THE SYDNEY LAW REVIEW

Vo lu m e 2 9 2007

FACULTY OF LAW UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY ii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 28 THE SYDNEY LAW REVIEW

PUBLISHED ANNUALLY BY THE FACULTY OF LAW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY

Correspondence and Contributions should be addressed to: The Editor, The Sydney University Law School, 173–175 Phillip Street, Sydney NSW Australia 2000 Tel: (02) 9351 2222 Fax: (02) 9351 0200

Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be addressedó From North America, to: Wm Gaunt & Sons, Inc, 3011 Gulf Drive, Holmes Beach, Florida, USA 33510

From other places to: Lawbook Co. (Head Office) 100 Harris Street, Pyrmont, NSW Australia 2009 (Mail Orders) Tel (02) 8587 7000 Fax: (02) 8587 7100

CURRENT SUBSCRIPTIONS RATE IN AUSTRALIA: $188.50 PER VOLUME 2006] iii THE SYDNEY LAW REVIEW Published under the Auspices of the Faculty of Law of the University of Sydney 2007

EDITORIAL BOARD (2007)

Jenni Millbank (Editor semester 1) Emma Armson Irene Baghoomians Fleur Johns Isabel Karpin Patrick Parkinson (Editor semesters David Rolph (Editor semester 2) 3 & 4) Andrew Tuch Kristin Savell Brett Williams

Coordinator: Joanna Howse

STUDENT EDITORIAL COMMITTEE (2007)

Hugh Atkin Erin Cartledge Kirsty Champion Annie Chiv Pietro Di Ciaccio Jonathon Friedrich James Greenwood Emily Liu Joanna Mascarenhas Norm Maamary Louisa Macphillamy Alexander McCauley Heather McIntyre David Nguyen Anna Rose Fiona Roughley Joanna Sutton Yi-Shun Teoh Maria Wang Rebecca Weeks Anisha Wickremeratne Evan Williams Amber Wood Marley Zelinka Lily Tsen iv SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 28 EDITORIAL BOARD (2008)

David Rolph (Editor) Jamie Glister Patricia Loughlan Tim Stephens Anne Twomey Kevin Walton

Coordinator: Joanna Howse

STUDENT EDITORIAL COMMITTEE (2008)

Susan Cirillo Dora Chan Tommy Chen Matthew Costa Anna Garsia William Kim Alice Lam Christopher May Jin Qian James Robertson Ben Wahlhaus Constance Zhang 2006] v TITLE INDEX TO LEADING ARTICLES

A Revival of the Doctrine of Attainder? The Statutory Illegality Defences to Liability in Tort, James Goudkamp ...... 445

Chaos, Rhetoric and the Legitimation of ‘Democratic Government’: A Critical Review of Australia’s Tax Legislative Process, Mark Burton...... 613

Class Actions Instituted only forthe Benefit of the Clients of the Class Representative’s Solicitors, Vince Morabito...... 5

Cold War Justice? Judicial Responses to Communists and Communism, 1945–1955, Roger Douglas ...... 43

Contested Concepts, General Terms and Constitutional Evolution, Michael Stokes ...... 683

Empirical Insights into Parental Attitudes and Children’s Interests in Family Court Litigation, Rae Kaspiew ...... 131

Human Rights Fundamentalisms, David Kinley...... 545

Indigenous Sentencing Courts: Towards a Theoretical and Jurisprudential Model, Elena Marchetti & Kathleen Daly...... 415

‘Otherness’ on the Bench: How Merit is Gendered, Margaret Thornton ...... 391

Perfecting Polly Peck: Defences of Truth and Opinion in Australian Defamation Law and Practice, Andrew Kenyon ...... 651

Prosecution for OHS Offences: Deterrent or Disincentive? Neil Gunningham...... 359

Tackling the Issue of the Corporate Objective: An Analysis of the United Kingdom’s ‘Enlightened Shareholder Value Approach’, Andrew Keay...... 577

Two Refusals of Royal Assent in Victoria, Greg Taylor ...... 85

The High Court’s Conception of Discrimination: Origins, Applications, and Implications, Amelia Simpson...... 263

‘The Intelligence of a Future Day’: The Vindication of Constitutional Dissent in the High Court Australia — 1981–2003, Andrew Lynch...... 195

The Sacred and the Profane: The Role of Property Concepts in Disputes about Post-mortem Examination, Prue Vines...... 235 vi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 28 AUTHOR INDEX TO LEADING ARTICLES

Mark Burton, Chaos, Rhetoric and the Legitimation of ‘Democratic Government’: A Critical Review of Australia’s Tax Legislative Process. 613

Roger Douglas, Cold War Justice? Judicial Responses to Communists and Communism, 1945–1955 ...... 43

James Goudkamp, A Revival of the Doctrine of Attainder? The Statutory Illegality Defences to Liability in Tort...... 445

Neil Gunningham, Prosecution for OHS Offences: Deterrent or Disincentive?...... 359

Rae Kaspiew, Empirical Insights into Parental Attitudes and Children’s Interests in Family Court Litigation...... 131

Andrew Keay, Tackling the Issue of the Corporate Objective: An Analysis of the United Kingdom’s ‘Enlightened Shareholder Value Approach’...... 577

Andrew Kenyon, Perfecting Polly Peck: Defences of Truth and Opinion in Australian Defamation Law and Practice ...... 651

David Kinley, Human Rights Fundamentalisms...... 545

Andrew Lynch, ‘The Intelligence of a Future Day’: The Vindication of Constitutional Dissent in the High Court Australia — 1981–2003...... 195

Elena Marchetti & Kathleen Daly, Indigenous Sentencing Courts: Towards a Theoretical and Jurisprudential Model...... 415

Vince Morabito, Class Actions Instituted only forthe Benefit of the Clients of the Class Representative’s Solicitors ...... 5

Amelia Simpson, The High Court’s Conception of Discrimination: Origins, Applications, and Implications ...... 263

Michael Stokes, Contested Concepts, General Terms and Constitutional Evolution ...... 683

Greg Taylor, Two Refusals of Royal Assent in Victoria ...... 85

Margaret Thornton, ‘Otherness’ on the Bench: How Merit is Gendered ...... 391

Prue Vines, The Sacred and the Profane: The Role of Property Concepts in Disputes about Post-mortem Examination ...... 235 2006] vii TITLE INDEX TO CASE NOTES AND COMMENTS

Avoiding Difficult Questions: Vicarious Liability and Independent Contractors in Sweeney v Boylan Nominees Jonathan Burnett...... 163

Keeping up Appearances: Apprehended Bias in Antoun vThe Queen Fyfe Strachan...... 175

Vasiljkovic v Commonwealth of Australia (2006) 228 ALR 447 Sascha Morrell...... 321

Semiotics, Constructivism and Sedition Mila Cerecina ...... 341

A Heart of Darkness: The Mysterious Interior of Ferdinands v Commissioner for Public Employment David Nguyen...... 51

Hicks v Ruddock versus The United States v Hicks Marley Zelinka...... 527

‘Knowing Receipt’ Following Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd Hugh Atkin...... 713

Gray v Minister for Planning: Rising Tide of Climate Change Litigation in Australia Anna Rose ...... 725 viii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 28 TITLE INDEX TO BEFORE THE HIGH COURT

Vicki Roach v Commonwealth: Is the Blanket Disenfranchisement of Convicted Prisoners Unconsitututional? Daniel Guttman...... 297

Attorney-General (Commonwealth) v Alinta Limited: Will the Takeovers Panel Survive Constitutional Challenge? Emma Armson ...... 495 2006] ix AUTHOR INDEX TO BOOK REVIEWS

Company Charges and Beyond by Joshua Getzler & Jennifer Payne (eds) (Peter Turner)...... 187

The Defence of Passing On by Michael Rush (Mark Costello)...... 351

The First Women Lawyers: A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the legal Professions by Mary Jane Mossman (Margaret Thornton) ...... 735 x SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 28 2007] TABLE OF CASES xi TABLE OF CASES

