DOCSLIB.ORG

Extreme Heterogeneity in Sex Chromosome Differentiation and Dosage Compensation in Livebearers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extreme Heterogeneity in Sex Chromosome Differentiation and Dosage Compensation in Livebearers Extreme heterogeneity in sex chromosome differentiation and dosage compensation in livebearers Iulia Daroltia,1, Alison E. Wrightb, Benjamin A. Sandkamc, Jake Morrisa, Natasha I. Blochd, Marta Farrée, Rebecca C. Fullerf, Godfrey R. Bourneg, Denis M. Larkinh, Felix Bredeni, and Judith E. Manka,c,j aDepartment of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; cDepartment of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; dDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; eSchool of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom; fDepartment of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; gDepartment of Biology, University of Missouri–St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63105; hDepartment of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom; iDepartment of Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; and jDepartment of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden Edited by David M. Hillis, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved August 6, 2019 (received for review April 1, 2019) Once recombination is halted between the X and Y chromosomes, yet profoundly distinct, in others (18). Comparing the structure sex chromosomes begin to differentiate and transition to hetero- and recombination patterns of sex chromosomes between closely morphism. While there is a remarkable variation across clades in related species is a powerful method to determine the forces the degree of sex chromosome divergence, far less is known about shaping sex chromosome evolution over time. the variation in sex chromosome differentiation within clades. Sex chromosome divergence can also lead to differences in X Here, we combined whole-genome and transcriptome sequenc- chromosome gene dose between males and females. Following ing data to characterize the structure and conservation of sex recombination suppression, the Y chromosome undergoes gradual chromosome systems across Poeciliidae, the livebearing clade that degradation of gene activity and content, leading to reduced gene includes guppies. We found that the Poecilia reticulata XY system dose in males (6, 19, 20). Genetic pathways that incorporate both is much older than previously thought, being shared not only with autosomal and sex-linked genes are primarily affected by such its sister species, Poecilia wingei, but also with Poecilia picta, which EVOLUTION diverged roughly 20 million years ago. Despite the shared ances- imbalances in gene dose, with potential severe phenotypic con- try, we uncovered an extreme heterogeneity across these species sequences for the heterogametic sex (21). In some species, this in the proportion of the sex chromosome with suppressed recom- process has led to the evolution of chromosome-level mecha- bination, and the degree of Y chromosome decay. The sex chro- nisms to compensate for the difference in gene dose (22, 23). mosomes in P. reticulata and P. wingei are largely homomorphic, However, the majority of sex chromosome systems are associated with recombination in the former persisting over a substantial fraction. However, the sex chromosomes in P. picta are com- Significance pletely nonrecombining and strikingly heteromorphic. Remark- ably, the profound degradation of the ancestral Y chromosome Morphologically and functionally distinct X and Y chromosomes in P. picta is counterbalanced by the evolution of functional have repeatedly evolved across the tree of life. However, the chromosome-wide dosage compensation in this species, which extent of differentiation between the sex chromosomes varies has not been previously observed in teleost fish. Our results offer substantially across species. As sex chromosomes diverge, the Y important insight into the initial stages of sex chromosome evo- chromosome gene activity decays, leaving genes on the sex lution and dosage compensation. chromosomes reduced to a single functional copy in males. Mechanisms have evolved to compensate for this reduction in Y degeneration | dosage compensation | recombination | poeciliids gene dosage. Here, we perform a comparative analysis of sex chromosome systems across poeciliid species and uncover ex- ex chromosome evolution is characterized by remarkable treme variation in the degree of sex chromosome differentiation Svariation across lineages in the degree of divergence between and Y chromosome degeneration. Additionally, we find evi- the X and Y chromosomes (1, 2). Derived from a pair of ho- dence for a case of chromosome-wide dosage compensation in mologous autosomes, sex chromosomes begin to differentiate as fish. Our findings have important implications for sex chromo- recombination between them is suppressed in the heterogametic some evolution and regulation. sex over the region spanning a newly acquired sex-determining locus (3, 4). The lack of recombination exposes the sex-limited Y Author contributions: I.D. and J.E.M. designed research; I.D., A.E.W., J.M., and N.I.B. per- chromosome to a range of degenerative processes that cause it formed research; I.D., A.E.W., and J.M. analyzed data; B.A.S., R.C.F., G.R.B., F.B., and J.E.M. collected data; G.R.B. provided logistical support in Guyana; M.F. and D.M.L. provided to diverge in structure and function from the corresponding X analysis support; and I.D., A.E.W., B.A.S., J.M., N.I.B., M.F., R.C.F., G.R.B., D.M.L., F.B., and chromosome, which still recombines in females (5, 