennis, Perdita graenicheri, Aga­ Dianthidium floridiense, Megachile albitarsis, postemon splendens, Augochlorella aurata, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens Augochloropsisanonyma, A. metallica, A. sump­ Euihamia caroliniana (L.) Greene ex Porter & tuosa, Dialictus nymphalis, D. tamiameneis, Britton. Slender Goldenrod. Asteraceae. Na­ D. tegularis, Halictus ligatus, Coelioxys mexi­ tive. Bees: Colletes mandibularie, C. simu­ cana, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis pseudo­ lans, C. thysanellae, Hylaeus confluens, Andre­ brevis, M. inimica, M. xylocopoides, Bombus na fulvipennis, impatiens Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella aura­ Hieracium gronovii L. Queen-Devil. Asteraceae. ta, Dialictus nymphalie, D. placidensis, D. teg­ Native. Bees: Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Di­ ularis, Halictus ligatus, Sphecodes heraclei, alictus coreopsis, Halictus ligatus, Anthidiel­ Anthidiellum perplexum, Coelioxys dolichos, lum perplexum, Anthidium maculifrons, Mega­ C. octodentata, C. sayi, Megachile albitarsis, chile brevis pseudo brevis, M. georgica M. mendica, Epeolus carolinus, Apis mellifera, Hypericum cumulicola (Small) W. P. Adams. High­ Bombus impatiens lands Scrub St. John's-Wort. Clusiaceae. Na­ Galactia elliottii Nutt. Elliott's Milk Pea. Fabace­ tive. Bees: Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dialic­ ae. Native. Bees: Halictus ligatus, Nomia tus minicuulus, D. nymphalis maneei, Megachile exilis parexilis, M. georgica, Hypericum edisonianum (Small) W. P. Adams & N. M. mendica, M. petulans Robson. Edison's St. John's-Wort. Clusiaceae. Galactia regularis (L.) Britton et al. Eastern Milk Native. Bees: Hylaeus confluens, H. schwarzi, Pea. Fabaceae. Native. Bees: Augochlorella Augochloropsis surnptuosa, Dialictus miniatu­ aurata, Augochloropsis metallica, A. surnptu­ lus, D. nymphalis, D. placidensis, Anthidiel­ osa, Nomia maneei, Anthidiellum notatum rufi­ lum perplexum, Megachile brevis pseudobre­ maculaium, A. perplexum, Anthidium maculi­ vis, M. mendica, M. petulans, Apis mellifera, frons, Coelioxys germana, C. sayi, Megachile Bombus impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus albitarsis, M. brevis pseudo brevis, M. brimleyi, Hypericum fasciculatum Lam. Sand Weed. Clusi­ M. deflexa, M. exilis parexilis, M. georgica, M. aceae. Native. Bees: Colletes nudus, Coelioxys integra, M. rnendica, M. petulans, Svastra sayi, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, Xylo­ atripes, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens copa micans Garberia heterophylla (W. Bartram) Merr. & F. Hypericum reductum W. P. Adams. Atlantic St. Harper. Garberia. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: -Iohn's-Wort, Clusiaceae. Native. Bees: Col­ Colletes mandibularie, Agapostemon splendens, letes sp. A, Hylaeus confluens, Augochlorella Augochlora p ur a, Augochlorella aurata, aurata, A. gratiosa, Augochloropsis anonyma, Augochloropsis meiallica, Dialictus miniatu­ A. metallica, A. sumptuosa, Dialictus miniatu­ Ius, D. nymphalis, D. placidensis, Anthidiel­ lus, D. nymphalis, D. placidensis, D. tegularis, lum notatum rufimaculaturn, Coelioxys mexi­ Anthidiellum perplexurn, Megachile brevis cana, C. sayi, Megachile mendica, M. pruina, pseudobrevis, M. georgica, Apis mellifera M. xylocopoides, Epeolus carolinus, Bombus Hypericum tetrapetalurn. Lam. Four-Petal St. impatiens, Xylocopa virginica hrombeini John's- Wort. Clusiaceae. Native. Bees: Gaylussacia dumosa (Andrews) Torr. & A. Gray. Augochlorella aurata, Dialictus coreopsis, D. Dwarf Huckleberry. Ericaceae. Native. Bees: miniatulus Augochlorella aurata, A. gratiosa, Megachile Hypoxis juncea Sm. Fringed Yellow Star-Grass. brevis pseudobrevis, M. integrella, Apis mel­ Hypoxidaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus nymph­ lifera, Bombus impatiens alis Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) W. T. Aiton. Carolina Hyptis mutabilis ( Rich.) Briq. Tropical Bush Mint. Jessamine. Loganiaceae. Native. Bees: Lamiaceae. Neotropical exotic. Genus with na­ Habropoda laboriosa, Bombus griseocollis, B. tive Florida species. Bees: Augochlora pura, impatiens, Xylocopa virginica hrombeini Bombus impatiens Helianihemum corymbosurn. Michx. Pine Barren Hyptis verticillata Jacq. English name: John Frost-Weed. Cistaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus Charles. Lamiaceae. Neotropical exotic. Genus nymphalis with native Florida species. Bees: Colletes 104 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

mandibularis, C. thysanellae, Augochlorella anonyma, A. metallica, Dialictus nymphalis, aurata, Augochloropsis metallica, Sphecodes D. placidensis, Xylocopa virginica krombeini banksii, Coelioxys dolichos, Heriades leavitti, Lantana camara L. Lantana. Verbenaceae. West Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens Indian exotic. Genus with native FL species. Ilex cassine L. Dahoon Holly. Aquifoliaceae. Na­ Bees: Agapostemon splendens, Bombus penn­ tive. Bees: Hylaeus confluens, Augochlorapura, sylvanicus Augochlorella gratiosa, Dialictus placidensis, Lepidium virginicum L. Virginia Pepper Weed. Sphecodes heraclei Brassicaceae. Native. Bees: Augochlorella gra­ Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray. Gallberry. Aquifoliaceae. tiosa, Evylaeus pectoralis Native. Dioecious. Bees: Colletes banhei, C. Liatris laevigata Nutt. (variance from Wunderlin brimleyi, C. mandibularis, C. nudus, Perdita 1998). Gayfeather. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: floridensis, Agapostemon splendens, Augochlo­ Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis sumptu­ ra pura, Augochloropsis anonyma, A. metalli­ osa, Dialictus coreopsis, Megachile brevis ca, Dialictus coreopsis, D. miniatulue, D. pseudobrevis, M. mendica, Bombus impatiens nymphal is, D. placidensis, D. tegularis, Sphe­ Liatris ohlingerae (S. F. Blake) B.L. Rob. Florida codes brachycephalus, S. heraclei, Anthidiel­ Gayfeather. Asteraceae. Native. Bees. Dialic­ lum notatum rufimaculatum, A. perplexum, tus nymphalis Anthidium maculifrone, Coelioxys sayi, Di­ Liatris tenuifolia Nutt. (Variance from Wunderlin anthidium floridiense, Megachile albitarsis, 1998). Shortleaf Gayfeather. Asteraceae. Na­ M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. exilis parexilis, M. tive. Bees: Agapostemon splendens, Augochlo­ mendica, M. petulans, M. policaris, M. rugi­ rella aurata, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Coe­ frons, M. texana, M. xylocopoides, Epeolus eri­ lioxys mexicana, Megachile albitarsis, M. brevis geronis, E. glabratus, E. pusillus, E. zonatus, pseudobrevis, M. brimleyi, M. petulans, Bom­ Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, Xylocopa bus impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus micans, X virginica hrombeini Licania michauxii Prance. Gopher Apple. Chryso­ Ilex opaca arenicola (Ashe) Ashe. Scrub Holly. balanaceae. Native. Bees: Colletes sp. A, Aga­ Aquifoliaceae. Native. Dioecious. Bees: postemon splendens, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Megachile petulans, Augochloropsis meiallica, A. sumptuosa, Dial­ Xylocopa virginica krombeini ictus nymphalis, Sphecodes heraclei, Mega­ Indigofera caroliniana Mill. Carolina Indigo. Fa­ chile brevis pseudobrevis, Epeolus zonatus, Apis baceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus placidensis mellifera Indigofera hirsuta L. Hairy Indigo. Fabaceae. Afri­ Linaria floridana Chapm. Apalachicola Toadflax. can exotic. Genus with native FL species. Bees: Scrophulariaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus Anthidiellum notatum rufimaculatum, A. per­ nymphalis, D. tegularis, Evylaeus pectoralis, plexum, Megachile albitarsis Anthidiellum notatum, Osmia sandhouseae, Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy. Carolina Megachile georgica Redroot. Haemodoraceae. Native. Bees: Aga­ Ludwigia leptocarpa (Nutt.) H. Hara. Angle-Stem postemon. splendens, Augochloropsis metalli­ Primrose-Willow. Onagraceae. Native. Bees: ca, A. sumptuosa, Dialictus coreopsis, D. tami­ Megachile xylocopoides, Bombus impatiens, amensis, Anthidiellum perplexum, Anthidium Apis mellifera, Xylocopa micane maculifrons, Coelioxys dolichos, C. mexicana, Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara. Peruvian Prim­ C. octodentata, C. sayi, Megachile albitarsis, rose Willow. Onagraceae. Neotropical exotic. M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. georgica, M. mendi­ Genus with native FL species. Bees: Agaposte­ ca, M. petulans, M. texana, M. xylocopoides, mon. splendens, Augochlora pura, Augochlorel­ Melissodes communis, Apis mellifera, Bombus la aurata, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dialic­ impatiens, B. pennsylvanicus, Xylocopa mi­ tus nymphalis, D. placidensis, Halictus liga­ cans, X virginica hrombeini tus, Coelioxys mexicana, C. modesta, C. sayi, Lactuca graminifolia Michx. Grass-Leaf Lettuce. Megachile brevis pseudobrevis, M. exilis parex­ Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Halictus ligatus, ilie, M. georgica, M. inimica, M. mendica, M. Dianthidium floridiense, pruina, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, Xy­ Lagerstroemia indica L. Crepe Myrtle. Lythraceae. locopa virginica krombeini Asian exotic. Genus lacks native FL species. Lupinus diffusus Nutt. Sky-blue Lupine. Fabace­ Bees: Augochlorella gratiosa, Augochloropsis ae. Native. Bees: Anthidiellum notatum rufi- INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 105