A Attorney-General (WA); Ex rel Ansett A v Secretary of State for the Home v Australian National Airlines Department...... 330, 558 Commission...... 691 AWG Group Ltd v Morrison...... 454 Attorney-General (Cth); Ex rel McKinlay ACCC v Chats House Investment Pty Ltd v Commonwealth ...... 300, 301, 704 ...... 17 Attorney-General (Cth) v Alinta Ltd ACCC v Golden Sphere International ...... 495 Inc ...... 7 Attorney-General (Cth) v Breckler APLA Ltd v Legal Services ...... 502, 504 Commissioner (NSW)...... 227, 285 Attorney-General (NSW) v Abbasi v Secretary of State ...... 538 Brewery Employees’ Union (NSW).... 209 Abebe v Commonwealth...... 276 Attorney-General (Vic) v Commonwealth Adelaide Company of Jehovah’s (Pharmaceutical Benefits Case) ...... 197 Witnesses Inc v Commonwealth...... 60 Attorney-General (UK) v Heinemann Advertiser-News Weekend Publishing Publishing Australia Pty v Manock ...... 662, 664, 666, 668, 669 Ltd (‘Spycatcher Case’)...... 531 Agnew v Commissioner of Inland Revenue Attorney-General (WA) v Marquet ... 98, 127 ...... 188 Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin ...... 329 Airlines of NSW v NSW...... 691 August v Electoral Commission...... 314, 315 Al-Kateb v Godwin ...... 324–331, 553 Austin v Commonwealth Alami v Volkswagen...... 458 ...... 266, 269, 270, 274, 283 Albarran v Companies Auditor Australian Agricultural Co v and Liquidators Disciplinary Board; Federated Engine-Drivers and Gould v Magarey ...... 501, 503, 505, Firemen’s Association of Australasia ...... 506, 508 ...... 205, 212 Allders International Pty Ltd v Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic) Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd...... 225, 226 ...... 273 Australian Broadcasting Corporation Amalgamated Society of Engineers v O’Neill...... 653 v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd (Engineers’ Case)...... 199, 208, 209, 516 v Commonwealth ...... 224, 225, 299, 706 Amalgamated Television Services Australian Communist Party v The v Marsden...... 653, 667, 670 Commonwealth (Communist Party Case) Anderson v Mirror Newspapers (No 2) ...... 43–45, 53–61, 68, 80–83, 329 ...... 667, 674 Australian Pipeline Ltd v Alinta Ltd.495–509 Anderson v Nationwide News...... 681 Avon Products Pty Ltd v Commissioner Andrews v Law Society of British of Taxation ...... 351 Columbia...... 283 Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) B Pty Ltd v Commonwealth ...... 226 B and B; Family Law Reform Act 1995 Antoun v The Queen ...... 175–186 ...... 149 Anvil Hill Case (Gray v Minister Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina for Planning) ...... 725–734 ...... 373 Askey v Golden Wine Co Ltd...... 456 Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Co Associated Alloys Pty Ltd v ACN 001 452 ...... 536 106 Pty Ltd (In liq) ...... 189, 192 Barclay v Cox ...... 669 Astley v Austrust ...... 486, 487 Barnes v Addy ...... 713–724 xii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

Bates v Dow Corning (Australia) Pty Ltd Butler v Attorney-General (Vic)...... 514–517 ...... 17, 18, 21 Buttes Gas & Oil Co v Hammer ...... 531 Baumgartner v Baumgartner ...... 721, 723 Byrnes v Regina...... 215 Baxter v Commissioners of Taxation ...... 199, 209 C Bayside City Council v Telstra Corp Ltd CPSU v Commonwealth ...... 25 ...... 272, 273, 275 Cadence Asset Management Pty Ltd v Beach Petroleum NL v Johnson ...... 723 Concept Sports Ltd ...... 12, 22, 29, 30 Beckwith v Regina...... 214 Cain’s Case (National Trustees Executors Behrooz v Secretary, Department of & Agency Co of Australasia Ltd v Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous FCT)...... 242 Affairs...... 325, 326 Calma v Sesar...... 241 Bellino v ABC ...... 664 Cameron v DFCT...... 265 Belmont Finance Corp v Williams Furniture Cameron v Qantas Airways Ltd...... 18 Ltd (No 2)...... 723 Cameron v The Queen ...... 266, 271, 272 Bendet v State Coroner (Vic) ...... 253 Campbells Cash & Carry Pty Ltd v Fostif Pty Bennett v News Group Newspapers...... 660 Ltd...... 10, 32, 37, 39, 40 Berezovsky v Forbes ...... 679 Capital and Counties Bank v George Henty & Biljanski v Smithwick ...... 452 Sons...... 653 Billings v Reed...... 475 Capital Duplicators Pty Ltd v Australian Bird v Holbrook...... 482 Capital Territories [No 2] ...... 207 Boilermakers’ Case (R v Kirby; Ex Carlton Communications v News Group Boilermakers’ Society of Australia) Newspapers...... 658 ...... 500, 522 Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia Bolton v Madsen...... 211 ...... 268, 269, 272, 284, 285, 287 Boston Commercial Services Pty Ltd v G E Chakravarti v Advertiser Newpapers Capital Finance Australia Pty Ltd ...... 531 .....653, 659, 664, 666, 668, 672, 674, 678 Bowen Basin Case (Xstrata Coal Queensland Channel Seven Adelaide v Manock...... 674 Pty Ltd v Queensland Conservation Charleston v News Group Newspapers ...653 Council Inc)...... 732, 733 Chase v News Group Newspapers...... 660 Boylan Nominees Pty Ltd (t/as Quirks Cheatle v The Queen...... 214, 215, 705 Refrigeration) v Sweeney...... 165 Cheng v The Queen...... 214–218, 276 Bradwell v Illinois ...... 735 Cheung v Regina...... 219 Brambles Holdings Ltd v Bathurst City Chiu Wing Sze Karby v Chan Council ...... 355 Ying Wai...... 452 Brandy v HREOC...... 501, 502, 504, 506 Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Bray v F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd Local Government and Ethnic Affairs ...... 13, 15, 16, 30, 31 ...... 324–328, 332, 333, 501 Bridge Shipping Pty Ltd v Grand Shipping Chugg v Pacific Dunlop Ltd ...... 373 SA...... 521 Chung Man-Yau v Sihon Co Ltd ...... 452 Bright v Femcare ...... 7 Clarke v Norton...... 680 Brotherton v Cleveland...... 241, 242 Clayton v Heffron ...... 125 Brown v Regina ...... 216, 217, 219 Cleaver v Mutual Reserve Fund Life Brown and Pedersen ...... 149, 150 Association ...... 453, 461 Browne v Dunne...... 177 Clunis v Camden and Islington Health Brownlee v The Queen ...... 208, 214 Authority...... 456, 485, 488 Buchanan v Milton ...... 241 Colburn v Patmore ...... 456 Bull v Attorney-General (NSW)...... 521 Cole v Taylor ...... 456 Burns v Edman ...... 452, 488 Cole v Whitfield Burns v Ransley...... 63–65, 80 ...... 203, 228, 265, 266, 285, 287 Burrows v Cramley...... 237 Coleman v Power...... 82, 227 2007] TABLE OF CASES xiii

Colley v Futurebrand FHA Pty Ltd...... 521 Dorsett v Janeska...... 455 Collins v Blantern ...... 453 Dugan v Mirror Newspapers Ltd...... 446 Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd v Duller v South East Lines Engineers...... 451 Producers and Citizens’ Co-operative Durham Holdings v New South Wales Assurance Co of Aust Ltd....168–171, 174 ...... 126 Commissioner of Stamp Duty v Bone...... 243 Commonwealth v Cigamatic Pty Ltd (In liq) ...... 199, 209 E Commonwealth v Mewett ...... 204 E Hulton & Co v Jones ...... 653 Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam Eastman v The Queen...... 276 Case) ...... 205, 207, 210, 211, 266, 337 Electrolux Home Products Pty Ltd v Communist Party Case (Australian Australian Workers’ Union ...... 479 Communist Party v The Commonwealth).. Elliott v Commonwealth...... 289 ...... 43–45, 53–61, 68, 80–83 Elliott v West Australian Newspapers..... 666 Consul Development Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Ellis v Counties Manukau District Health Pty Ltd...... 713, 717 Board ...... 464 Cook v Pasminco Ltd ...... 6 Emanuele v Hedley...... 450 Cotton v Cotton ...... 149 Engineers’ Case (Amalgamated Society of Courtney v Medtel Pty Ltd...... 7, 30 Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd) Cross v Kirkby ...... 445 ...... 199, 208, 209, 516 Cunliffe v Commonwealth...... 225, 226, 307 Euro-Diam Ltd v Bathurst ...... 454, 488 Evda Nominees Pty Ltd v Victoria.. 206, 207

D D’Orta-Ekenaike v Victoria Legal Aid. ...457 F DN v London Borough of Greenwich...... 456 Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty DJL v Central Authority...... 332 Ltd ...... 713–724 DPP (Cth) v Toro-Martinez...... 446 Farbenfabriken Bayer Aktien-Gesellschaft v Bayer Pharma Pty Ltd ...... 506 Darwalla Milling Co Pty Ltd v F Hoffman-La Roche Ltd (No 2) ...... 16 Fardon v Attorney-General (Qld) .... 326, 330 David Syme v Hore-Lacey Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Munro...... 654–656, 662–681 ...... 500, 502, 506 Davies and Jones v Western Australia Femcare v Bright ...... 28 ...... 220, 265 Fencott v Muller ...... 505 De Vall v Strunk...... 487 Ferdinands v Commissioner for Public Dennis Hotels Pty Ltd v Victoria ...... 206 Employment ...... 511–525 Department of Mineral Resources v Berrima Figueroa v Canada (Attorney-General) ... 308 Coal Pty Ltd ...... 384 Fingleton v The Queen ...... 400 Deputy Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Finnis v James Caulfield (t/a James Car WR Moran Pty Ltd...... 265 Hire)...... 451 Desmet v Sublett ...... 452 Foday Saybana Sankoh...... 535 Devlin v Roche ...... 475 Foss v Harbottle...... 607 Dhlamini v Protea Assurance Co Ltd...... 452 Foster v City of Melbourne ...... 78 Dietrich v The Queen ...... 185 Fostif Pty Ltd v Campbells Cash & Carry Dinning v Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) Pty Ltd ...... 10, 20 ...... 16 Fox v Peakhurst Inn Pty Ltd...... 466 Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority Frazer v Walker ...... 720 ...... 240 Frenette v Audet ...... 451 Dodge v Ford Motor Co...... 581 Fulham Football Club Ltd v Cabra Estates Doodeward v Spence...... 237, 238 Plc...... 579, 604 Dorajay Pty Ltd v Aristocrat Leisure Ltd Fuller v Marx ...... 242 ...... 5, 8–11, 20–32, 36–38 Funk v Clapp ...... 486 xiv SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