6). Conse- J.E.M. wrote the paper. quently, the sex chromosomes are expected to eventually transi- The authors declare no conflict of interest. tion from a homomorphic to heteromorphic structure, supported This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. by evidence from many of the old and highly differentiated sys- This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 tems found in mammals (7, 8), birds (9), Drosophila (5), and (CC BY). snakes (10). Data deposition: DNA-sequencing and RNA-sequencing reads have been deposited at the However, there is a significant heterogeneity among clades, National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequencing Read Archive (BioProject ID and even among species with shared sex chromosome systems, in PRJNA353986 for Poecilia reticulata reads and BioProject ID PRJNA528814 for Poecilia wingei, Poecilia picta, Poecilia latipinna, and Gambusia holbrooki reads) and at the Eu- the spread of the nonrecombining region, and the subsequent ropean Nucleotide Archive (ID PRJEB26489 for P. wingei paired-end DNA-sequencing degree of sex chromosome divergence (11–13). Age does not reads). always reliably correlate with the extent of recombination sup- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected]. pression, as the sex chromosomes maintain a largely homomor- This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. phic structure over long evolutionary periods in some species 1073/pnas.1905298116/-/DCSupplemental. (12, 14–17), while the 2 sex chromosomes are relatively young, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1905298116 PNAS Latest Articles | 1of6 Downloaded by guest on September 23, 2021 with gene-by-gene level mechanisms, whereby dosage-sensitive genes (DNA-seq) with an average of 222 million 150-base pair (bp) are compensated, but overall expression of the X chromosome is paired-end reads (average insert size of 500 bp, resulting in an lower in males compared with females (20, 23, 24). average of 76-fold coverage) and 77.8 million 150-bp mate-pair As opposed to most mammals and birds, the sex chromosomes reads (average insert size of 2 kb, averaging 22-fold coverage) of many fish, lizard, and amphibian species are characterized by per individual. We also generated, on average, 26.6 million 75-bp a lack of heteromorphism, which has usually been attributed to paired-end RNA-seq reads for each individual. processes such as sex chromosome turnover and sex reversal (16, Previous work on the sex chromosomes of these species 25–30). As a result, closely related species from these taxonomic showed evidence for male heterogametic systems in P. wingei groups often have a variety of sex chromosome systems found at (48), P. picta (50), and G. holbrooki (51), and a female hetero- different stages in evolution (27, 31–33). Alternatively, undif- gametic system in P. latipinna (52, 53). For each target species, ferentiated sex chromosomes in anolis lizards, for example, have we built a scaffold-level de novo genome assembly using been found to be the result of long-term conservation of a ho- SOAPdenovo2 (54) (SI Appendix, Table S2). Each assembly was momorphic ancestral system (34). Additionally, global dosage constructed using the reads from the homogametic sex only in compensation has not yet been found in fish, perhaps due to the order to prevent coassembly of X and Y reads. This allowed us to transient nature of the sex chromosome systems and the general later assess patterns of sex chromosome divergence based on lack of heteromorphism in the group. However, incomplete dos- differences between the sexes in read mapping efficiency to the age compensation, through a gene-by-gene regulation mechanism, genome (detailed below). may have evolved in sticklebacks (35, 36), flatfish (37), and rain- To obtain scaffold positional
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Evolution of the Placenta Drives a Shift in Sexual Selection in Livebearing Fish
    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature13451 The evolution of the placenta drives a shift in sexual selection in livebearing fish B. J. A. Pollux1,2, R. W. Meredith1,3, M. S. Springer1, T. Garland1 & D. N. Reznick1 The evolution of the placenta from a non-placental ancestor causes a species produce large, ‘costly’ (that is, fully provisioned) eggs5,6, gaining shift of maternal investment from pre- to post-fertilization, creating most reproductive benefits by carefully selecting suitable mates based a venue for parent–offspring conflicts during pregnancy1–4. Theory on phenotype or behaviour2. These females, however, run the risk of mat- predicts that the rise of these conflicts should drive a shift from a ing with genetically inferior (for example, closely related or dishonestly reliance on pre-copulatory female mate choice to polyandry in conjunc- signalling) males, because genetically incompatible males are generally tion with post-zygotic mechanisms of sexual selection2. This hypoth- not discernable at the phenotypic level10. Placental females may reduce esis has not yet been empirically tested. Here we apply comparative these risks by producing tiny, inexpensive eggs and creating large mixed- methods to test a key prediction of this hypothesis, which is that the paternity litters by mating with multiple males. They may then rely on evolution of placentation is associated with reduced pre-copulatory the expression of the paternal genomes to induce differential patterns of female mate choice. We exploit a unique quality of the livebearing fish post-zygotic maternal investment among the embryos and, in extreme family Poeciliidae: placentas have repeatedly evolved or been lost, cases, divert resources from genetically defective (incompatible) to viable creating diversity among closely related lineages in the presence or embryos1–4,6,11.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) Wingei N