maculatum, A. perplexum, Megachile exilis bequaerti, Agapostemon splendens, Augochlo­ parexilis, Osmia sp., Bombus griseocollis rella aurata, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dial­ Lygodesmia aphylla (Nutt.) DC. Rose Rush. Aster­ ictus placidensis, Halictus ligatus, Anthidiel­ aceae. Native. Bees: Augochlorella aurata lum perplexum, Anthidium maculifrons, Di­ Lyonia ferruginea (Walt.) Nutt. Rusty Stagger­ anthidium floridiense, Megachile albitarsis, bush. Ericaceae. Native. Bees: Bombus impa­ M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. georgica, M. inimi­ tiens ca, M. mendica, M. petulans, M. policaris, M. Lyonia fruticosa (Michx.) G. S. Torr. Coastal Plain texana, M. xylocopoides, Apis mellifera, Bom­ Staggerbush. Ericaceae. Native. Bees: Colletes bus impatiens banksi, C. sp. A, Perdita floridensis, Augochlo­ Parkinsonia aculeata L. Mexican Palo Verde. Fa­ ropsis sumptuosa, Bombus impatiens, Xyloco­ baceae. Exotic from w. N. America. Genus lacks pa micans native FL species. Bees: Hylaeus confluens, Lyonia lucida (Lam.) K. Koch. Fetterbush. Ericace­ Anthidiellum notatum rufimaculatum, A. per­ ae. Native. Bees: Dialictus placidensis, Bom­ plexum, Anthidium maculifrons, Coelioxys ger­ bus impatiens mana, C. sayi, C. texana, Dianthidium floridi­ Melilotus albus Medik. White Sweet Clover. Fa­ ense, Heriades leavitti, Megachile brevispseudo­ baceae. Exotic from Eurasia. Genus lacks na­ brevis, M. exilis parexilis, M. frugalis, M. geor­ tive FL species. Bees: Colletes mandibularis, gica, M. inimica, M. integra, M. mendica, M. Halictus ligatus, Anthidiellum notatum rufi­ petulans, M. policaris, M. rugifrons, Dolichos­ maculatum, Dianthidium floridiense, Mega­ telis louisae, Xylocopa micans, Apis mellifera. chile georgica Paronychiaamericana (Nutt.) Fenzlex Walp. Amer­ Mikania cordifolia (L. f.) Willd. Florida Keys Hemp­ ican Nailwort. Caryophyllaceae. Native. Bees: Vine. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Hylaeus graen­ Dialictus nymphalis, D. placidensis icheri, H. schwarzi, Augochlorella au rata, Paronychia chartacea Fern. Paper Nailwort. Caryo­ Augochloropsisanonyma, A. metallica,A. sump­ phyllaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus miniatu­ tuosa, Dialictus miniatulus, D. nymphalis, lus, D. nymphalis, D. placidensis Coelioxys mexicana, C. sayi, Bombus impatiens Paronychia herniarioides (Michx.) Nutt. Coastal Mimosa quadrivalvis L. Sensitive Briar. Fabaceae. Plain Nailwort. Caryophyllaceae. Native. Bees: Native. Bees: Agapostemon splendens, Dialictus nymphalis Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis sumptu­ Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia osa, Dialictus miniatulus, D. placidensis, Anthi­ Creeper. Vitaceae. Native. Bees: Colletes nu­ diellum perplexum dus, Augochloropsis metallica, Megachile men­ Momordica charantia L. Balsam Pear. Cucurbita­ dica, Apis mellifera ceae. Old World tropical exotic. Genus lacks Pectis linearifolia Urban. Florida Chinchweed. native FL species. Bees: Augochlorella aurata, Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Augochlorella gra­ Evylaeus pectoralis, Anthidiellum notatum tiosa, Dialictus nymphalis, D. tegularis rufimaculatum, Megachile mendica Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Red Bay. Lauraceae. Nolina brittoniana Nash. Britton's Bear Grass. Native. Bees: Colletes banksi, C. brimleyi, C. Agavaceae. Native. Bees: Apis mellifera nudus, Augochloropsis metallica, Evylaeus pec­ Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. Spatterdock. Nymphaeace­ toralis, Epeolus zonatus, Apis mellifera, Bom­ ae. Native. Bees: Hylaeus schwarzi, Evylaeus bus impatiens nelumbonis, Apis mellifera Persea humilis Nash. Silk Bay. Lauraceae. Native. Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Prickly Pear. Cacta­ Bees: Colletes brimleyi, C. nudus, Augochlora ceae. Native. Bees: Agapostemon splendens, pura, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis sumpiu­ metallica, Anthidiellum perplexum osa, Dialictus nymphalis, D. tegularis, Halic­ Phytolacca americana L. American Pokeweed. Phy­ tus ligatus, Dianthidium floridiense, Lithur­ tolaccaceae. Native. Bees: Augochlora pura, gus gibbosus, Megachile brevis pseudobrevis, Augochloropsis metallica, A. sumptuosa, Dial­ M. policaris, M. texana, Melissodes communis, ictus miniatulus, D. nymphalis, D. placidensis, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, B. pennsyl­ D. tegularis, Evylaeus pectoralis, Bombus im­ vanicus, Xylocopa virginica krombeini patiens Palafoxia feayi Gray. Feay's Palafox. Asteraceae. Piloblephis rigida (W. Bartram ex Benth.) Raf. Native. Bees: Colletes thysanellae, Perdita Wild PennyroyaL Lamiaceae. Native. Bees: 106 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

Agapostemon eplendens, Augochlorella aura­ sis, D. miniatulus, D. nymphalis, D. placiden­ ta, Dialictus miniatulue, D. nymphalis, Mega­ s~s chile brevis pseudo brevis Polygonella myriophylla (Small) Horton. Small's Piriqueta caroliniana (Walt.) Urban. Piriqueta. Jointweed. Polygonaceae. Native. Bees: Dial­ Turneraceae. Native. Bees: Augochlorella au­ ictus placidensis rata, Augochloropsis metallica, Dialictus Polygonella polygama (Vent.) Engelm. & A. Gray. placidensis October Flower. Polygonaceae. Native. Bees: Pityopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. Narrow-Leaf Colletes mandibularis, Augochlorella aurata, Silkgrass. Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Colletes Augochloropsis anonyma, A. metallica, Dialic­ mandibularis, C. thysanellae, Andrena fulvi­ tus nymphalis, D. placidensis, Halictus liga­ pennis, Perdita blatchleyi, P. graenicheri, Aga­ tus, Sphecodes heraclei postemon splendens, Augochlora pura, Polygonella robusta (Small) G. L. Nesom & V. M. Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis metalli­ Bates. Sandhill Wireweed. Polygonaceae. Na­ ca, A. surnptuosa, Dialictus miniatulus, D. tive. Bees: Colletes mandibularis, C. thysanel­ nymphalis, D. placidensis, Halictus ligatus, lae, Colletes sp. A, Hylaeus confluens, Augochlo­ Anthidiellum notatum rufimaculatum, A. per­ ra pura, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis plexum, Coelioxys octodentata, C. sayi, C. texa­ anonyma, A. sumptuosa, Dialictus miniatulus, na, Dianthidium floridiense, Megachile albi­ D. nymphalis, D. placidensis, Sphecodes hera­ tarsis, M. brevis pseudobrevis, M. georgica, M. clei, Anthidiellum perplexum, Coelioxys sayi, inimica, M. mendica, M. petulans, M. pruina, C. octodentata, Megachile albitarsis, Apis mel­ Epeolus carolinus, Nomada feroida, Bombus lifera, Bombus impatiens impatiens, Xylocopa virginica hrombeini Polypremum. procumbens Linnaeus. Rust Weed. Pluchea odorata (L.) Casso Camphorweed. Aster­ Loganiaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus nympha­ aceae. Native. Bees: Halictus ligatus, Dialic­ lis tus nymphalis, Anthidium maculifrons, Coe­ Pontederia cordata L. Pickerelweed. Pontederiace­ lioxys germana ae. Native. Bees: Hylaeus schwarzi, Dianthid­ Pluchea rosea R. K. Godfrey. Rosy Camphorweed. ium. floridiense, Ceratina dupla floridana, Apis Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Megachile albitarsis mellifera, Xylocopa micans Polanisia tenuifolia Torr. & A. Gray. Slender-Leaf Portulaca pilosa L. Pink Purslane. Portulacaceae. Clammyweed. Capparaceae. Native. Bees: Native. Bees: Dialictus tamiamensis Augochloropsis metallica, Dialictus nymphalis Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. Ro­ Polygala cymosa Walter. Tall Pine Barren Milk­ saceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus placidensis, wort. Polygalaceae. Native. Bees: Megachile Hylaeus confluens, Evylaeus pectoralis, Epeo­ brevis pseudobrevis lus zonatus Polygala grandiflora Walt. Large-Flowered Milk­ Quercus chapmanii Sarg. Chapman's Oak. Fagace­ wort. Polygalaceae. Native. Bees: Anthidiel­ ae. Native. Bees: Augochloropsis metallica, lum notatum rufimaculatum. Apis mellifera Polygala rugelii Shuttlew. Yellow Bachelor's But­ Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel Oak. Fagaceae. ton. Polygalaceae. Native. Bees: Melissodes Native. Bees: Colletes brimleyi, Apis mellifera communis Quercus myrtifolia Willd. Myrtle Oak. Fagaceae. Polygonella basiramia (Small) G. L. Nesom & V. M. Native. Bees: Colletes brimleyi, Augochlorella Bates. Florida Jointweed. Polygonaceae. Na­ aurata, Dialictus placidensis, Apis mellifera tive. Bees: Colletes mandibularis, Perdita Quercus nigra L. Water Oak. Fagaceae. Native. polygonellae, Agapostemon splendens, Bees: Apis mellifera Augochlorella gratiosa, Augochloropsis anony­ Quercus sp. Oak. Fagaceae. Native. Bees: Colletes ma, Dialictus miniatulus, D. nymphalis, Mega­ brimleyi chile brevis pseudo brevis Rhexia mariana L. Pale Meadow-Beauty. Melas­ Polygonella gracilis (Nutt.) Meisn. Tall Jointweed. tomaceae. Native. Bees:Augochloropsis anony­ Polygonaceae. Native. Bees: Colletes mandib­ ma, Bombus impatiens ularis, C. thysanellae, Perdita polygonellae, Rhus copallina L. Winged Sumac. Anacardiaceae. Augochloropsis anonyma, A. metallica, Native. Bees: Colletes mandibularis, Augochlo­ Augochloropsis surnptuosa, Dialictus coreop- ra pura, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dialictus placidensis INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 107

Richardia scabra L. Rough Mexican Clover. Rubi­ la auraia, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dialic­ aceae. Neotropical exotic. Genus lacks native tus placidensis, Anthidiellum notatum rufi­ FL species. Bees: Agapostemon splendens, maculatum, A. perplexum, Coelioxys sayi, Mega­ Augochloropsis surnptuosa, Anthidiellum mac­ chile brevis pseudobrevis, M. mendica, M. pet­ ulatum rufimaculaturn, Megachile mendica, ulans, Bombus impatiens M. texana, Apis mellifera, Bombus pennsylvan­ Sida acuta Burm. f. Common Fan-Petals. Malvace­ LCUS ae. Native. Bees: Augochlorella gratiosa Rosa bracteata J. C. Wendl. Macartney Rose. Ro­ Sisyrinchium nashii E. P. Bicknell. Nash's Blue­ saceae. Chinese exotic. Genus with native FL Eyed Grass. Iridaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus species. Bees: Augochlorella gratiosa, Dialic­ coreopsis tus coreopsis, Halictus ligatus, Bombus penn­ Sisyrinchium xerophyllum Greene. Jeweled Blue­ sylvanicus Eyed Grass. Iridaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus Rubus trivialis Michx. Southern Dewberry. Ro­ nymphalis, D. placidensis, Anthidiellum per­ saceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus placidensis, D. plexum, Megachile brevis pseudobrevis tegularis Smilax auriculata Walter. Ear-Leaf Greenbrier. Sabal etonia Swingle ex Nash. Scrub Palmetto. Smilacaceae. Native. Bees: Augochlora pura, Arecaceae. Native. Bees: Agapostemon splen­ Coelioxys dolichos, Megachile mendica, M. xy­ dens, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis locopoides, Apis mellifera, Xylocopa micans, X. anonyma, A. metallica, A. sumptuosa, Dialic­ virginica hrombeini tus coreopsis, D. miniatulus, D. nymphal is, D. Solidago fistulosa Mill. Pine-Barren Goldenrod. placidensis, Halictus ligatus, Megachile albi­ Asteraceae. Native. Bees: Colletes mandibu­ tarsis, M. brevis pseudo brevis, M. mendica, laris, C. thysanellae, Augochlorella gratiosa, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, B. pennsyl­ Halictus ligatus, Sphecodes heraclei, Ceratina vanLCUS dupla floridana, Apis mellifera Sabatia breoifolia Raf. Short-Leaf Rose-Gentian. Solidago odora var. chapmanii (Torr. & A. Gray) Gentianaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus nymph­ Cronquist. Chapman's Goldenrod. Asteraceae. alis, D. tegularis Native. Bees: Colletes mandibularis, Perdita Sobatia graruliflora (A. Gray) Small. Large-Flower graenicheri, Agapostemon splendens,Augochlo­ Rose-Gentian. Native. Bees: Augochlorella rellaaurata, Augochloropsis metallica, A. sump­ aurata, Dialictus coreopsis, D. nymphalis, D. tuosa, Dialictus coreopsis, D. nymphalis, D. tegularis, Halictus ligatus placidensis, Halictus ligatus, Sphecodes hera­ Salix caroliniana Michx. Carolina Willow. Sali­ clei, Dianthidium floridiense, Megachile albi­ caceae. Native. Bees: Hylaeus confluens, Dial­ tarsis, M. mendica, M. texana, Apis mellifera ictus placidensis, D. tegularis, Evylaeus pecto­ Stachytarphetajamaicensis (L.) Vahl. Blue Porter­ ralis, Apis mellifera weed. Verbenaceae. Native. Bees: Bombus Scoparia dulcis L. Sweetbroom. Scrophulariaceae. pennsy lvanicus Native. Bees: Megachile albitarsis Stipulicida setacea Michx. Pineland Scaly-Pink. Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small. Saw Palmetto. Caryophyllaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus Arecaceae. Native. Bees: Colletes banhsi, C. nymphalis, Sphecodes atlantis, Anthidiellum brimleyi, C. mandibularis, C. nudus, Colletes notatum rufimaculatum sp. A, Hylaeus graenicheri, Agapostemon splen­ Stylisma villosa (Nash) House. Hairy Dawn-Flow­ dens, Augochlora pura, Augochlorella aurata, er. Convolvulaceae. Native. Bees: Dianthidi­ Augochloropsis metallica, A. surnptuosa, Dial­ um floridiense ictus miniatulus, D. nymphalis, D. placidensis, Syngonanihus flavidulus (Michx.) Ruhland. Yel­ D. tegularis, Evylaeus pectoralis, Halictus lig­ low Hat-Pins. Eriocaulaceae. Native. Bees: atus, Sphecodes heraclei, Coelioxys sayi, Di­ Colletes mondibularis, Agapostemon eplendens, anthidium floridiense, Megachile policaris, M. Augochlorella gratiosa, Ceratina dupla, Dial­ xylocopoides, Epeolus erigeronis, E. glabratus, ictus coreopsis, D. nymphalis, D. tamiamensis, E. zonatus, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, D. tegularis, Halictus ligatus, Hoplitis trunca­ B. pennsylvanicus, Xylocopa virginica krom­ ta, Hylaeus confluens, Sphecodes heraclei, beini Anthidiellum perplexum, Megachile georgica Seymeria pectinata Pursh. Piedmont Black Senna. Tephrosia chrysophylla Pursh. Scrub Hoary-Pea. Scrophulariaceae. Native. Bees: Augochlorel- Fabaceae. Native. Bees: Megachile georgica 108 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

Tradescantia roseolens SmalL Long-Leaf Spider­ sis, D. nymphalis, Megachile brevis pseudobre­ wort. Commelinaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictus vis, Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens nymphalis, D. placidensis, D. tegularis Trichostema dichotomum L. Forked Blue-Curls. Summary of the ABS Bee Survey Lamiaceae. Native. Bees: Caupolicana electa, Dialictus placidensis Currently 113 species of bees, 112 of them Urena lobata L. Caesarweed. Malvaceae. Native. native, are known from the ABS. Two questions Bees: Agapostemon splendens, Halictus liga­ immediately arise: Is this survey complete? How tus, Dianthidium floridiense effective were the survey methods? Vaccinium corymbosum L. Highbush Blueberry. Ericaceae. Native. Bees: Augochloropsis sump­ Is the survey complete? There are probably tuosa, Dialictus placidensis, Osmia sandhou­ additional species to be found, based on the follow­ seae, Habropoda laboriosa, Apis mellifera, Bom­ ing kinds of information. 1) A 2100 ha. site probably bus impatiens has some habitat types that have not been ade­ Vaccinium darrowii Camp. Darrow's Blueberry. quately sampled. An example of this on the ABS is Ericaceae. Native. Bees: Agapostemon splen­ a small area of swamp forest where two additional dens, Augochlorella au rata, A. gratiosa, Apis species were found in spring of 2001. 2) A 2100 ha. mellifera acre site probably has species that are patchily Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. Shiny Blueberry. Eri­ distributed due to microbiogeography, and some of caceae. Native. Bees: Augochlorella aurata, A. these species may have been missed because the gratiosa, Augochloropsis anonyma, A. sumptu­ whole site was not covered in a uniform manner. 3) osa, Coelioxys sayi A number of species are currently represented in Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. Hairy-Pod Cow-Pea. collections by only a few specimens. There are 14 Fabaceae. Native. Bees: Halictus ligatus, Anthi­ such species: 7 species represented by one speci­ diellum perplexum, Anthidium maculifrons, men, 5 by 2 specimens, 2 by 3 specimens. This Coelioxys sayi, Dianthidium floridiense, Mega­ indicates that there are probably more species to be chile brevis pseudobrevis, Megachile exilis par­ discovered. To look at this another way, ifonly a few exilis, M. mendica, Epeolus zonatus specimens were ever found, it would have been Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Muscadine. Vitaceae. relatively easy to miss those specimens, and there Native. Bees: Agapostemon splendens, are likely to be other species that are similarly Augochloropsis anonyma, A. sumptuosa, Dial­ scarce that were missed altogether. ictus placidensis, Megachile brevis pseudobre­ On the other hand, we do not believe that the vis, M. mendica, M. petulans, Apis mellifera, number of species yet to be found is very large. We Bombus impatiens would expect no more than 20 additional species, Warea carteri SmalL Carter's Pineland Cress. Bras­ almost all ofthem rare in the sense of being sparse­ sicaceae. Native. Bees: Augochlorella aurata, ly distributed, or highly localized, or only active for Dialictus placidensis a short period, or some combination of these. We Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchcock. Creeping Ox-Eye. base this assumption on our species accumulation, Asteraceae. West Indian Exotic. Genus lacks which shows only a small increase in species during native FL species. Bees: Halictus ligatus, Mega­ 2000-2001, when there was intensive bee collect­ chile albitarsis mg. Ximenia americana L. Hog Plum. Olacaceae. Na­ In contrast to the survey for bees, the survey of tive. Bees: Agapostemon splendens, Augochlo­ bee-flower relationships is undoubtedly far from ropsis sumptuosa, Dialictus placidensis, Coe­ complete. There seems to be an element of luck in lioxys germana, Megachile mendica, Melissodes obtaining the some associations, perhaps because communis, Apis mellifera many species of bees are rare or localized at the ABS Xyris brevifolia Michx. Short-Leaf Yellow-Eyed and because the many species of generalist bees Grass. Xyridaceae. Native. Bees: Dialictuscore­ may spend most of their time and effort visiting opsis, D. nymphal is, D. tamiamensis, Mega­ those species of flowers that are commonest and chile brevis pseudobrevis provide the best resources. It is common to find a Xyris elliottii Chapm. Elliott's Yellow-Eyed Grass. large patch of flowers that is not being visited by Xyridaceae. Native. Bees: Colletes distinctus, bees, or visited by only a few individuals. It may Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dialictus coreop- take years before one comes upon a patch of flowers INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 109 of a particular type that is being visited with any (1960, 1962) and the specimen records in the Florida intensity. The first records of bees on Smilax auric­ State Collection ofArthropods, where there is a large ulata, for example, a common species with conspic­ collection ofbees, curated by Lionel Stange and James uous flowers, were not obtained until 2002, in spite Wiley. of at least casual attention to this species for several Most groups of plant-eating insects have their years. greatest diversity in the moist tropics, where the The effectiveness of survey methods. The diversity of plants reaches its peak. There are some principal survey methods were collecting bees as big exceptions to this rule: sawflies and the vegetar­ they visited flowers, and collecting with small Mal­ ian anthomyiid flies, for example, are concentrated aise traps. The great majority of bee species known in the cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemi­ from the ABS have been found at least once on a sphere. Bees are another exception: their diversity floral host. It would be satisfying to report that this does not climax where there is the greatest diversi­ is an adequate method for sampling bee diversity, ty of flowering plants, but rather in semi-arid warm since it is always preferable to collect specimens temperate areas (Michener 1979). California, for with some associated natural history information example, has almost 2000 species of bees (more beyond date and habitat. Unfortunately, even after than twice the number of species found in eastern years of effort to document insect-flower relation­ North America), and most of these species live in ships, there are still 20 bee species known only from arid and semi-arid parts of the state. Michener traps, and additional species known primarily from suggests (1979, 2000) several reasons that might traps, with only one or two flower records. All account for the failure of bee diversity to match species frequently taken on flowers were also fre­ plant diversity in the wet tropics: poor storage quently collected in Malaise traps. Six species were conditions for nectar and pollen; domination of the taken only on flowers, never in traps. We made no fauna by generalist social bees (Apis and meli­ attempt, however, to check the effectiveness of ponines), possibly greater abundance of generalist traps by setting up traps in the places where these predators, such as ants. A Mediterranean climate bees had been found. (cool, moist winters, warm dry summers) seems to A new technique that we did not try until the lead to a high diversity of bees wherever such a winter of 2001 was the use of blue or white plastic climate occurs. This climate provides a pronounced bowls filled with water and a few drops of deter­ seasonality that allows bees to easily synchronize gent. In February of2001, 6 blue plastic bowls were their life cycles with those of host plants, and a deployed near a Malaise trap in a dry swamp forest. warm dry summer that is ideal for hymenopteran The bowls caught many more bees (almost all flight activity. Southwestern North America prob­ halictids) than the Malaise trap. The effectiveness ably also benefits from the fact that the rich Madro­ of bowls and Malaise traps depends