G Heidke v Sydney City Council...... 77, 78 Gala v Preston...... 450 Helton v Allen...... 463 Gardner v Moore ...... 485 Hematite Petroleum Pty Ltd v Victoria....278 Gas & Fuel Corporation Superannuation Hemple v Attorney-General (Cth) ...... 337 Fund v Saunders ...... 180 Henry v Boehm ...... 220, 221, 227, 265 General Steel Industries Inc v Commissioner Henwood v Municipal Tramways Trust of Railways...... 531 (SA)...... 445, 449, 451 Georgia Pacific Corp v Great Northern Hepburn v TCN Channel Nine...... 659, 667 Nakoosa Corp ...... 596 Herald & Weekly Times v Popovic ...... 672 Georgiadis v Australian and Overseas Hewison v Meridian Shipping Pte Telecommunications Corp ...... 204 ...... 452, 485, 488 Gerhardy v Brown ...... 267 Hicks v Ruddock...... 527–541 Glencore International AG v Takeovers Hillen v ICI (Alkali) Ltd ...... 450 Panel ...... 495, 503 Hirst v United Kingdom (No 2) Gold Coast City Council v Pioneer Concrete ...... 305, 315, 316 (Qld) Pty Ltd ...... 14, 16 Holland v Tarlington...... 454 Goldsworthy v Radio 2UE Sydney ...... 681 Hollington v Hewthorn ...... 479 Goodwin v Phillips ...... 514, 515 Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd ...... 166, 167, 171–173 Goryl v Greyhound Australia Pty Ltd ..... 284 Houda v NSW ...... 462 Gosford Meats Pty Ltd v New South Huddart, Parker & Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead Wales ...... 278 ...... 209, 501, 691 Grain Pool (WA) v Commonwealth Hunter v Butler...... 452, 485 ...... 276, 707 Hwang v Commonwealth Gray v Minister for Planning (Anvil Hill ...... 302, 303 Case)...... 725–734 Gray v Thames Trains Ltd...... 456 Greek Herald v Nikolopoulos...... 667, 682 I Green v Johnstone ...... 253, 255 IW v City of Perth...... 268, 271, 273, 275 Gregg v Wyman...... 453 In re Edith Haynes...... 735 Griggs v Duke Power Co...... 267 In re Spectrum Plus Ltd (In liq) ...... 186 Gross v Miller...... 453 In the Marriage of Guthrie ...... 160 Gulf Azov Shipping Co Ltd v Idisi ...... 38 In the Marriage of Irvine...... 150 Gumina v Williams (No 2) ...... 661, 679 In the Marriage of K and Z ...... 144 Gutnick v Dow Jones (No 4) ...... 666, 667 In the Marriage of Koutalis and Bartlett ...... 149, 150 In the Marriage of R (Children’s Wishes) H ...... 144 HL v Canada...... 456 In the matter of the Australasian Coal and Ha v New South Wales...... 207 Shale Employees Federation...... 70 Haig v Canada (Chief Electora Income Tax Ruling TR 2005/21 ...... 643 Officer) ...... 308 Industrial Relations Act Case (Victoria v Hagan v Waterhouse...... 722 Commonwealth) ...... 206 Hall v Hebert ...... 454, 486 Inspector Kumar Ken v Richie...... 385 Hall v Woolston Hall Leisure Ltd ...... 451 Ireland v UK...... 561 Hamdi v Rumsfeld...... 330 Harlowe’s Nominees Pty Ltd v Woodside (Lakes Entrance) Oil NL ...... 582 J Haslam v Times Newspapers ...... 661 Jackson v Harrison...... 450, 453, 454, 456 Haynes v CI and D Manufacturing Jackson v John Fairfax...... 659 Pty Ltd ...... 381 Jago v District Court (NSW)...... 185 Haynes’ Case (1614) ...... 237, 238 James v Commonwealth ...... 683 Hegarty v Shine.. 487 John Fairfax Publications v Blake ...661, 663 2007] TABLE OF CASES xv

John Fairfax Publications v Jones ....658, 659 Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation John Fairfax Publications v Rivkin ...... 653 ...... 224–226, 282, 283, 299, John Fairfax Publications v Zunter ...... 300, 302, 306–309 ...... 655, 662–665 Langer v Commonwealth ...... 225, 227 Johnson v Johnson (1997)...... 137 Leask v Commonwealth ...... 329 Johnson v Johnson (2000)...... 177, 180, 181 LeBagge v Buses Ltd...... 452 Johnson Tiles Pty Ltd v Esso Australia Ltd Lee v McClellan ...... 452 ...... 30 Leeburn v Derndorfer ...... 241 Johnstone v HIH Ltd ...... 22, 27 Leeth v Commonwealth...... 266 Jones v Amalgamated Television Services Lek v Minister for Immigration, Local ...... 653 Government and Ethnic Affairs ...... 13, 16 Jones v Dodd ...... 241 Leslie v City of Essendon...... 79 Joslyn v Berryman...... 450 Letang v Cooper ...... 475 Joubert v Toronto General Trusts Corp....453 Levy v Commonwealth ...... 225 Joyce v DPP ...... 536 Lewis v Daily Telegraph ...... 653, 664, 668 Lewis v Sayers...... 485 Li Chia Hsing v Rankin...... 214, 215 K Lindsay v Poole ...... 450 Kable v DPP (NSW) ...... 185, 266 Livesey v NSW Bar Association ...... 179 Kalls Enterprises Pty Ltd (In liq) v Baloglow Lockwood v Commonwealth...... 78 ...... 719 Long v Adams ...... 487 Kanu v Kashif...... 451, 485 Lonro Ltd v Shell Petroleum Co Ltd...... 582 Kartinyeri v Commonwealth Lord v Fogcutter Bar ...... 456 ...... 266, 267, 269, 276, 304, 709, 711 Katko v Briney ...... 459 Lucas-Box v News Group Newspapers ...... 657–681 Katsuno v Regina ...... 215 Lukey v Corporate Investment Australia Kern v Siemens Corp ...... 26, 37 Funds Management Pty Ltd ...... 17 Khashoggi v IPC Magazines...... 658, 661 Lumbers v W Cook Builders Pty Ltd King v AG Australia Holdings Ltd (formerly (In liq)...... 718 GIO Australia Holdings Ltd) Luton v Lessels...... 506 ...... 7, 18, 27, 28, 35–37 Kingstreet Investments Ltd v New Brunswick (Department of Finance) ...... 352 M Kingswell v Regina ...... 214, 216, 219 M v M ...... 149, 160 Kirkham v Chief Constable, Greater M’Naughten’s Case ...... 472 Manchester Police Mabo v Queensland (No 1) ...... 709 ...... 458, 487, 488 Mabo v Queensland (No 2) ...... Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd ...... 242, 244, 245, 257 (No 1) ...... 205, 707 McGinty v Western Australia Koorootang Nominees Pty Ltd v ANZ ...... 224–226, 299, 301, 302, 704, 705 Banking Group Ltd ...... 716, 717 McKinnon v Secretary, Department of Krantz v Hand ...... 253, 254 Treasury...... 616 Kruber v Grzesiak ...... 475 McLean v Nicholson ...... 17 Kruger v Commonwealth...... 266, 268, 325 McMartin v Newcastle Wallsend Coal Co Pty Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraqi Airways Co Ltd ...... 362, 374, 376, 384 (Nos 4 & 5) ...... 532, 533, 539, 540 McNichols v JR Simplot Co...... 452 Macquarie Bank Ltd v Sixty-Fourth Throne Pty Ltd ...... 720–722 L LHK Nominees Pty Ltd v Kenworthy Magdziarz v Heffey ...... 254 ...... 720–723 Major v Ministry of Defence ...... 452 Lane v Holloway ...... 451 Manning v Brown...... 458 xvi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