    Contributions to Zoology, 74 (1/2) 97-115 (2005) Description of Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) wingei n. sp. from the Paría Peninsula, Venezuela, including notes on Acanthophacelus Eigenmann, 1907 and other subgenera of Poecilia Bloch and Schneider, 1801 (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae) Fred. N. Poeser1, Michael Kempkes2, Isaäc J. H. Isbrücker1 1 Zoological Museum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94766, 1090 GT, Amsterdam, The Nether- lands, e-mail: [email protected]; 2 Am Mühlenberg 25, D-46419 Isselburg – Anholt, Germany Keywords: Guppies, Poecilia reticulata, P. wingei, melanophore patterns, character displacement, Paría Peninsula, despeciation Abstract Remarks on the 'Endler’s live-bearer' ...................................... 113 Acknowledgements ..................................................................... 114 The taxonomy of the common guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, References ..................................................................................... 114 1859, is reviewed and the closely related Campoma guppy, P. wingei n. sp., is described. Formerly, the common guppy was not judged to be closely related to any other species of Poecilia, but Introduction the new species is the second species to be allocated in the sub- genus Acanthophacelus Eigenmann, 1907. The recognition of P. wingei results from observed character displacement, i.e., on the The common guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859, interaction between two closely related species in a shared envi- has a long history as
    [Show full text]
  • Poecilia Wingei
    MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE AKADEMIE VĚD ČR ÚSTAV BIOLOGIE OBRATLOVCŮ, V.V.I. Personality, reprodukční strategie a pohlavní výběr u vybraných taxonů ryb Disertační práce Radomil Řežucha ŠKOLITEL: doc. RNDr. MARTIN REICHARD, Ph.D. BRNO 2014 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Mgr. Radomil Řežucha Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Personality, reprodukční strategie a pohlavní výběr u vybraných taxonů ryb Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Zoologie Školitel: doc. RNDr. Martin Reichard, Ph.D. Akademie věd ČR Ústav biologie obratlovců, v.v.i. Akademický rok: 2013/2014 Počet stran: 139 Klíčová slova: Pohlavní výběr, alternativní rozmnožovací takti- ky, osobnostní znaky, sociální prostředí, zkuše- nost, Rhodeus amarus, Poecilia wingei Bibliographic Entry Author: Mgr. Radomil Řežucha Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Dissertation: Personalities, reproductive tactics and sexual selection in fishes Degree Programme: Biology Field of Study: Zoology Supervisor doc. RNDr. Martin Reichard, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Institute of Vertebrate Biology, v.v.i. Academic Year: 2013/2014 Number of pages: 139 Keywords: Sexual selection, alternative mating tactics, per- sonality traits, social environment, experience, Rhodeus amarus, Poecilia wingei Abstrakt Vliv osobnostních znaků na alternativní reprodukční taktiky (charakteris- tické typy reprodukčního chování) patří mezi zanedbávané oblasti studia po- hlavního výběru. Současně bývá opomíjen i vliv sociálního prostředí a zkuše- nosti na tyto taktiky, a studium schopnosti jedinců v průběhu námluv mas- kovat své morfologické nedostatky. Jako studovaný systém alternativních rozmnožovacích taktik byl zvolen v přírodě nejběžnější komplex – sneaker × guarder (courter) komplex, popisující teritoriální a neteritoriální role samců.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Study to Improve Identification Toward Poeciliidae Family Based on Gonopodium Structures and Morphometric Analysis
    THE JOURNAL OF TROPICAL LIFE SCIENCE OPEN ACCESS Freely available online VOL. 3, NO. 1, pp. 91 – 95, May, 2013 Morphological Study to Improve Identification Toward Poeciliidae Family Based on Gonopodium Structures and Morphometric Analysis Dwi Anggorowati Rahayu1*, Dwi Listyorini2, Ibrohim2 1 Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 2 Biology Department, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia ABSTRACT Poeciliidae family consists of small livebearer fishes with sexual dimorphic. These fishes are widely distributed across Indonesian archipelago, but biological studies on these fishes are very limited. The research is aimed at identifing the species of Peciliidae fishes living in Lake Sari, Pasuruan, based on gonopodium structures and morphometric analysis. A specific characteristic of Poeciliidae family is that its gonopodium structures are a modification of the third, fourth, and fifth rays of the male’s anal fin. Each species are represented by 50 male and female samples from each type we found in the Lake, and they are measured in 26 characters (in mm). Cladogram based on morphometric measurements shows that sample 1 and 2 has 100 % similarity, sample 3 has 94 % similarity with sample 1 and 2, and sample 4 has 54 % similarity with sample 1, 2, and 3. Based on gonopodium structures, sample 1 and sample 2, included Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel, possess large claws on the terminus of the fifth ray, has a small crescent-moon shaped hook on the third ray, and lacks of gonopodium palp. Sample 3 possesses a distal platform with 11 retrosse serrae, and membranous hook; so we were able to identify sample 3 as Poecilia mexicana Steindachner.