on their exact tertiary fauna could have been locally displaced placement relative to the flight paths of insects, so southward during the glacial episodes of the Pleis­ the main value of this comparison is to indicate that tocene, but would not have been trapped against the bowls can be useful for sampling some bees. any major geographic barriers. The general lesson from the work with flower Florida, with its relatively warm climate, pro­ collecting and Malaise traps is that traps remain nounced wet and dry seasons and easily excavated indispensable for survey work. They are particu­ sandy soils, might seem ideal for bees, but Florida's larly useful for surveying parasitic bees of the 20 bee diversity is relatively low, about 260 recorded species caught only in traps, 8 are parasitic. species (Mitchell, 1960, 1962). As the bee fauna of Florida becomes better known, this number will General biogeography of Florida bees probably rise to around 300-320 species, but is unlikely to reach the 520 species known from Mitch­ Large-scale patterns. Some consideration of ell's well-surveyed home state of North Carolina. the biogeography of Florida bees is useful for put­ Florida's apparent advantages in climate and soil ting in perspective the ABS fauna. There is no cannot match the ecological diversity of North publication dealing specifically with the biogeogra­ Carolina, with its varied climates, soils and topog­ phy of Florida bees, but the subject may be ap­ raphy, and its remarkable plant diversity, making proached through the biogeographic analyses of C. it a meeting place for boreal, Appalachian, and D. Michener (1979, 2000), combined with the state coastal plain species. records in T. B. Mitchell's manual of Eastern bees 110 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

The warm climate and sandy soils may actually this perspective, the fauna of the ABS, with its 113 be mixed blessings for bees in Florida. The climate species, is surprisingly diverse. is the reverse of Mediterranean: instead of wet A simplified account ofthe historical biogeogra­ winters and dry summers, Florida has dry winters phy of eastern bees can be assembled from the and wet summers. This makes for warm, humid distribution, seasonal, and flower records in Mitch­ conditions for pollen and nectar storage during the ell (1960, 1962), Hurd (1979), and Moure and Hurd developmental period of the egg and larva. This (1987). There is a group of woodland bees, many of promotes growth of fungi and bacteria that spoil them spring-flyers, that is centered in the Appala­ the provisions (Batra et al. 1973). Burrowing bees chians; there is a small secondary center of wood­ are in damp sand, with successive layers of satura­ land bee diversity in the boreal forest. There is a tion moving down through the soil column follow­ group of open-site bees associated with the fire­ ing rains. These same bees are exposed to great maintained pinelands of the Coastal Plain. There is numbers of predatory insects, from subterranean another group of open-site bees derived from the ants to bee-flies, that can move easily through the large fauna of the Great Plains, where its species sand. still occur in natural and semi-natural areas. There Most upland habitats in Florida evolved with might at one time been a series of narrowly distrib­ periodic fires, and the most profuse flowering of uted open-site endemics confined to edges and herbaceous perennials is correlated not with sea­ chronically disturbed sites, such as shores of lakes, sonality, but with fires that temporarily reduce marshes and seacoast, stream courses with sporad­ vegetation cover and make room for seedlings. It ically occurring beaver meadows, and slopes and would probably not be practical for bees to have life sandy soils with frequent wind-throw oflarge trees. cycles synchronized with these episodes of intense Many of the open-site species must have increased flowering because the fires are too infrequent. This in numbers and range over the last few hundred is not to say that most species bloom only after a years with the reduction in forests and the increase fire, but the number of plants blooming and the in fields and the open site corridors provided by number of flowers per plant may be greatly influ­ roads. enced by fire. Eastern milk pea (Galactia regu­ One might expect Florida to be populated large­ laris), for example, can be found in bloom every ly by bees whose center of distribution is the south­ year, but heavy blooming only occurs one or two ern Coastal Plain, but this does not seem to be the years after a fire. This species is heavily patronized case. The majority of Florida species are wide­ by megachilids. Chapman's Goldenrod (Solidago spread east of the Rocky Mountains; some of these odora) is another plant that has only a few scat­ are from the Appalachian fauna, and some might tered blooming individuals in a normal year and represent an eastern extension of the Great Plains massive flowering following a fire. Some plants, fauna, which in turn owes much to the Madroter­ such as gallberry (Ilex glabra), if burned before tiary fauna surviving in southwestern North Amer­ flowering in the spring, do not produce flowers that ica. It is likely that southeastern populations of year, so bees dependent on that plant lack hosts in some widespread species came directly from the the burned area for a year. One might expect fire­ Southwest. During the late Pliocene through the controlled ecosystems to produce assemblages of mid-Pleistocene a band of arid climate extended nomadic bees; this hypothesis has not yet been across southern North America, connecting the considered or tested. Ecological systems in which Southeast directly with elements of the Madroter­ plants invest heavily in flowers every year would tiary fauna and flora (Webb 1990), though the seem to be more favorable to bees than systems in Mississippiand its associatedlow forests and marsh­ which plants invest heavily in flowers at 5 to 50 es probably continued to act as a barrier or ecolog­ year intervals. ical filter impeding wholesale migration. There are In summary, a combination of ecological factors some examples of species that have a southern helps explain why Florida has fewer bees than distributions that seem divided by the Mississippi states to the north, and far fewer than southwest­ lowlands, for example Coelioxys slossoni and C. ern states. Only about 260 species are known for texana. It is likely that some of the Florida species the entire state of Florida, and one would expect a of Perdita have their closest relatives in the South­ small fraction of that number in a single 2100 ha. west rather than in the Northeast or the Mid­ site with habitats and plant diversity representing Atlantic states. One of the interesting projects for only a small fraction of that found in the state. From students of Florida bees will be to figure out which INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 111 species and populations are ancient vestiges of the second is the general life history strategy of solitary transcontinental dry savannahs ofthe late Pliocene bees, which is not suited to casual long-distance through mid-Pleistocene. colonization. Individual females produce only a few offspring, which may easily become separated if Special Features of the Florida Bee Fauna there is any dispersal by adults. Exotic bees in Florida. The only exotic bees Patterns from north to south in the Penin­ reported from Florida are Apis mellifera, Mega­ sula. As one moves south in the Florida peninsula chile lanata (Fabricius) and M. concinna Smith, the bee fauna seems to become smaller, probably from the Old World. Mitchell (1962) was uncertain reflecting a decrease in plant diversity as the soils whether M. lanata was established in Florida, but become more sterile and sandy, the topography less we have seen recently collected specimens from varied, and seasonality less pronounced. Most of South Florida. Recent collections of M. concinna south Florida is lowlands that are regularly flooded were reported by Pascarella et al. (1999). This lack part of the year, while the uplands are rapidly­ of exotic bee species (about 1% of Florida species) draining sands that are subject to regular severe contrasts with some other groups, such as ants, droughts in the spring when the temperature is with 52 exotic species (about 24% of Florida species) high and water stress in plants is increased by dry known from Florida (Deyrup et al., 2000). The winds. The flora ofthe 5000-acre Archbold Biologi­ small reproductive potential of a female solitary cal Station in south-central Florida includes about bee transported to a new area may be partly respon­ 535 species of vascular plants, while San Felasco sible for this lack of exotic species. Ground-nesting State Park in north Florida (Alachua Co.) has more species are unlikely to occur in soil of imported pots than twice as many species, including far more of plants. Bees such as M. lanata and M. concinna species in a number of families favored by bees, that nest in dead wood or in structures are more such as Rosaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. In likely to be imported, but this may be less likely for addition to the effects of a reduction in diversity of species originating in the tropics or subtropics, as potential host plants, certain bees are likely to be bees that attempt to forage during transport are excluded from south Florida by other factors: the liable to being left behind. There are more exotic reduction of duration and intensity of the cold bees in northern states; in Tompkins County, New season for temperate-climate species that require York, there are ten species of accidentally intro­ cold to break dormancy; the challenge of frequent duced bees, all of which are thought to have arrived inundations for ground-nesting species; a lack of in North America as diapausing groups (Ascher, compacting soils for species that require firm sub­ 2001). All but one of the seventeen species of bees strates for their burrows; poorly developed topogra­ accidentally imported and established in North phy for species that require slopes and banks; America live in hollow plant stems or other pre­ frequent fires that affect species that live in dead formed cavities (Ascher, 2001). twigs, stems and wood. Bees known only from Florida. When Mitch­ In certain groups of insects, such as the Fermi­ ell produced his volumes on the bees of eastern cidae