Manock v Channel Seven Adelaide Musa King v Telegraph Group ...... 660 ...... 675–680 Muschinski v Dodds...... 721 Marbury v Madison ...... 683–688, 694, 711, 712 N Marion’s Case (Secretary, Department of Health and Community Services v JWB National Coal Board v England ...... 449, 484 and SMB) ...... 246 National Mutual Life Association of Australasia v GTV Corp ...... 669 Marks v GIO Australia Holdings Ltd (No 2) ...... 18, 19 National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth ...... 243, 244 Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen ...... 407 National Trustees Executors & Agency Co of Australasia Ltd v FCT (Cain’s Case) Martin v Ziherl...... 487 ...... 242 Massachusetts v EPA...... 732 Nationwide News v Moodie Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium ...... 654, 662, 664, 666, 668, 681 ...... 315 Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills Mayer v Coe ...... 720 ...... 224, 268, 299 Meadows v Ferguson...... 451 New South Wales v Amery...... 286 Meah v McCreamer ...... 455–457 New South Wales v Bujdoso ...... 446 Medlin v State Government Insurance New South Wales v Commonwealth (1975) Commission...... 460 ...... 707 Meier v Bell ...... 241 New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council v Melbourne Corp v Commonwealth ...... 266 Perkins ...... 681 Mikasa (NSW) Pty Ltd v Festival Stores New York Times v Sullivan...... 654 ...... 505 Newcastle Wallsend Coal Co Pty Ltd v Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd Inspector McMartin .....359, 362, 374, 376 ...... 242, 244, 257 Newman v Folkes and Dunlop Tyres Ltd Miller v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd ...... 451 ...... 226, 227 Nicholas v The Queen...... 335 Mills v Baitis ...... 452 Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko- Affairs ...... 221–223, 707 Wallsend Ltd ...... 727 Norman v FCT ...... 192 Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs North Carolina v Alford...... 540, 541 v Teoh...... 570 North Eastern Dairy Co Ltd v Dairy Industry Minister of Home Affairs v National Authority (NSW) ...... 278 Institution for Crime Prevention and the Northern Sandblasting Pty Ltd v Harris Reintegration of Offenders...... 313, 314 ...... 164, 172 Mirror Newspapers v Harrison ...... 653, 679 Mitchell v Scales ...... 525 O Modbury Triangle Shopping Centre Pty Ltd v O’Brien v McKean...... 460 Anzil ...... 449 O’Keefe v Calwell ...... 325 Moore v Regents of the University of O’Toole v Charles David Pty Ltd ....204, 208 California...... 237 Olmstead v United States...... 445 Morosi v Mirror Newspapers ...... 667 Ontario Human Rights v Simpson-Sears Morrison v Powercoal Pty Ltd...... 362, 363 Ltd...... 267 Morrison v Ross...... 362 Oppenheimer v Cattermole (Inspector of Morriss v Marsden...... 471 Taxes) ...... 532 Mulholland v Australian Electoral Orzel v Scott Drug Co...... 489 Commission ...... 227, 270, 271, 283, ...... 293, 294, 307–309, 311, 704 Mullick v Mullick...... 261 P Multan Pty Ltd v Ippoliti ...... 719 Panther v McKnight...... 487 2007] TABLE OF CASES xvii

Paramount Communications Inc v Time Inc R v Arrowsmith ...... 72, 80 ...... 581 R v Barger...... 209, 265 Pasini v United Mexican States...... 322, 506 R v Bernasconi...... 213, 218 People’s Department Stores Inc v Wise...582 R v Bow Street Stipendiary Magistrate; Ex p Permanent Trustee Australia Ltd v Pinochet (No 1) ...... 530 Commissioner for State Revenue R v Brett...... 72, 80 ...... 264, 271, 273–277, 280, 281, R v Brislan; Ex p Williams...... 710 ...... 283, 284, 286–288, 290–292, 294, 295 R v Burgess; Ex p Henry ...... 691 Pervan v North Queensland Newspaper Co R v Coldham; Ex p Australian Workers Union ...... 664 ...... 329, 332 Peterswald v Bartley...... 211 R v Federal Court of Bankruptcy; Ex p Petritsis v Hellenic Herald...... 675 Lowenstein ...... 214–216, 219 Petrusevski v Bulldogs Rugby League Club R v Fingleton ...... 400 Ltd ...... 13, 30 R v Hardy...... 65, 66, 83 Pharmaceutical Benefits Case (Attorney- R v Healy...... 65, 79 General (Vic) v Commonwealth)...... 197 R v Johns ...... 394 Philadephia, W & B R Co v Philadelphia & R v Kearney; Ex p Jurlama...... 521 Havre de Grace Steam Towboat ...... 453 R v Kelly...... 237, 238 Philip Morris (Australia) Ltd v Commissioner R v Kirby; Ex Boilermakers’ Society of of Business Franchises (Vic) ...... 207, 278 Australia ...... 500, 522 Philip Morris (Australia) Ltd v Nixon...... 7 R v L ...... 709 Phillips v Eyre ...... 239 R v Lusink; Ex p Shaw...... 183 Pitts v Hunt...... 485 R v Lynn ...... 238 Pochi v Macphee ...... 221 R v McDonald; Ex p Strutt...... 332 Polly Peck (Holdings) v Trelford.....652–682 R v Martin...... 491 Polyukhovich v Commonwealth .....325, 326, R v Mullin...... 468 ...... 335, 337 R v Murphy...... 334 Pope & Pope v State Coroner...... 253, 254 R v O’Sullivan ...... 76 Potter v Minahan ...... 465 R v Porter...... 472 Precision Data Holdings Ltd v Wills R v Quinn; Ex p Consolidated Foods Corp ...... 495, 501, 504, 506–509 ...... 501, 506 Presland v Hunter Area Health Service R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs; Ex p ...... 464, 470 O’Brien...... 330 Proud v City of Box Hill ...... 79, 83 R v Secretary of State for the Home Provident International Corp v International Department; Ex p Muboyayi ...... 330 Leasing Corp Ltd ...... 581, 601 R v Sharkey ...... 63–65 Purvis v New South Wales...... 273, 275 R v Sharpe ...... 237, 238 R v Taylor; Ex p Federated Ironworkers Q Federation of Australia...... 69 Queensland v Commonwealth ...... 205, 212 R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex p Tasmanian Queensland Electricity Commission v Breweries Pty Ltd...... 502, 504, 505 Commonwealth ...... 266, 267 R v Wacker ...... 454 Quarman v Burnett...... 163, 169 R v Watson; Ex p Armstrong ...... 180, 181 R v Willoughby ...... 454, 455 R (Jackson) v Attorney-General...... 125 R RIOS v Enterprise Association Steamfitters R v A (No 2)...... 465 Local...... 406 R v Adomako ...... 454 Rainsong Holdings Pty Ltd v Australian R v Antoun ...... 175 Capital Territory...... 207 R v Archdall and Roskruge; Ex p Carrigan and Re A (1982) ...... 149 Brown...... 213–215, 218, 219 Re Aird; Ex p Alpert...... 330 xviii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

Re Applications by Grant ...... 70 Reeves v Commissioner of Police of the Re Australian Education Union; Ex p Metropolis...... 487 Victoria...... 266 Reference re Provincial Electoral Boundaries Re Badeck...... 407 (Sask) ...... 302 Re Barrowcliff ...... 461 Regie Nationale des Usines Renault v Re Bolton; Ex p Beane ...... 329 Zhang ...... 451 Re Colina; Ex p Torney... 208, 215, 216, 218 Rejfek v McElroy...... 463 Re Commonwealth and Taylor v Australasian Residual Assco Ltd v Spalvins...... 684 Coal and Shale Employees Federation Revill...... 451, 454, 491 ...... 68–70 Richardson v Forestry Commission.205, 207 Re Commonwealth and Taylor v Australian Riggs v Palmer...... 461 Communist Party...... 68 Riverina Transport Pty Ltd v Victoria Re Commonwealth and Taylor v ...... 265, 683 Federated Ironworkers Federation of Roach v Commonwealth...... 297–319 Australia ...... 68–70 Roberts v Bass...... 225 Re Commonwealth and Taylor v Waterside Robins v Incentive Dynamics Pty Ltd Workers Federation of Australia ..... 69, 70 (In liq) ...... 723 Re Death of Simon Unchango (Jnr); Ex p Robinson v Laws...... 664 Simon Unchango (Snr)...... 253–255 Rod Investments (Vic) Pty Ltd v Clark Re Dingjan...... 211 ...... 10–12, 22, 23, 30, 31, 36 Re Ditford; Ex p DCT ...... 533 Rose v Hvric...... 514–516, 522, 524 Re Electric Refrigerators ...... 267 Roxborough v Rothmans of Pall Mall Australia Ltd ...... 351, 718 Re F; Ex p F...... 228 Ruddock v Taylor...... 325, 333 Re Foreman & Sons Pty Ltd; Uther v FCT Russell v Wakefield Waterworks Co...... 723 ...... 199, 209 Ryan v Great Lakes Council ...... 7 Re H (Minors) (Access)...... 150 Re H (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof)...... 463 S Re Hall (Deceased)...... 461 SGH Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation ....290 Re JRL; Ex p CJL...... 183 Sachter v A-G (Vic) ...... 214 Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Saif Ali v Sydney Mitchell & Co...... 457 Affairs; Ex p Te...... 223 Sands v Channel Seven Adelaide...... 658 Re Nolan; Ex p Young...... 212 Santam Insurance Ltd v Ferguson...... 452 Re Patterson; Ex p Taylor...... 222–224, 707 Saraswati v R ...... 514, 515, 522, 523 Re Ranger Uranium Mines Pty Ltd; Ex p Sarei v Rio Tinto Plc...... 539, 540 Federated Miscellaneous Workers’ Union Saunders v Edwards...... 451, 489 (Aust)...... 504 Sauvé v Canada (1992) ...... 311 Re Silver Bros Ltd ...... 515 Sauvé v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer) Re Taylor and McPhillips...... 71 (2002) (No 2) ...... 305, 311–313, 316, 317 Re Taylor and Metal Trade Employees’ Say-Dee Pty Ltd v Farah Constructions Pty Association ...... 71 Ltd...... 714 Re Taylor and Roach ...... 71 Sayadoff v Warda...... 453 Re Tower Software Engineering Pty Ltd; Schick v United States ...... 216 Pendant Software Pty Ltd v Harwood Scott v Davis ...... 166, 170, 171 ...... 495 Seamen’s Union of Australia v Utah Re Tracey; Ex p Ryan...... 212 Development Co ...... 265 Re Tyler ...... 212, 215 Second Universal Jurisdiction Claim Re W (Sex Abuse: Standard of Proof)..... 150 (Guantanamo Bay)...... 557 Re Wakim; Ex p McNally ...... 707 Secretary, Department of Health and Re Woolley; Ex p M276/2003 Community Services v JWB and SMB ...... 325, 326, 328, 333 (Marion’s Case) ...... 246 2007] TABLE OF CASES xix