    [Show full text]
  • Life History Traits of Endler's Fish (Poecilia Wingei)
    Life history traits of Endler’s fish (Poecilia wingei) Marcos Hernández-López, Iran Luna-Vivaldo National Technological Institute of Mexico, Boca del Rio Campus, Boca del Río, Veracruz, México. Corresponding author: M. Hernández-López, [email protected] Abstract. Poeciliid fishes present a wide variety of litter size, length at birth, age, total length and weight at sexual maturation in their life histories. This study determined these traits of Poecilia wingei under laboratory conditions. 10 litters and 122 fries were studied. The following results were obtained: a litter size of 17.33±4.68 fries, which had an average total length at birth of 7.75±1.97 mm; the males reached sexual maturity at an age of 37.33±8.08 days with a total length of 18.44±3.51 mm and a weight of 1.67±0.21 g. The results of this study show a part of the life history of Endler’s fish (P. wingei). Key Words: livebearer fish, ornamental fish, Poecilidae, reproductive biology. Introduction. Species of the family Poeciliidae are the most popular ornamental fish produced in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, India, China, and are widely distributed in the world (Miller et al 2009; Arevalo-Rivera et al 2010; Velasco-Santamaría & Corredor Santamaria et al 2011; Gavriloaie et al 2016). Some poecilids have been reproduced and the information necessary for their cultivation on a large scale is provided. Such is the case of the guppy Poecilia reticulata and the swordtail Xiphophorus helleri, where new varieties of shape and color were developed through selective breeding (Fernando & Phang 1985; Tamaru et al 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Description of Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) Wingei N
    Contributions to Zoology, 74 (1/2) 97-115 (2005) Description of Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) wingei n. sp. from the Paría Peninsula, Venezuela, including notes on Acanthophacelus Eigenmann, 1907 and other subgenera of Poecilia Bloch and Schneider, 1801 (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae) Fred. N. Poeser1, Michael Kempkes2, Isaäc J. H. Isbrücker1 1 Zoological Museum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94766, 1090 GT, Amsterdam, The Nether- lands, e-mail: [email protected]; 2 Am Mühlenberg 25, D-46419 Isselburg – Anholt, Germany Keywords: Guppies, Poecilia reticulata, P. wingei, melanophore patterns, character displacement, Paría Peninsula, despeciation Abstract Remarks on the 'Endler’s live-bearer' ...................................... 113 Acknowledgements ..................................................................... 114 The taxonomy of the common guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, References ..................................................................................... 114 1859, is reviewed and the closely related Campoma guppy, P. wingei n. sp., is described. Formerly, the common guppy was not judged to be closely related to any other species of Poecilia, but Introduction the new species is the second species to be allocated in the sub- genus Acanthophacelus Eigenmann, 1907. The recognition of P. wingei results from observed character displacement, i.e., on the The common guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859, interaction between two closely related species in a shared envi- has a long history as
    [Show full text]
  • The Cellular Expression and Genetics of an Established Polymorphism in Poecilia 1167 Reticulata; “Purple Body, (Pb)” Is an Autosomal Dominant Gene, 1168 2
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/121277; this version posted March 28, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 The Cellular Expression and Genetics of an 2 Established Polymorphism in Poecilia reticulata; 3 “Purple Body, (Pb)” is an Autosomal Dominant 4 Gene 5 Alan S. Bias1 and Richard D. Squire2 6 7 1Independent Researcher and Swordtail Guppy Breeder. Mailing address: P.O. Box 1508, 8 Lewisburg, West Virginia 24901, USA. orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-619X. [email protected] 9 10 2Biology Department (retired), University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez campus, Mayaguez, 11 Puerto Rico, USA. Mailing address: P. O. Box 3227, Mayaguez, P.R., USA 00681-3227. 