and Cerambycidae, as one approaches the North America (1960, 1962),23 species were listed tropical tip of Florida the fauna is augmented by a as known only from Florida. Some of these probably rich West Indian fauna, disjunct populations of occur in Georgia and Alabama as well; there are species that also occur in the Bahamas and Cuba. several species of bees that are listed from Florida, Four such species among Florida bees are Centris with the next nearest record from considerably versicolor (Fabricius), Megachile bahamensis Mitch­ farther north (usually North Carolina), suggesting ell, Exomalopsis pulchella Cresson and E. similis that at the time of Mitchell's work the fauna of Cresson. In addition, species that are known only Georgia and Alabama were not as well investigated from tropical Florida, such as Hylaeus metopii as that of Florida. A few species are likely to be Mitchell and Dialictus tahitensis Mitchell, could lumped with more widespread species once the easily turn out to be West Indian species. In gener­ variation within these species is better known; this al, however, there is only a small influx of West might, for example, reduce the number (6) of Dial­ Indian species of bees into Florida, compared to ictus known only from Florida. On the other hand, many other groups of insects. This is probably due there is a good possibility that additional species to two factors. The first is the relatively small bee will be found that occur only in Florida, especially fauna of the West Indies (Eickwort 1988). The in areas where there seem to be concentrations of 112 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

Florida endemics belonging to other groups of or­ species of Nomada, primarily parasites ofAndrena, ganisms. Areas to search would be the major inland and seven species of Epeolus, primarily parasites of sand ridges, the wetlands adjacent to these ridges, Colletes. and various areas of the Panhandle, especially the The other genus of Andrenidae represented at ravines and bluffs of the Apalachicola River, the the ABS is Perdita, with 6 species. This may equal coastal scrubs, and the sandhills and ravines ofthe or exceed the number of species that occur in other western Panhandle. Perdita, which already has 4 sites in eastern North America. This genus, which species known only from Florida, is the genus most is highly speciose in the Southwest, has its best likely to have additional species that are restricted eastern development in Florida (17 species), where to Florida, as its representatives are often closely there are even more species known than in North associated with sandy areas in warm climates, have Carolina (14 species), the center of Mitchell's 38 specializedhost plant requirements and short flight years of collecting. seasons. Members of this genus often escape notice The Megachilidae is the most diverse bee fam­ because of their small size, inconspicuous nests ily at the ABS (39 species). Most of these (18) are in (some species "swim" to and from their cryptic nest the genus Megachile, or in the genus Coelioxys (10 entrances through a layer ofloose sand), and rapid, species), parasites of Megachile. The records in wavering flight. Mitchell (1962) do not suggest that these genera diminish as one moves into Florida. There are 39 The bee fauna of the species of Megachile reported from Florida, 33 from Archbold Biological Station Georgia; 17 Florida Coelioxys, 10 in Georgia. The larger number of species in Florida may reflect Diversity and biogeography. There are 113 disproportionate collecting. Howard Weems, who species of bees known from the ABS. They are set up Malaise traps in several areas of Florida and distributed by family as follows: Colletidae: 17 accompanied Mitchell on his collection trips to (14%); Andrenidae: 9 (8%); Halictidae: 26 (23%); Florida, probably added enough additional species Megachilidae: 39 (35%); Apidae 22 (20%). For so to single-handedly emphasize the bee fauna of large a site, 113 species is not an impressively large Florida relative to that of adjacent states. Mega­ number. Francis Evans (1986), for example, found chile also includes many species that nest in holes 134 species of bees during a two year period in a in dead wood or hollow twigs, and are therefore less single 7.7 ha abandoned field in Michigan. The affected by the lack of edaphic diversity and the relatively small ABS fauna is probably an expres­ problem of flooding that inhibit ground-nesting sion of the reduced bee fauna of south Florida, bees in the southern Peninsula. discussed above. There is larger-scale study of the bees of the To an entomologist from Georgia or the Caroli­ Miami area (Graenicher 1930). This area has sever­ nas, the most conspicuous deficiency in a single al habitats not found on the ABS, including pine genus would be in the Holarctic genus Andrena. rocklands, tropical hammocks, marl prairies, and There are 3 species of Andrena known from the coastal habitats. Graenicher was an experienced ABS, compared to 13 species found in northern bee collector whose Miami work spanned 12 years. Florida, which is depauperate compared with Geor­ He supplemented his own considerable taxonomic gia, with 60 species (numbers compiled from Mitch­ expertise with consultation with various other spe­ ell 1960). There are no Andrena known only from cialists, including Mitchell, who updated Graenich­ Florida. Additional species of Andrena may be er's 1930 names in the eastern bee manual (1960, found in the Florida Panhandle, but the total num­ 1962). As Graenicher noted, "The bee fauna of the ber of species will remain low compared to that of Miami area is surprisingly poor, both in numbers of Georgia. Species in the genus Colletes are quite species and individuals." He found 60 species, dis­ similar to Andrena, being medium-sized ground­ tributed by family as follows: Colletidae: 6 (10%); nesters that are often strongly seasonal in their Andrenidae: 2 (3%); Halictidae: 12 (20%); Mega­ activity. Colletes, however, shows relatively little chilidae: 25 (42%); Apidae: 15 (25%). Of these spe­ reduction through the Southeast, with the same cies only 13 do not occur at the ABS: 4 halictids, 5 number (16) in Georgia and Florida, and a relative­ megachilids and 4 apids. There are 66 species that ly robust fauna (10 species) at the ABS. Parasitic occur at the ABS but were not found in Graenich­ bees associated with these two genera reflect the er's study: 11 colletids, 16 halictids, 7 andrenids, 19 diversity of their hosts: at the ABS there is one megachilids, 12 apids. It should be noted that INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 113

Graenicher's collection notes imply that he collect­ that must recolonize recently burned areas, or ed almost all his specimens individually on flowers, eliminate species that are only in recently burned and did not use traps. As mentioned above, traps areas. The ABS is managed like a microcosm of a seem to be indispensable for obtaining an exhaus­ larger landscape, with, for example, small acreages tive site list of bees. Even if, however, Graenicher's of recently burned flatwoods adjacent to small list omits as many as 20 or 30 ofthe species actually areas of flatwoods that burned four years ago. Since present in the Miami area, it would still show the more habitat variations are compressed into a small­ decrease in bee diversity that occurs in south Flor­ er area, there could be a greater diversity of species ida. of bees than would have occurred on the site at any More recently, Pascarella et al. (1999) pub­ one time in the past. lished lists for four sites in Everglades National Disturbed habitats. Although most of the Park. A two-year study produced 33 species in the ABS is in natural habitats, there are disturbed Flamingo area, 61 at Long Pine Key, 38 at Chekika, areas that have weedy plants that are rare or and 22 at Shark Valley. Pascarella et al. suggest absent in natural habitats. These are not always that a lack of well-drained, sandy nesting sites may exotic species; Heterotheca subaxillaris (17 species help explain the depauperate fauna in these areas. of bees recorded from ABS) and Bidens alba (36 Shark Valley, for example, is almost entirely marsh species recorded from the ABS) are both native, with small islands of tropical hammock. The tram disturbed-site species (Wunderlin 1998). There are road provides the only elevated open area. The other examples of native, weedy species that are larger bee fauna at Long Pine Key may be due to its visited by bees, as well as exotic, disturbed-site higher elevation above the water table and richer species such as Hyptis verticillata (9 species of bees flora. The proportions of bees in the four families recorded from ABS). Since these disturbed habitats found in the Everglades are similar to those at the are concentrated around the buildings and roads of ABS: Colletidae: 6 (10%); Halictidae 13 (21%);Mega­ the ABS, bees on these weedy plants are particular­ chilidae: 28 (44%); Apidae 16 (26%). In the Ever­ ly likely to be collected. glades fauna of 63 species, 14 species are not known from the ABS; the ABS has 62 species not known Special features of the ABS fauna from the Everglades. Endemism in the localfauna. Several groups Habitat changes at the ABS of insects show local endemism associated with that might affect bees Florida scrub habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge, where the ABS is situated (Deyrup 1900). There are Natural habitats. Most of the ABS is com­ no bees that clearly show this pattern. At the ABS posed of various habitats that are believed to be in there is one species of Colletes and one species of relatively natural states. These habitats are de­ Osmia that appear to be undescribed. Although scribed above in the section on "site description and these may be local endemics, it is also possible that methods." This does not mean that the ABS is they are more widely distributed in sandy uplands exactly the way it was a thousand years ago. When of Florida. the area that was to become part of the ABS was Proportions of parasitic species. In 1987 embedded in a much larger landscape of natural Wcislo published a paper that includes a discussion habitats, some parts ofthe site were wetter because of the percentage of parasitic bees as a function of there were no drainage ditches cutting across wa­ latitude, showing that there tends to be a higher tersheds, and the north end ofthe site was adjacent proportion of