Secretary of State for the Home Department Theophanous v Herald and Weekly v JJ ...... 558 Times Ltd ...... 224–227 Selmouni v France...... 561 Thomas v Mowbray...... 557 Shaw v Minister for Immigration and Thomson v Key Pharmaceuticals Multicultural Affairs ...... 223, 707 Pty Ltd ...... 18 Shell Co of Australia Ltd v FCT ...... 501 Tinsley v Milligan ...... 453 Shepherd v FCT ...... 192 Todhunter v Attorney-General ...... 334 Shergold v Tanner ...... 514 Todorovic v Walker...... 458 Short v Treasury Commissioners ...... 584 Toy v Musgrove...... 106 Sims v Wran...... 680 Troja v Troja...... 461 Smith v ANL Ltd...... 204 Tsang Siu Hong v Kong Hoi For...... 452 Smith v Jenkins ...... 450, 454 Smith v Tamworth City Council ...... 241 U South West Africa Cases (Second Phase) U v U ...... 150, 160 ...... 267 United Mexican States v Cabal ...... 334 Sprango v Corporate Investment Australia United Project Consultants Pte Ltd v Leong Funds Management Pty Ltd ...... 17 Kwok Onn ...... 457, 488 Spycatcher Case (Attorney-General (UK) v United States v Hicks ...... 540, 541 Heinemann Publishing Australia United Steelworkers of America v Pty Ltd) ...... 531 Weber ...... 406 Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (No 2) ...... 488 State Rail Authority (NSW) v Wiegold V ...... 456, 489 Vakauta v Kelly...... 177, 180, 181 Stephens v West Australian Newspapers Vasiljkovic v Commonwealth ...... 321–339 Ltd ...... 225 Vellino v Chief Constable of Greater Stevens v Brodribb Sawmilling Co Manchester ...... 451, 467, 478, 485, 491 Pty Ltd...... 166, 173 Victoria v Commonwealth (Industrial Stevens v The Queen...... 468 Relations Act Case)...... 206, 519 Stevenson v MacDonald...... 166 Victoria v Commonwealth (Payroll Tax Case) Stingel v Clark...... 475, 479 (1971) ...... 220, 707 Street v Queensland Bar Association Victorian Stevedoring and General Contracting Co Pty Ltd v Dignan...... 500 ...... 221, 265, 267–269, 274, 283, ...... 284, 287, 292–294 Victorian Workcover Authority v Esso Australia Ltd...... 451 Stubbings v Webb ...... 475 Visnic v ASIC...... 504, 508 Sullivan v Moody...... 450 Sullivan v Sullivan ...... 451 Sutton v Hopkins County ...... 26 W Sweedman v Transport Accident W v Meah ...... 457 Commission ...... 284 W Cook Builders Pty Ltd (In liq) v Lumbers Sweeney v Boylan Nominees...... 163–174 ...... 718 Wackwitz v Roy ...... 458, 488 Warner v Levitt...... 241 T Waters v Public Transport Corporation. Tara Shire Council v Garner ...... 720 ...... 268, 275, 286 Taralga Landscape Guardians Inc v Minister Waterside Workers’ Federation (Aust) v JW for Planning...... 733 Alexander Ltd...... 501 Tasmanian Dam Case (Commonwealth v Waugh v Kippen...... 465 Tasmania).....205, 207, 210, 211, 266, 337 Webb v The Queen ...... 176, 179 Teck Corp Ltd.. Millar ...... 582 West Bengal v Anwar Ali...... 267 Thackwell v Barclays Bank Ltd...... 453 xx SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

West Lakes v South Australia ...... 112 X Western Australia v Commonwealth XYZ v Commonwealth...... 337 (1995) ...... 709 Xstrata Coal Queensland Pty Ltd v Wilde v The Queen...... 184, 185 Queensland Conservation Council Inc Wildlife Whitsundays v Minister for (Bowen Basin Case) ...... 732, 733 Environment ...... 731, 732 Williams v FAI Home Security Pty Ltd Y (No 4) ...... 18–20, 28 Yanner v Eaton...... 242, 243, 245 Williams v FAI Home Security Pty Ltd (No 5) ...... 20 Williams v Williams...... 237, 238, 240 Z Wills v Bell...... 450 Zalewski v Turcarolo ...... 454 Wilson v Minister Aboriginal and Torres Zarb v Kennedy...... 214 Strait Islander Affairs ...... 326, 330 Zunter v John Fairfax Publications ... 662, 663 Witham v Holloway...... 326 Wong v Silkfield Pty Ltd...... 7 Woodger v Federal Capital Press of Australia ...... 658, 659, 673 Woodham v John Fairfax Publications ...... 666, 681, 682 Woodlands v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd.....32 Worcester v Smith ...... 75, 82 Worman v Carver ...... 457 Worrall v British Railways Board ... 456, 485 Worthing v Rowell and Muston Pty Ltd ...273 Wuridjal v The Coroner (NT)...... 254 2007] INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxi INDEX OF SUBJECTS

ABORIGINAL PEOPLE ARISTOTLE community courts, 420 meaning of ‘merit’, 401 concept of property in native title claims, 242- 244, 257 ASIO cultural shaming, 437 establishment of, 51 indigenous customary laws, 420 indigenous justice practices, 416 ATTAINDER Navajo Nation judicial system, 424 doctrine of, 446 objections to post-mortem examinations, 253- 255 BARLKY, SIR HENRY Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Governor of Victoria Custody, 255, 415, 422 assessment of actions, 116, 117, 119 traditional punishment, 420 refusal of Royal Assent, 88, 114, 116, 123, 128 Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa), 425 BAXI, UPENDRA See also: Constitutional Law; Indigenous Sentencing Courts; Native Title discussion of human rights, 550

AGENCY BENTHAM, JEREMY categories of agent, 170 donation of body, 239, 240 directors as agents of shareholders, 583 human rights, opinion of, 549 ‘representative agent’, vicarious liability for, 163-174 BIAS vicarious liability, extension to independent See: Apprehended Bias contactors, 168-172 BOBBIO, NOBERTO ANTI-COMMUNISM discussion of human rights, 550 discrimination against known communists, 52, 53 BODY PARTS issue for voters, 52 See: Human Body ‘McCarthyism’, 43 sentiments in Australia post war, 43-53 BOWYER MP, GEORGE See also: Communist Party support of removal of separate oath for Roman Catholics, 102, 103 APPEAL proviso to criminal appeals, 184, 185 CANADA Supreme Court, dissenting judgments, 201 APPREHENDED BIAS efficiency and due process, competing CHILDREN concerns, 175-182 best interests, 132, 133, 151-156 judicial comment, line between permissible Child Representative in proceedings, 158, 159 and impermissible, 175, 180, 181 Children’s Cases Programs, 157 prejudgement, 179-181 family law reforms, 156-160 test for, 176, 178-180 xxii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29 impact of assessments in Family Court subgroup representative proceedings, 140, 141 appointment of, 7 Independent Children’s Lawyer, 151 risk exposure, 32 ‘parent focus’ of equality presumption, 156 termination powers in trial judge, 8 ‘right of contact’, 134, 149 United States, approach by, 26, 27 See also: Family Court Litigation; Family Law CLIMATE CHANGE JURISPRUDENCE CLASS ACTIONS assessment of burning coal as part of Australian Law Reform Commission environment assessment for coal mine, 726- recommendations, 6, 21-25, 33 733 benefit limited to only some victims, 13-20 causation issue, 731 breast implant proceedings, 17 ecologically sustainable development as class consideration of public interest, 726 —description of, 10, 13 emergence of, 725 —immunity from adverse cost awards, 31 greenhouse gas assessment, requirement to —leave to amend application, 13 take into account, 726-733 —listed members, 16-20 positive greenhouse gas impacts taken into account, 733 —manner of definition, 13 significance of impacts on global scale, 732 —minimum number of members, 16 —narrowing of, 14-16, 39 CITIZENSHIP ‘closing the class’ devices, 6, 9, 18-20, 28, 37 extradition of Australian citizen, 332, 333 commencement criteria, threshold statutory concept, 333 requirements, 7, 13 cost CIVIL LIABILITY —barriers to institution of proceedings, 6, 32, 38, 40 See: Tort —commercial litigation funders, 34 —conditional fee agreements, 30, 34, 39 CIVIL LIBERTIES —funding agreements, 9, 10, 35 See: Freedom of Expression; Freedom of Political Communication; Religion —cost awards, 7, 31 discontinuance, description of representative group limited to clients of law firm, 5 COLD WAR discretion to exclude some claimants, 13 anti-communist sentiments in Australia, 43-53 features of federal and Victorian regimes, 6-8, See also: Communist Party 13, 21-25 funding agreement, requirement for, 9, 10, 35 COMMON LAW HIH litigation, 27 High Court consideration of sovereignty, 232 ‘MBC criterion’ —attempt at monopoly, 29 COMMONWEALTH-STATE RELATIONS —conditional fee agreements, 30, 34, 39 High Court consideration of, 232 —objection to, 9-12 —validity of, 20-29, 35-37 COMMUNISM —what is, 5, 8-12 See: Communist Party opt in devices, 6, 9, 18-20, 25 opt out device, 7, 12, 20-25, 28, 37 COMMUNIST PARTY refugee applicants, by, 13, 51 allegations against, 48-53 shareholders, by, 5-41 arrests for minor offences, 73-75 2007] INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxiii

CONCEPTS ASIO conception and interpretation, 694-702 —belief in threat, 46 See also: Interpretation —establishment of, 51 ballot-rigging, 48 CONFUCIUS cases brought by and against, 44 human rights discussion, 548 civil litigation, 76-79 contempt charges, 67-73 CONSTITUTION Country Party, 50 discrimination, instances of concept, 263 criminal libel, 66 interpretation dissolution of —broad terms, 707 —defence policy, political nature of, 61 —concept-conception distinction, 686-712 —High Court challenge to validity of Act, —evolution of meaning, 685, 686, 707 53-61 —grants of legislative power, 707-711 —preamble to dissolution legislation, 45 —judicial activism, 684 —referendum to dissolve and extend power —marriage power, 693, 708 over, 51 —nullity of legislation if unconstitutional, espionage allegations, 49 683, 688 evidence of claims against, 46 —originalism, 684, 685 Gibson, Ralph, 47, 55 —philosophy of language, 684, 688 Labor Party, 50 —rights, 702-706 Petrov, Vladimir, 53 —‘trade among the States’, 691 ‘Power without Glory’, criminal libel case, 66 —where no clear answer in constitution, sedition cases 685 —elements of offence, 63 See also: Constitutional Law; Interpretation —evidence, 46 —Gilbert Burns, trial of, 61-64 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW —Laurence Sharkey, 62-64 acquisition of property, 204 —monarchy, criticism of, 65 aliens power, 221-224 —publishing seditious words, 65 ‘chosen by the people’, 300-303, 702-704 —uttering sedition words, 62 discrimination —William Burns, publisher of ‘Tribune’, 64 —appropriate and adapted test, 267 Sharpley, defector, 47 —differential tax rates between States, 273- Soviet Union espionage in Australia, 53 277 ‘unlawful association’, declaration of, 49 —Gaudron, judgments and expertise, 267 Victorian Royal Commission into —instances in constitution, 264-277 Communism, 47 — ‘preference’ distinguished, 275-277 Youth Carnival for Peace and Friendship, 77 —preferences to States, prohibition, 273- See also: Anti-Communism 277 —races power, 269 COMPANIES —universal conception, 267-273 See: Corporate Objective; Corporations Law dissenting judgments of High Court, 195-233 dissolution of Communist Party, validity of — COMPANY CHARGES —legislation book review, 187-192 —arbitration power, 59, 69 —defence power, 55, 57 —executive power, 58 xxiv SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

—implied power to make laws necessary to Takeovers Panel, whether exercising judicial protect Constitution, 55, 59 power, 495, 500-508 —incidental power, 56, 58, 59 ‘trade among the States’, interpretation, 691 —protection of interstate trade, 56 unconstitutional laws, nullity of, 683 —States, power to pass such law, 60 See also: Constitution; Freedom of Expression; elections, guarantee of, interpretation, 702-705 Freedom of Political Communication; High Court; Interpretation; Vote ‘equal justice’ principle, 266 excise tax, 206, 207 CONTEMPT executive power, 231 prosecutions against communists, 67-73 external affairs power, 205, 206, 322 extradition, validity of laws, 322, 337 CONTRACT federal jurisdiction, 232 contract of service distinguished from contract franchise cases, 206, 207 for service, 166 guarantee of non-discrimination, 220, 221 implied duty of protection to a citizen, 537 CONTRACTARIAN THEORY implied freedom of political communication, 202, 224-227, 232 objective of corporation, 582 implied freedom to vote, 297-319 inconsistency between State and CONTRACTOR Commonwealth laws, 202 See: Independent Contractor judicial activism, 684 judicial power, factors CO-OPERATIVE SCHEMES —binding and authoritative decision, 501- High Court consideration of, 232 504 —existing legal rights or policy CORONER consideration, 504-506 custodian of body, 260 —nature of body exercising, 506-508 post-mortem examination jury trial, requirement of, 198, 210, 213-220, —discretion to limit, 254 705, 706 —disputes over, 251-256, 260 justiciability, 531-534 —objections to, 252, 253 marriage power, interpretation, 228, 693, 708 See also: Human Body military tribunals, jurisdiction, 205, 527 minority judgment changing constitutional CORPORATE OBJECTIVE principle, 220 benefit, for whose should company be moral limits on scope of Commonwealth managed, 589 power, 709 enlightened shareholder value principle powers, interpreting grants of, 707-711 —assessment of, 592-610 punishment, administration of, 537 —benefits, 599-602 reception of common law, 232 —community and environment, impact on, religious freedom, 709 594 representative government, elements, 306 —comparison with shareholder value sedition legislation, validity of, 63 principle, 604-604 separation of powers doctrine, 266, 321, 331, —constituency statutes (US), analogy, 594- 334, 500-508 596 sovereignty, 232 —creditors, lack of reference to, 593 State constitutional matters, 233 —emergence of, 588-591 State immunity doctrine, 266, 269, 270 —enforcement, 606-610 2007] INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxv

—guidance on application of law, 597-599 —restrictions on courts’ review role, 500 —legislative reform (UK), 589, 593-599 —role, 497 —matters which directors must have regard —whether exercising judicial power, 495, to, 593 500-508 —prescribed factors, 593 See also: Corporate Objective —who can take action, 607-609 genesis of debate over, 580 COURTS long-term interests of company, 601 Canadian circle courts, 429 pluralist theory, rejection of, 590 community courts, 420, 428 shareholder primacy principle, 577 political dimension, 429 shareholder value principle See also: High Court; Indigenous Sentencing —criticism of, 585-588 Courts —efficiency, 583 CRIMINAL LAW —generally, 577, 578 bail hearing, apprehended bias of judge, 177 —support for, 582-584 Browne v Dunne, rule in, 177 shareholder wealth maximisation principle, burglar shot while breaking in, 491 577 criminal libel, Communist Party case, 66 social service role, 581 ‘dead time’ provisions, 558 stakeholder theory, 577, 578, 587 demanding money with menaces with intent to steal, apprehended bias of judge, 176 CORPORATIONS LAW drug court, 426 Company Law Advisory Committee, 498 indigenous sentencing courts, 415-443 Company Law Review Steering Group (UK), industrial manslaughter, 360 578, 579, 589-592, 597, 599, 600, 603-607, jury, requirement of trial by for indictable 611 offences, 198, 210, 213-220 corporate objective, 577-612 minor offences by members of the Communist Corporations and Markets Advisory Party, 75 Committee, 580, 592 occupational health and safety offences, 359- Corporations and Securities Panel, 495 390 directors’ duties, 577, 581, 583, 597, 601, 603, proviso to criminal appeals, 184, 185 606-610 sedition enlightened shareholder value principle, 577- —Communist Party cases, 61-66 610 —interpretation of reforms, 344-348 International Accounting Standards Board, —legislative provisions, 342-344 601 —origins of term, 347 Joint Standing Committee on Corporations and —semiotic and constructionist theory, 344- Financial Services Report 2006, 580, 598, 348 602 suicide, whether engages defence to liability in operating and financial report requirement tort, 487 (UK), 591, 603, 604 transnational crimes, 337 Takeovers Panel war crimes, extradition, 322 —declaration of unacceptable circumstances, 498, 499 See also: Domestic Violence; Extradition; Indigenous Sentencing Courts; —Eggleston principles, 498 Occupational Health and Safety; Prisoners; —internal review process, 497 Terrorism —legislative regime, 496, 499 —powers, 497, 499 CROSS-VESTING POWER —purpose, 497, 498 High Court consideration of, 232 xxvi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