12 orcid.org/0000-0002-3916-0672. [email protected] 13 14 Abstract. Modification of wild-type carotenoid orange and pteridine red coloration and spotting of male ornaments 15 in both wild populations of Poecilia reticulata (Guppies) and modern Domestic Guppy strains by the Purple Body 16 gene has long been overlooked in research articles and little understood in breeder publications. This modification is 17 commonly found in wild-type Poecilia reticulata reticulata populations from numerous collection sites and has been 18 photographed but not recognized in these collections. It is non-existent or near absent in collections taken from 19 variant populations of Poecilia reticulata wingei. We identify and determine the mode of inheritance, cellular and 20 phenotypic expression by the Purple gene in these stocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Extreme Heterogeneity in Sex Chromosome
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/589788; this version posted March 28, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Extreme'heterogeneity'in'sex'chromosome'differentiation'and'dosage' 2 compensation'in'livebearers' 3 ' 4 Iulia!Darolti1,!Alison!E.!Wright2,!Benjamin!A.!Sandkam3,!Jake!Morris1,!Natasha!I.!Bloch4,! 5 Marta!Farré5,!Rebecca!C.!Fuller6,!Godfrey!R.!Bourne7,!Denis!M.!Larkin8,!Felix!Breden9,!Judith! 6 E.!Mank1,3,10! 7 ! 8 ! 9 1!Department!of!Genetics,!Evolution!and!Environment,!University!College!London,!UK! 10 2!Department!of!Animal!and!Plant!Sciences,!University!of!Sheffield,!UK! 11 3!Department!of!Zoology,!University!of!British!Columbia,!Canada! 12 4!Department!of!Biomedical!Engineering,!University!of!Los!Andes,!Colombia!! 13 5!School!of!Biosciences,!University!of!Kent,!UK! 14 6!Department!of!Animal!Biology,!University!of!Illinois!at!UrbanaYCampaign,!USA! 15 7!Department!of!Biology,!University!of!Missouri!St.!Louis,!USA! 16 8!Comparative!Biomedical!Sciences!Department,!Royal!Veterinary!College,!UK!! 17 9!Department!of!Biological!Science,!Simon!Fraser!University,!Canada! 18 10!Department!of!Organismal!Biology,!Uppsala!University,!Sweden! 19 ! 20 ! 21 Corresponding!author:!Iulia!Darolti,!eYmail:[email protected] ! 1! bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/589788; this version posted March 28, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Origin of XY and ZW Sex Determination Mechanisms in Mosquitofish Sister Species
    | GENETICS OF SEX Independent Origin of XY and ZW Sex Determination Mechanisms in Mosquitofish Sister Species Verena A. Kottler,* Romain Feron,†,‡ Indrajit Nanda,§ Christophe Klopp,** Kang Du,* Susanne Kneitz,* Frederik Helmprobst,* Dunja K. Lamatsch,†† Céline Lopez-Roques,‡‡ Jerôme Lluch,‡‡ Laurent Journot,§§ Hugues Parrinello,§§ Yann Guiguen,† and Manfred Schartl*,***,†††,1 *Physiological Chemistry, §Institute for Human Genetics, and ***Developmental Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074, Germany, †INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, 35000 Rennes, France, ‡University of Lausanne and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, **Sigenae, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse, INRA, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France, ††University of Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, Mondsee, 5310 Mondsee, Austria, ‡‡INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France, §§Montpellier GenomiX (MGX), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, 34094 France, and †††Hagler Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 ORCID IDs: 0000-0001-5893-6184 (R.F.); 0000-0001-5464-6219 (Y.G.); 0000-0001-9882-5948 (M.S.) ABSTRACT Fish are known for the outstanding variety of their sex determination mechanisms and sex chromosome systems. The western (Gambusia affinis) and eastern mosquitofish (G. holbrooki) are sister species for which different sex determination mechanisms have been described: ZZ/ZW for G. affinis and XX/XY for G. holbrooki. Here, we carried out restriction-site associated DNA (RAD-) and pool sequencing (Pool-seq) to characterize the sex chromosomes of both species. We found that the ZW chromosomes of G. affinis females and the XY chromosomes of G. holbrooki males correspond to different linkage groups, and thus evolved independently from separate autosomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Informații Despre Acvariu