parasitic species in the fauna of tem­ to a large seasonally flooded forest. The biggest perate areas in both the Old and New World (ex­ difference was probably in the scale of the fires that cluding Australia). The ABS fauna known at the swept across the area, unimpeded by the roads, time (74 species) was included in this analysis: firelanes, citrus groves and housing developments there were 20 known parasitic species, or 27%, a that now occupy much of Highlands County. As the somewhat higher percentage than expected. Cur­ ABS is increasingly becoming an island of natural rently there are 26 parasitic species known from habitats surrounded by man-made habitats, it is the ABS, and the percentage has fallen to 23 %, not practical or advisable to simultaneously burn similar to that of two other intensively collected the whole property, or even a large percentage of it. sites listed by Wcislo: Carlinville, Illinois (24%), To do so could severely affect populations of species and the George Reserve, Michigan (24 %). The well- 114 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI collected state of North Carolina (thanks to Mitch­ ization) than 1.glabra is dependent on C. banksi for ell) also has a 24% parasitic bee fauna (numbers pollination (low level of specialization) would re­ derived from Mitchell 1960, 1962). The ABS, there­ quire much effort. It would be necessary to inter­ fore, in spite of its southern location, has the pat­ cept C. banksi approaching some patches offemale tern of parasitism of other well-known sites in the flowers and not others, and later count seed set, in East and Midwest, and at the community level, as order to measure the dependence of the plant on the well as the taxonomic level, shows no affinity to the insect. There is the additional problem that the fauna of the tropics and subtropics. Data on the number of bees is likely to vary from patch to patch percent of parasitic bees in the fauna can be influ­ of gallberry, depending on the location of nesting enced by the intensity and methods of collecting. sites, and there are also likely to be annual fluctu­ Parasitic species usually spend little time on flow­ ations in bee abundance and flower production. It ers, compared to non-parasitic species, but may be would also be necessary to collect and identify the readily collected in traps. The reduction in the pollen from C. banksi returning to their burrows in known percentage of parasitism at the ABS be­ areas where gallberry is present, as well as in areas tween 1987 and the present probably reflects an where gallberry is absent, if C. banksi can be found increased emphasis on collecting on flowers, and a in such areas. Sometimes, however, one can make decreasedemphasis on collectingwith Malaise traps. a reasonable qualitative estimation of the relative Specificity in relationships between bees strengths of relationships by simple examination of and plants at the ABS. Specialized mutua listie flower structure and general observations of flower relationships might seem more efficient than gen­ visitors and their behavior. eral mutua listie relationships because they allow At the ABS, the buzz-pollinated legume Chap­ precise co-evolution of floral structures and bees, mannia floridana appears to be strongly depen­ and seasonal synchronization of life cycles. Such dent on only a few species of pollinators: Bombus relationships, however, come at the expense of a impatiens, and metallic green halictids, especially reduction in the number of possible relationships. Augochloropsis metallica (Mayfield 1998). These In the compilation of 113 species of bees and 153 same bees seem to be the primary visitors at the floral hosts at the ABS there is no clear indication ABS of Chamaecrista fasciculata, another buzz­ of an exclusive relationship: there is no plant with pollinated flower. No detailed work has been done a series of visitation records of only one species of on this plant at the ABS, but in Oklahoma the bee that is only found on that one species (or group primary pollinators are bees of the genera Bombus, of related species) of plant. Most species of plants at Xylocopa, and Svastra (Thorp and Estes 1975). the ABS that are visited by bees do not have an Chamaecrista fasciculata is specialized for pollina­ exclusive relationship with bees as a group. When tion by large bees: an asymmetrical arrangement of bees are collected from flowers at the ABS there is petals guides large bees to a landing site where they a simultaneous attempt to sample other flower buzz to vibrate out pollen from ten anthers, two of visitors, especially flies and wasps. In many cases, these are elongated and positioned to apply pollen bees account for only a small proportion of the to the sides of the bee where, the pollen will come diversity of the visitors. Serenoa repens is an ex­ into contact with the deflexed stigma of another treme example: it is visited by 27 species of bees at flower (Wolfe and Estes 1992). Green halictids visit the ABS, and by over 200 species of insects in other the flowers and vibrate out the pollen by buzzing, groups. but they are too small to contact the stigma, and The specificity between species of bees and should be considered as pollen robbers (Thorp and species of flowers at the ABS often seems to be Estes 1975). The bees that visit these plants at the asymmetrical: one member of the partnership is ABS visit flowers of many other species of plants, much more dependent than the other. The various have flight periods months longer than these flow­ kinds of asymmetries can give some insight into the ers are available, and occur on parts of the ABS structure of pollinator systems within communi­ where the plants are rare or absent. Clearly, these ties. Unfortunately, it is usually difficult to be sure two plants have a much more specific dependency of the relative strengths of relationships without than do their pollinators. Both Chapmannia flori­ doing a tricky quantitative study of individual dana and Chamaecrista fasciculata have one-day species pairs. Showing, for example, that, at the flowers that open before sunrise and fade early, ABS, Colletes banksi is much more dependent on Chapmannia usually fades before 9:00 AM, Chamae­ gallberry (Ilexglabra) for food (high level of special- crista before noon. Bumble bees, in particular, INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 115

appear before sunrise to take advantage of the Balduina angustifolia is a biennial and facultative newly presented pollen. annual that is abundant some years at the ABS, These two buzz-pollinated plants have general­ scarce in other years; P. feayi is more dependable. ist insects that act as specialists, a common strate­ The range of P. bequaerti extends north beyond the gy for insect-pollinated plants. The various mecha­ range of these two plants, and it is known to visit nisms include special timing of presentation of other plant species (Hurd 1979). Perdita floridensis nectar and pollen, special handling techniques that and Colletes banhsi may be dependent on Ilex the gatherer must learn, and a distinctive (yet glabra at the ABS; both species are known to also clearly floral) shape, color or odor that form a visit Vaccinium. arboreurn Marsh (Ericaceae) else­ unique search image for visiting insects. While co­ where (Mitchell 1960). Several other species in the dependent relationships are strong and efficient, it genera Perdita, Andrena, and Colletes may also is much safer for plants to have common and prove to be oligolectic at the ABS. As far as we widespread insects to act as specialists through know, the southern Lake Wales Ridge does not flower constancy than it is to develop a co-depen­ have any endemic bees, but it is nevertheless the dency with a single species. At the ABS there are kind of area in which speciation in bees might major perturbations in natural communities, caused occur, since it is peripheral to the main ranges of a by floods, fires, droughts, and severe freezes. Com­ number of species, and the reduced number of munities with major perturbations should not fa­ available hosts might lead to irreversible special­ vor co-dependent relationships between species ization in foraging, seasonal synchronization, habi­ pairs of insects and flowers. Having common and tat preference, and mating sites. widespread insects as specialist pollinators is an At the community level, future studies might example of how complex and flexible solutions to show that many species of bees in areas with a low problems may be favored in unstable biological diversity of plants that offer nectar and pollen are systems. forced to be serially oligolectic. Although this seems Nuphar lutea is another plant that may be a logical outcome of reduced floral diversity, the dependent on only a few species of insects for research involved would be difficult, involving si­ pollination at the ABS, especially Euylaeus nelum­ multaneous studies of pollen collection and the bonis, but this is not well documented, since several seasonality of both plants and bees. Bees that are species of flies and beetles also occur in the flowers. serially oligolectic would be more vulnerable to The flowers of N. lutea have only a narrow opening local extirpation than one might suppose from through which insects enter and exit, and we have examination of a list of their floral hosts. the impression that male E. nelumbonis may lie in Bees that do not significantly benefit their wait in the flowers for females, which cannot easily floral hosts at the ABS. A number of species of escape through the opening. Nuphar lutea and its bees at the ABS do not always function as pollina­ insect visitors would make an interesting study. tors. This is certainly true of bees that collect pollen At the ABS there appear to be several asym­ from the catkins of oaks (Quercus spp.), which are metrical relationships in which a species of bee is wind pollinated. These bees do not visit the female heavily dependent on one or two plant species that flowers, so there is unlikely to be any incidental are visited by many other insects (including other pollination. Oak pollen is collected at the ABS by species of bees). Litliurgus gibbosus is dependent species of colletids and halictids, and also by bum­ on pollen from Opuntia cactus (Hurd 1979), and all ble bees and honey bees. It is not clear how impor­ ABS records of pollen-carrying females are from O. tant oak pollen is to native bees. We have relatively humifusa, the