CROWN ‘not substantially different’, 662, 666-668, Governor, role of, 88, 105-120 672, 678 power to request amendment to Bill, whether, opinion defence 120 —comment, distinction, 680 See also: Royal Assent —continued existence of, 655, 680 —statutory honest opinion defence, 679 DARLING, SIR CHARLES proof required, 653, 654 Governor of Victoria, 126 ‘publication’, meaning, 653 reasonableness test, 653 DEATH truth defence post-mortem examination —common law defence of justification, —dispute as to, 235, 246 654, 655 —extent of, 247, 248 —continued existence of, 655 —objections to, 252, 253 —statutory defence, 654 —regimes governing, 235 uniform laws, enactment of, 652 —resolution of disputes, 248-256 —when to perform, 246 DEMOCRACY See also: Coroner; Human Body conclusive certificate, 616 democratic character of tax legislative processes, 613-649 DEFAMATION Held’s model, 615 cause of action legitimacy —imputation based (NSW), 655, 672 —models of social power, 618 —publication based (Vic), 655 —moral relativity, 621, 622 contextual truth defence, 659, 660, 663 —procedural fairness as ground, 624 damages as remedy, 653 —procedural universalism, 624 ‘defamatory meaning’, 653 —taxation legitimacy, 620-629 fair comment defences, 674-681 —significance in shaping political process, ‘identification’, meaning, 653 618-620 interlocutory proceedings, 655 meaning, 625-626 meaning conveyed by publication Schumpeter, Joseph, 615 —‘common sting’, 655, 658 —comparative litigation, 670, 671 DEPENDENT CONTRACTORS —English position, 661, 664, 670 See: Vicarious Liability —evaluation of defences, 673, 674 —Hore-Lacy test, 662, 664, 665, 668-674 DETENTION —imputations centred approach, 672 ‘dead time’ provisions in criminal law, 558 —Lucas-Box different meanings, 654, 656- detention powers, 325 662, 670-682 without charge, 530 —New South Wales practice, 671 without having committed a crime, 537 —Polly Peck common sting meanings, 655, 657-663, 670-682 —separate and distinct allegations in DIRECTORS’ DUTIES publication, 659 See: Corporate Objective; Corporations Law —types of disagreement, 657-662, 668 —Victorian practice, 671 DISCRIMINATION —whether fair comment defence must ‘appropriate and adapted’ test, 267 address imputation pleaded, 676 deference to lawmaker, ascertaining 2007] INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxvii

appropriate level, 289 establishment, 426 established by reference to consequences of law in question, 277 DUE PROCESS features of non-discrimination rules, 277-287 efficiency, competing concerns, 175-182 general features of a discriminatory law, 268 importance in administration of justice, 184- instances in constitution, 264-266 186 ‘preference’ distinguished, 275-277 purpose of rule, need to determine, 288-291 DWORKIN, RONALD universal conception of interpretation advocate of concept-conception distinction, —absolutism, rejection of, 277-281 687, 690, 692, 694-700 —balancing interests, 281-287 human rights discussion, 548 —common law applications, 271 —constitutional applications, 269-271 ELECTIONS —differential taxes levied on States, 275- constitutional obligation to hold, 305, 309 279, 281 interpretation of guarantee, 702-705 —distinction between fixed and flexible See also: Constitutional Law; Vote views about alikeness, 278, 279 —electoral laws, 271 EMPLOYEES —foundations, 267-269 distinction from independent contractors, 163 —holistic approach to balancing, 281-287 vicarious liability of employer, 163-174 —interpretation principles, 271 —local taxes levied upon ENVIRONMENT telecommunications cabling, 272 advocacy to stop Anvil Hill mine, 726 —representative government, commitment coal mines, political pressure surrounding, 730 to, 270, 271 ecologically sustainable development as —sentencing discretion, 271 consideration of public interest, 726 —State immunity doctrine, 269, 270 environmental assessment, requirement for, —statutory applications, 271-273 726-728 See also: Constitutional Law New South Wales planning law, 726-728 See also: Climate Change Jurisprudence DISSENTING JUDGMENTS OF HIGH COURT EQUITY See: High Court breach of fiduciary duty, 714, 723 rule in Barnes v Addy, 713-724 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE unjust enrichment, inconsistency with alienation and manipulation as tactics of doctrines, 717 violent parents, 135-150 See also: Trusts definition of ‘family violence’ in Family Law reforms, 153 effect on Family Court outcomes, 131-161 EXECUTOR reluctance of women to disclose, 154 legal position, 243 See also: Family Court Litigation rights over dead body, 240 role of, 260

DOUZINAS, COSTAS human rights discussion, 548-550 EXTRADITION Canadian approach, 338

DRUG COURT detention for purposes of administrative order, 322, 327 xxviii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

—Australian citizen, 321-324, 332, 333 Parental Alienation Syndrome, 136, 137, 142, —extra-judicial nature of order, validity of, 143 321-332, 335 reforms —judicial review of order, 328 —analysis of provision in practice, 133-150 —‘no evidence’ model, 321, 323, 330 —assessment of ongoing parental —no treaty in place, 322, 337 relationship, 152 —non-punitive purpose, 325, 326 —case management powers, 156-160 —prima facie evidence test, 327 —child focus, 131, 134, 151-156 —proportionality requirement, 328 —Child Representative, 158, 159 —reasonably necessary or adapted, 328 —Children’s Cases Programs, 157 —requesting State not establishing prima —equal position of parents, 131, 151, 154- facie case, 321, 333-336 156 reciprocity of laws, High Court consideration —‘friendly parent criterion’, 150, 153, 154 of, 232 —‘interpretive sites’, 155 recommendations to reform, 338 —objects, 152 reform proposals, 337, 338 —parental attitudes, 131 surrender, eligibility, 323 ‘right of contact’ principle, 134, 149, 160, 161 shared parenting philosophy, 134 FAMILY COURT LITIGATION violent history analysis of reform provisions applied in —definition of ‘family violence’, 153 practice, 133-150 —impact of, 134 Child Representative, 158, 159 —overlap with allegations manipulation, contact against wish of child, 144 135 father-child relationship See also: Domestic Violence; Family Court —‘rebuttable presumption in favour of Litigation contact’, 150 —reluctance of Court to sever, 148, 149 FAMILY VIOLENCE —scrutiny of mothers’ support for, 142 See: Domestic Violence ‘friendly parent criterion’, 150, 153, 154 Independent Children’s Lawyer, 151 FINGLETON, DIANE manipulation of children, 135-150 gaoling of Chief Magistrate, 399-401, 403 violence —effect on children’s allegiances, 137, 138, FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 141, 147, 148 interpretation of guarantee, 702 —link with alienation and manipulation lack of consideration in Communist Party tactics, 135-150 cases, 44, 80-84 —Parental Alienation Syndrome, 136, 137, new security laws, 343 142, 143 See also: Communist Party —scrutiny of mothers’ support for father- child relationship, 142 FREEDOM OF INFORMATION See also: Family Law High Court consideration, 232

FAMILY LAW FREEDOM OF POLITICAL access, 134, 149 COMMUNICATION Family Relationship Centres, 155, 160 Independent Children’s Lawyer, 151 ballot paper as ‘political communication’, 307, men, strengthened position of, 134 308 2007] INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxix lack of consideration in Communist Party See: Climate Change Jurisprudence cases, 44, 80-84 new security laws, 343 GUANTANAMO BAY sedition legislation, 343 detention of ‘enemy combatants’, 528, 537, whether implied freedom to vote, 298, 306 538 See also: Communist Party; Constitutional English case concerning application for relief, Law 538 human rights abuses, 555 FUNDAMENTALISM reactionary fundamentalism, 547, 560-568 HABEAS CORPUS reconciliation of fundamentalisms, 568-575 claim by David Hicks, 528, 529 transcendental fundamentalism, 546, 551-560 custody or control, 534, 535 See also: Human Rights unlawfulness of detention claim, 535

GALLIE HART, HLA analysis of contested concepts, 689-700 interpretation of general terms, 693 utility of rights, 548 GAUDRON, JUSTICE discrimination judgments, 267, 268 HICKS, DAVID action in Federal Court against Federal GAVAN DUFFY, CHARLES Attorney-General, 528-540 requirement to swear separate oath of office as charge under US Military Commission, 540 Roman Catholic, 89, 94 human rights, comments by Michael Mori, 555 providing material support to a terrorist GENDER organisation, 527-541 affirmative action, 394, 406-408 voluntariness of plea, 540, 541 disproportionate attention paid to women judicial appointments, 397 HIGGINBOTHAM, GEORGE masculinity of merit, 405 campaign against Royal instructions to role in demise of Chief Magistrate, 400 Governor, 106 See also: Judges; Women HIGH COURT GOOD SAMARITANS appointments to, 395-397 legislative defences, 448 Crennan, Justice, appointment of, 395-397 development of implied freedom of political communication, 505 GOVERNMENT discrimination, approach to, 263-295 conclusive certificate, 616 dissenting judgments democracy, theories of, 615 —aspirational quality, 196 elements of representative government, 306 —Canadian Supreme Court, comparison, legitimacy, 618-629 201 tax legislative process, 613-649 —development of law through, 207 —minority views, future impact, 197, 201, GOVERNOR-GENERAL 209, 210, 236-229 powers, 232 —nature of disagreement, 202, 203 See also: Royal Assent —persistent dissent, effectiveness, 208-220 —precedent, power of, 204 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS xxx SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