    Informații despre acvariu în 99 de pagini, actualizat la 28. mai. 2011 Cuprins Animalia. Arthropoda. Crustacea. Palaemonidae 1 Family description....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Palaemonetes spp. Ghost Shrimp...........................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Animalia. Arthropoda. Crustacea. Cambaridae 4 Family description....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Cambarellus patzcuarensis.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Animalia. Mollusca. Gastropoda. Neritidae 6 Family description....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Neritina natalensis sp. "Zebra". Zebra Nerite Snail.................................................................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Colour Vision and Mate Choice in the Family Poeciliidae
    Beauty in the Eyes of the Beholders: Colour Vision and Mate Choice in the Family Poeciliidae by Benjamin Alexander Sandkam B.Sc. (Integrative Biology), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science © Benjamin Alexander Sandkam 2015 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2015 Approval Name: Benjamin Alexander Sandkam Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Biological Sciences) Title: Beauty in the Eyes of the Beholders: Colour Vision and Mate Choice in the Family Poeciliidae Examining Committee: Chair: Gerhard Gries Professor Felix Breden Senior Supervisor Professor Wendy Palen Supervisor Associate Professor Kimberly Hughes Supervisor Professor Department of Biological Science Florida State University Michael Hart Internal Examiner Professor Department of Biological Sciences Karen Carleton External Examiner Associate Professor Department of Biology University of Maryland, College Park Date Defended/Approved: September 21, 2015 ii Ethics Statement iii Abstract Sexual selection plays a major role in numerous aspects of evolution. Many models have attempted to explain how mate preferences evolve both across populations within a species and across species. ‘Sensory bias’ predicts that the traits involved in mate choice will co-evolve with the tuning of the sensory systems responsible for detecting such traits. The family Poeciliidae is a classic system for studies of mate choice and provides an excellent opportunity to examine the co-evolution of preference for colour traits and the sensory system detecting such traits: colour vision. In this dissertation, I present a body of work investigating how colour vision differs across species and populations, thus exploring the potential role sensory systems have in shaping mate preferences.
    [Show full text]
  • Mate Choice and Hybridization: Comparing the Endler's Guppy (Poecilia Wingei) and the Common Guppy (Poecilia Reticulata)
    Mate Choice and Hybridization: Comparing the Endler’s Guppy (Poecilia wingei) and the Common Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) Chloe T. Ramsay Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Honors Thesis in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado at Boulder Thesis Defense Date: March 18, 2014 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Alexander Cruz, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Defense Committee: Dr. Alexander Cruz, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Dr. Barbara Demmig-Adams, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Dr. Paul Strom, Honors Residential Academic Program 1 Table of Contents Abstract 4 Introduction: Background 5 Objectives 8 Methods: Female Mate Choice (for species) 11 (for color) 13 (for size) 14 Mating Behavior of Pure- & Mixed-Species Parents Outcome (F1 Hybrids) of Pure- & Mixed-Species Parents 14 Mating Behavior of F1 Hybrids and Pure Species Parents Outcome (F2 Hybrids) of F1 Hybrids and Pure Species Parents 15 Results: Female Mate Choice (for species) 18 (for color) 18 (for size) 19 Mating Behavior of Pure- & Mixed-Species Parents Outcome (F1 Hybrids) of Pure- & Mixed-Species Parents 19 Mating Behavior of F1 Hybrids and Pure Species Parents Outcome (F2 Hybrids) of F1 Hybrids and Pure Species Parents 19 2 Discussion: Female Mate Choice (for species) 29 (for color) 30 (for size) 32 Mating Behavior & Outcome (F1 Hybrids) of Pure- & Mixed-Species Parents Mating Behavior 32 Offspring (F1 Hybrids) 33 Mating Behavior & Outcome (F2 Hybrids) of F1 Hybrids and Pure Species Parents Mating Behavior 33 Offspring (F2 Hybrids) 34 Conclusion 36 3 Abstract The present study addresses the question of whether or not two guppy species, the Endler’s guppy (Poecilia wingei) and the common guppy (Poecilia reticulata) are able to mate and produce offspring.
    [Show full text]