only cactus on the ABS. Andrena few records, but there are so many oaks blooming at [uluipennie at the ABS occurs almost exclusively on once in spring that the foraging bees may be diluted the abundant Pityopsis graminifolia; there are rather than uncommon. It is unlikely that these records from the closely related genus Heterotheca, native bees are numerous enough to depress acorn but this genus occurs in only a few places on the production. Honey bees, however, often aggregate ABS. Andrena fuluipennie seems to specialize on in the thousands on flowering oaks, especially on yellow-flowered Asteraceae throughout its range individual trees that bloom early, appearing day (Hurd 1979). Perdita bequaerti seems strongly de­ after day during the short blooming period of the pendent on Balduina angustifolia and Palafoxia tree. It seems possible that honey bees depress feayi; both species are in the Asteraceae, but they acorn production on early-blooming oaks at the are not closely related or similar in appearance. ABS. It reveals something about the persistence of 116 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI opportunistic ecological relationships that an ex­ bee-dependent dioecious plant might produce pol­ ploitative, probably primitive type of relationship len on male plants, nectar on female plants, but between bees and wind-pollinated plants can be there seem to be no examples of this on theABS. It found today in modern communities that also have might be a revealing exercise at the ABS to concen­ great numbers of plants and insects whose pollina­ trate bee collecting on a few dioecious plants, such tion ecology is strongly mutualistic. as Rhus copallina, Smilax auriculata and the two Somebees collect nectar or pollenwithout trans­ species mentioned above to quantify any difference ferring pollen to the stigma. This often happens in visitation rates on male and female plants. when small bees visit large flowers, as in the case of Indications of ABS plants that produce Chamaecrista fasciculata, mentioned above. deficient or unattractive pollen. Although sev­ Dicerandra frutescens at the ABS provides a docu­ eral bees at the ABS collect pollen from oaks, there mented case of a species that seems to benefit little are no records of bees collecting pollen from several from the visits of bees. It is regularly visited by a other abundant wind-pollinated plants. These in­ number of bees, including the nectar-robbing clude Pinus spp., Ceratiola ericoides, and common Caupolicana electa. A study of the pollination ecol­ grasses in the genera Aristida, Panicum, and An­ ogy of this plant, however, shows that bees do not dropogon. Perhaps the pollen ofthese species is too seem to be significant pollinators, and a single dry to gather and collect, or perhaps it is deficient species of large fly in the family Bombyliidae ac­ or repellent. The pollen of oak may itself be defi­ complishes most of the pollination (Deyrup and cient in some way, as there are no bees at the ABS Menges 1997). The fly visits a large number of that seem to depend exclusively on oak pollen. different hosts and occurs in many areas where Although individual oak trees have a short bloom­ Dicerandra frutescens does not occur. This is a fly­ ing period, perhaps about two weeks, both within based pollination system that involves training a species and between species there is great variation generalist species to act as a specialist, as in the at the ABS in time of blooming of oaks, so that oak bee-based systems of Chapmannia and Chamaec­ pollen would be available for at least two months, rista. from mid- to late February to mid- to late April. Oak Perdita florideneis, which is usually found on pollen is an enormous pollen resource at the ABS, the shrub Ilex glabra, may be an example that and throughout much of North America. There are shows how specialization in a bee species may have a number of published records of native bees, most little to do with pollination of a flower. The popula­ in the genus Andrena, that collect oak pollen (Hurd tion of Ilex glabra that occurs on the ABS is dioe­ 1979), but all these species, like the oak-visiting cious, and the Perdita seem to concentrate on the bees of the ABS, are generalists that visit a large male plants, where they can collect both nectar and variety of plants in other genera and families. pollen. It seems logical that these bees would have A possible example of another ABS plant with little incentive to visit the female plants, and it may pollen that may have deficiencies or repellents is well turn out that this locally specializedbee should saw palmetto, Serenoa repens. Honey bees and a be considered a pollen and nectar robber, rather few halictids gather pollen of saw palmetto at the than a mutualistic partner of the plant. Ilexglabra ABS, but most of the native bees on flowers of this is visited by many other species of insects, and it is plant are taking nectar only. Scrub palmetto (Sabal unlikely that seed set is significantly affected by the etonia), which begins to bloom toward the end ofthe activities ofthe tiny Perdita floridensis, which does blooming period of saw palmetto at the ABS, is not seem to be an abundant species in most areas of visited much more intensively by pollen-gathering the ABS. bees. Adjacent flowering plants ofthese two species Dioecious, insect-pollinated plants may face may show obvious differences in bee activity. This special difficulties with a tendency among bees to contrast has not been studied, nor is there anything visit only male plants. Another probable example at known about saw palmetto pollen that would make the ABS is Paronychia chartacea, which, as can be it unattractive to most bees. Investigating the pol­ seen from the list above, is visited by species of len quality of such a dominant Florida plant would Dialictus. These visit only male plants, and, as this make an rewarding project for a student with an plant produces no nectar, female plants are not interest in pollination ecology. attractive even to male bees (pollination seems to be Native bees on exotic plants at the ABS. accomplished by small flies, which visit both sexes The flexibility of many bees is demonstrated by of plants for unknown reasons). An ideally adapted, their ready acceptance of flowers of a number of INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 117 exotic plants, as documented by Evans (1986), who and almost unlimited requirement for nectar (which found that several of his "principle resource" plants is periodically removed as honey from the hive by were exotics. The preceding list of 153 plants in­ beekeepers), honey bees are among the most persis­ cludes 16 exotic species that are visited by bees at tent foragers for both nectar and pollen. It is diffi­ the ABS. Seven of these plants belong to genera cult to believe that such a large number of insects that lack any native Florida species. Two exotic methodically visiting such a large number of flow­ plants have more records of bee visitors at the ABS ers has no effect. Even if honey bees were shown to than most native species: Ludwigia peruviana (19 increase seed set of certain native plants, they species) and Parkinsonia aculeata (22 species). would still be changing the balance of natural There is one bee, the parasitic Sphecodes banksii, pollinator systems. Therefore, they would still be that is known at the ABS from one specimen collect­ unwelcome at a site such as the ABS where a ed on an exotic plant, but there are no pollen­ primary goal is preservation of natural ecosystems. gathering species known only from exotics. Bees and mimetic complexes at the ABS. Honey bees at the ABS. The European honey Mimetic complexes are community-based phenom­ bee is the only exotic bee known from the ABS. ena: a local group of potential prey is communicat­ Colonies are no longer kept on the grounds, and ing with a local group of potential predators. Mi­ feral colonies seem to have become scarce since metic complexes can vary from one area to another, tracheal and varroa mites became established in perhaps depending on the prevalence and relative the area. In winter and spring large numbers of potency of particular defended species that serve as hives are positioned just outside the ABS borders, models, and the type and perceptions of potential providing honey bees with total access to the ABS. predators. Natural selection presumably operates In late April and May most of these hives are most readily on characters that are already vari­ usually removed, but smaller numbers of honey able, and easily modified without affecting the bees occur throughout the year. Honey bees are basic design of the organism; this may be why recorded from over 40 species of hosts at the ABS. mimetic complexes are often based on such features The records of numbers of individuals taken on a as amount and color of pilosity, color patterns of the host are minimal because there is no need to collect integument, and behavior. Most complexes that specimens in order to identify them, as, for exam­ include bees at the ABS are widespread. The metal­ ple, in the case of most species of Megachile. It lic green halictids are an example of such a com­ would be easy to collect hundreds of honey bees in plex, which occurs throughout North America and a single morning on some plants, such as Ilex into the tropics. At the ABS, chrysidid wasps, glabra. Early in the year, honey bees dominate any several calliphorid flies, and the male green halic­ large source of nectar or pollen, such as Vaccinium tids are possible Batesian mimics of female green spp., Quercus spp., Ilex glabra and 1. cassine, Ser­ halictids. Bees of the genera Bombus, Xylocopa, enoa repens and Sabal etonia. Svastra and Habropoda form a small local complex, Native bees and some other flower-visiting in­ with Mallophora asilids as Batesian or Mullerian sects are often wary of other insects, especially mimics. There is a large group of ABS insects that those as large as a honey bee, and honey bees may are black with a red abdomen. This includes several displace other insects on flowers. The effect of species of Sphecodes (females only), Hylaeus vo­ honey bees on populations of other flower-visiting lusiensis and H. graenicheri, and perhaps the or­ insects at the ABS is unknown, and this subject ange-tinted species Dialictus nymphalis and Perd­ could not easily be studied. It is likely that popula­ ita polygonellae. This complex includes about 90 tions of many species of flower-visiting insects are additional species at the ABS; with the exception of limited by factors other than competition for nectar D. nymphalis, the bees in this complex at the ABS and pollen. Such factors might include scarce nest­ are uncommon and probably oflittle importance as ing sites, natural enemies, and the amount of time models. There is another complex, centered on the and effort that it takes to construct and provision eumenine wasps, that involves dark red bands and the nest. It is difficult, however, to imagine any way spots on a black background, including markings in which honey bees could benefit native bees at the on both the thorax and abdomen. Most of the ABS. insects involved sting, so this may be generally The effects of honey bees on the plants at the considered a 50% Mullerian system, with the males ABS is likewise unknown. Because of their large Batesian. A specialfeature of this complexis that in numbers and their heavy requirement for pollen, northeastern North America many of the species 118 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI are yellow and black (or there are closely related can be found that are not being visited by bees, or yellow and black species), with orange tones ap­ are visited by only a few bees, even though the pearing in the Southeast, and a red and black cumulative list of bee species known to visit those pattern in Florida. Examples ofthis in the bees are flowers on the ABS may include fifteen or twenty Dolichostelis louisae and Anthidiellum notatum, species. We have not thought of any easy way to both of which have Florida subspecies based largely compare the overall abundance of bees on the ABS on color. Dianthidium floridense and Anthidiellum with any other site, but our impression is that the perplexum are examples of Florida red and black abundance of bees is relatively low compared with species that have northern yellow and black rela­ sites where we have collected in the Northeast, the tives. The familiar and widespread pattern of a Mid-Atlantic States, and the Southwest. black abdomen with yellow bands (usually with yellow markings on the thorax) occurs in some ABS Acknow ledgements bees, including four species of Perdita, Anthidium maculifrons, and the male of Agapostemon splen­ We are grateful to Karl Krombein for collecting, dens (which has a metallic green thorax). This identifying, and providing biological information pattern also occurs in other insect groups at the on ABS bees; to Terry Griswold, Wallace LaBerge, ABS, although it is less common than the variations George Eickwort, Paul Hurd, Jr., Roy Snelling, on red and black. A more detailed study on mimetic Brian Danforth, Lionel Stange, James Wiley, and complexes at the ABS is in preparation. R. W. Dawson for identification of specimens; to Most individuals and species of bees at the ABS Andrew Schreffler, James Cronin, Robert Shu­ show no warning coloration that is obvious to hu­ mate, Byron Alexander and Thomas Pliske for man eyes. Most species are blackish, usually with collecting and depositing specimens in the ABS some pale pilosity on the mesonotum, and narrow collection; to Howard Weems, Jr., for organizing white or silvery bands on the abdomen. Many the Malaise trap study in 1973, to Sylvia Halkin, sphecid wasps at the ABS are similarly marked. Cathy Harris, Thomas Webber and Lisa Klein for Perhaps there are conspicuous, ultraviolet-reflect­ collecting and preparing specimens from this trap, ing patterns that we do not perceive as conspicu­ and to James Wiley for sending out specimens for ous, or perhaps these species rely on behavioral identification and returning them to the ABS; to cues to warn potential predators. It is also likely Suzanne Batra, John Ascher and Hilary Swain for that these insects have a suite of residual predators suggestions on the manuscript. Jayanthi Ediris­ that are undeterred by stings or other defenses. inghe's work at the ABS was supported by a Ful­ Anybody who has collected bees and wasps on bright Scholar Program Research Award. flowers has discovered that most species of bees and wasps are wary and take flight readily. The modest Literature cited black and pale coloration might be a compromise between no warning coloration and excessive Abrahamson, W. G., A. F. Johnson, J. N. Layne, conspicuousness. and P. A. Peroni. 1984. Vegetation of the General abundance of bees at the ABS. We Archbold Biological Station, Florida: an exam­ hope that this paper will encourage more entomol­ ple of the southern Lake Wales Ridge. Florida ogists and botanists to study bees at the ABS, and Scientist 47: 209-250. we will be happy to provide advice to anybody who Ascher, J. S. 2001. Hylaeus hyalinatus Smith, a wishes to work at this site. It would be an excellent European bee new to North America, with site to study in detail some species of bees and some notes on other adventive bees (Hymenoptera: bee-flower relationships. It should be admitted, Apoidea). Proceedings of the Entomological however, that a perusal of the lists of bees and Society of Washington 103: 184-190. flower relationships should not be lightly used to Batra, 1. R., S. W. T. Batra and G. E. Bohart. plan a research program that requires hundreds of 1973. The mycoflora of domesticated and wild different bee-flower relationships, perhaps in some bees (Apoidea). Mycopathologia et Mycologia complex study of competition between plant species Applicata 49: 13-44. for pollinators. Bees are often difficult to find on the Brach, V. 1978. Notes on the biology of Lithurgus ABS in large numbers or diversity, a phenomenon gibbosus Smith in Florida (Hymenoptera: Mega­ that has struck several visiting specialists, as well chilidae). Bulletin of the Southern California as the authors themselves. Large patches of flowers Academy of Sciences 77: 144-147. INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002 119

Deyrup, M. 1990. Arthropod footprints in the vation Ecology 5: 9. (online) URL: http:// sands of time. Florida Entomologist 73: 529­ www.consecol.org/voI5/iss1lart9 538. Mayfield, M. M. 1998. Pollinators of Chapmannia Deyrup, M. 1994. Ants, Bees and Wasps. Pp. 713­ floridana (Fabaceae) and their foraging prefer­ 734 in M. Deyrup and R. Franz, eds. Rare and ences. Florida Entomologist 81: 489-496. endangered biota of Florida. IV. Invertebrates. Michener, C. D. 1951. Family Halictidae. Pp. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 1104-1134 in Meusebeck, C. F. W., K V. xxx + 798 pp. Michener, C. D. 1979. Biogeography of the bees. Deyrup, M., L. Davis, and S. Cover. 2000. Exotic Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66: ants in Florida. Transactions of the American 277-347. Entomological Society 126: 293-326. Michener, C. D. 2000. The Bees ofthe World. John Deyrup, M., and E. S. Menges. 1997. Pollination Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. xiv + ecology of the rare scrub mint Dicerandra frute­ 913pp. scens (Lamiaceae). Florida Scientist 60: 143­ Mitchell, T. B. 1960. Bees ofthe Eastern United 157. States. Vol. 1. North Carolina Agricultural Eickwort, G. C. 1988. Distribution patterns and Experiment Station Technical Bulletin. 141: biology of West Indian sweat bees (Hy­ 538pp. menoptera: Halictidae). Pp. 231-253 in Lieb­ Mitchell, T. B. 1962. Bees of the Eastern United herr, J. K, ed., Zoogeography of Caribbean States. Vol. 2. North Carolina Agricultural insects. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 152: 285+ix pp. 557pp. Evans, F. C. 1986. Bee-flower interactions on an Moure, J. S., and P. D. Hurd, Jr. 1987. An old field in southeastern Michigan. Pp. 103-109 annotated catalog of the halictid bees of the in Clambey, G. K, and R. H. Pemble, eds. The Western Hemisphere. Smithsonian Press, Prairie: past, present and future. Proceedings Washington, D.C. vii+405 pp. of the Ninth North American Prairie Confer­ Norden, B. B., K V. Krombein, and B. N. ence. Tri-College University Center for Envi­ Danforth. 1992. Taxonomic and bionomic ob­ ronmental Studies. Fargo, NC, Moorhead, MN. servations on a Floridian panurgine bee, Perd­ Graenicher, S. 1930. Bee-fauna and vegetation of ita (Hexaperdita) graenicheri Timberlake (Hy­ the Miami region of Florida. Annals of the menoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of Hy­ Entomological Society of America 23: 153-174. menoptera Research 1: 107-118. Hurd, P. D., Jr. 1979. Superfamily Apoidea. Pp. Pascarella, J. B., K. D. Waddington, and P. R. 1741-2209 in K V. Krombein, P. D. Hurd, Jr., Neal. 1999. The bee fauna (Hymenoptera: D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks, eds., Catalog of Apoidea) of Everglades National Park, Florida Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vol. and adjacent areas: distribution, phenology, 2. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C. and bigeography. Journal of the Kansas Ento­ Krombein, K V. 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and­ mological Society 72: 32-45. bees: lifehistories, nests, and associates. Smith­ Scarbrough, A. G., B. D. Norden, and K. V. sonian Press, Washington, D.C. 570 pp. Krombein. 1995. A new species of Townsendia Krombein, K V., and B. B. Norden. 1995. Notes Williston (Diptera: Asilidae) from Florida with on the behavior and of Megachile notes on its association with Perdita graen­ (Xeromegachile) brimleyi Mitchell and its prob­ icheri Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). able cleptoparasite, Coelioxys (Xerocoelioxys) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of galactiae Mitchell. (Hymenoptera: Megachil­ Washington 97: 689-694. idae). Proceedings ofthe Entomological Society Thorp, R. W., and J. R. Estes. 1975. Intrafloral of Washington 97: 86-89. behavior of bees on flowers of Cassia fascicula­ Krombein, KV., and H. K. Townes. 1951. Hy­ tao Journal of the Kansas Entomological Soci­ menoptera of North America, Synoptic Cata­ ety 48: 175-184. log. USDA Agricultural Monograph 2. 1420 pp. Wcislo, W. T. 1987. The roles of seasonality, host Marlin, J. C., and W. E. LaBerge. 2001. The synchrony, and behavior in the evolutions and native bee fauna of Carlinville, Illinois, revisit­ distributions of nest parasites in Hymenoptera ed after 75 years: a case for persistence. Conser- (Insecta), with special reference to bees (Apoidea). Biological Review 62: 515-543. 120 Volume 16, No. 1-3, March-September, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

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