—rate of divisions, 201 demonisation of, 553-560 issues considered by High Court 1981-2003, deprivation of liberty of David Hicks, 538-540, 230-233 555 leave requirement, 206, 207 descriptions of, 547-550 power to change meaning of Constitution, 683 detractors, 549, 553-560 women, appointment of, 395-397 education of community, importance of, 570, See also: Constitutional Law; Discrimination; 571 McHugh, Justice European Union, 552, 564 framers of Universal Declaration, 547 HIH LITIGATION fundamentalism, types, 546, 547 class action by shareholders, 27 global, whether, 564 implementation, 566 HUMAN BODY indeterminacy, 567 after death individualism, concentration on, 563 —ashes, property rights to, 241 issues other than mainstream, 565-567 —black market, 237, 238 ‘margin of appreciation’, 564 —custodial conception of property applied ‘mutual obligation’, 553 to, 260 over legalisation of, 562 —direction not to cremate, 240 promotion of, utility and effectiveness, 573, —dispose, power to, 240 574 —disputes over post-mortem examination, standardisation of inquiries, 550, 551, 568 235, 246-261 success of movement as standard-bearing —executors/administrators, rights and force, 560 powers, 240 UK legislation, 548 —legislative control, 240, 248, 249, 251- women’s rights, 561 256 —ownership, 237, 238, 243 IGNATIEFF, MICHAEL —preservation of, 238 human rights discussion, 549, 550, 562 —property, as, 245 —sacredness, 237 IMMIGRATION LAW —State, role of, 260 detention powers, 325, 558 anatomical study, source of corpses, 239 deportation power, 222-224 Bentham, Jeremy, donation of body, 239, 240 off-shore processing of refugee claims, 558 ‘bodysnatching’, 239 Pacific Solution, 558 executed prisoners, 239 privative clause, 232 Human Tissue Acts, 240 White Australia Policy, 558 ownership, 237, 241 prohibition on patenting of human body and INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR biological processes, 241 distinction from employees, 163 unauthorised removal of organs, 247, 248 no vicarious liability for negligent acts of, 163- See also: Coroner; Death; Property 174 single client contractors, 163 HUMAN RIGHTS Australian Constitution, reading in of, 553 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE China, justifications, 565 See: Aboriginal People; Constitutional Law; controversial types of rights, 565-567 Sovereignty decay as ideological force, 549, 550 2007] INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxxi

INDIGENOUS SENTENCING COURTS war crimes, extradition, 322, 323, 331 aims and objectives, 430-438, 442 comparative view of practices, 418, 438-442 INTERPRETATION cultural shaming, 437 concept-conception distinction customary laws, 420 —constitutional guarantees, role in Elders, role of, 421, 436 interpreting, 702-706 establishment in Australia, 416-418 —description, 686 features, 421 —development, 689 first instance of, 416 —grants of legislative power, role in interpreting, 707-712 governing legislation, 417, 418, 432-435 —justification for constitutional evolution, jurisdictions, 417, 418, 432-435 686 limitations on offences heard, 421, 422 —theory of constitutional evolution, 712 numbers sentenced, 419 —contested concepts protocols, 430 —features of, 689 reasons for establishing, 422 —general terms, distinction from, 691-694 Respected Persons, role of, 421, 436 —objection to notion, 690 restorative justice, 419, 423-430, 438-442 —operation of, 694-702 sentencing process, 421 —right answers, whether existing, 694-702 therapeutic jurisprudence, 423-430, 438-442 —test for, 694 traditional punishment, 420 distinction between implicit and explicit contradiction, 511 INDUSTRIAL MANSLAUGHTER general terms, differing conceptions, 692, 710 See: Occupational Health and Safety imaginative reconstruction, 523 implied repeal INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS —aims of the enactment, 517 intersection between disciplinary and unfair —exhaustiveness, 516-523 dismissal provisions, 511 —key features, 514, 515 termination of appointment of police officers, 511 —meaning of ‘inconsistency’, 515, 516 —nature of the enactment, 516 INSURANCE —potential derogation from convention, 518 insurance company liable for slanders made by Industrial Relations Commission, jurisdiction salesman, 168-170 to review police dismissal, 512-514 ‘insurance crisis’ 2001, 446, 492 intersection between disciplinary and unfair dismissal provisions, 511 INTERNATIONAL LAW marriage power, 693 Act of State doctrine, 530-534, 539 meaning of law fixed at date of drafting, 683 comity, international spirit of, 532 time of unconstitutionality, 684 diplomatic protection, whether owed to David ‘trade among the States’, 691 Hicks, 536 domestic implementation, 570 JEWISH PEOPLE human rights, trend towards acceptance of objections to post-mortem examinations, 253 norms by municipal courts, 540 interfering with foreign state’s sovereignty, JUDGES 532 affirmative action, 406-408 jus cogens, violation of, 539 Fingleton, Diane, gaoling of Chief Magistrate, justiciability, 531-534 399-401, 403 xxxii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29 individuality, 196 judicial activism, 684 LANGUAGE merit linguistic philosophy in interpretation, 684, —Aristotle, understanding of, 401 685, 712 —assumption of subversion, 398, 399 See also: Constitution; Interpretation —disregard for, 399-401 —focus on in appointment of women, 395- LEGISLATION 397, 402 ‘advice and consent’ phrase in Bills, 111 —masculinity of, 405 nullity if found to be unconstitutional, 683 —meaning, 401 tax legislative process, 613-649 —Neave, Marcia, appointment to Victorian whether power in Crown to request Court of Appeal, 398, 406 amendments to Bill, 120 selection, 404 See also: Royal Assent United States system of appointments, 404 women LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY —appointment of 50 percent to Victorian philosophy of language in interpretation, 684, benches, 398, 399 685, 712 —numbers, 392 See also: Gender; High Court LOCKE, JOHN human rights discussion, 547, 551 JUDICIAL COMMENT tentative views, need to express carefully, MARX, KARL 179-181 human rights, opinion of, 549 See also: Apprehended Bias

MCCARTHYISM JUDICIAL REVIEW See: Anti-communism concept-conception distinction, 686-712 David Hicks’ claim against Attorney-General, 527-530 MAURICE BLACKBURN CASHMAN PTY LTD declaration of unconstitutionality of law, 683 See: Class Actions irrelevant considerations, 536-538 purpose of, 685 MENTAL ILLNESS theory derived from Marbury v Madison, 683- 712 effect on statutory illegality defence, 469

JURY MENZIES, ROBERT requirement of trial by, 198, 210, 213-220, ban on Communist Party, 50 705, 706 MICHIE, ATTORNEY-GENERAL KANT, IMMANUEL Bill not passed in required manner, 124 human rights discussion, 547, 551 removal of separate oath of office for Roman Catholics, 89, 93-104, 107-109, 115 KIRBY, JUSTICE dissenting judgments, 207 MIGRATION See: Immigration Law KORAN human rights discussion, 548 MILITARY TRIBUNALS jurisdiction, 205 2007] INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxxiii

United States Military Commission at Industry, reform calls, 360 Guantanamo Bay, 527-541 British Airways Flight Crew Order 608, 377 defensive training, 375, 376 MILL, JOHN STUART enforcement human rights discussion, 547 —deterrent effect of prosecutions, 361 —enforcement pyramid, 366, 367 MINING INDUSTRY —failure of, 368 Gretley disaster and inquiry, 359, 362, 374- —general deterrence, 368, 369 376, 384 —specific deterrence, 368 occupational health and safety industrial manslaughter, 360 —position on enforcement, 375, 376 negligence, 375 —prosecutions, 359-390 prosecutions See also: Occupational Health and Safety —circumstances justifying, 372-381 —counterproductivity, 372 MISLEADING AND DECEPTIVE —deterrence, 361, 366-371, 383-385 CONDUCT —‘event focus’, 381 class action by shareholders for, 8, 27 —fatalities, in event of, 365, 368, 383 —frequency of, 364 MORI, MICHAEL —Gretley disaster and inquiry, 359, 362, comments on human rights by, 555 374-376, 384 —harm, whether necessary, 381-383 NATIVE TITLE —limitations of pure compliance policy, concept of property in native title claims, 242- 371 244 —McCallum Committee, 382, 385 —mine managers, against, 360, 376 NATURAL JUSTICE —mining industry position, 375 See: Apprehended Bias —misuse of, 370, 372 —New South Wales practice, 363-365, 381, NEGLIGENCE 382 causation, 164 —past record, 377-379 contributory negligence, abolition of in UK —penalties, 374 and Canada, 484 —Queensland practice, 363, 365 Negligence Review Panel, 447, 473 —restorative justice, 387 occupational health and safety, 375 —retribution, appropriate level, 386 whether principal vicariously liable for acts of —risk, degree of, 377-379 contractor, 163-174 —Ritter Report, 363, 364, 368 See also: Vicarious Liability —role of, 372-381 vvictims, position of, 387 OATH OF OFFICE —Western Australian practice, 363, 364 amendment to, 93-95 shared responsibility, 361 legal basis for applicability in Victoria, 91, 92 requirement for separate oath for Roman O’SHANASSY, JOHN Catholics, 89-93 declaration of religious equality as Royal veto of Bill to simplify, 96-105 fundamental guarantee, 89, 93-95, 103, 104 knighthood, 116 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Australian Chamber of Commerce and PAINE, TOM xxxiv SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29 human rights discussion, 547 PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW See: Choice of Law PARLIAMENT ‘advice and consent’ phrase in Bills, 111 PRIVATIVE CLAUSE Bill not passed in required manner, 121 High Court consideration of, 232 Crown as constituent part of, 88 Duration of Parliament Bill, 120-130 PRIVY COUNCIL relationship of Australian courts to, 232 PASSING ON book review, 351 PROBLEM ORIENTED COURTS development of and applications, 423-430 PATENTS prohibition on patenting of human body and PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS biological processes, 241 See: Apprehended Bias

PETROV, VLADIMIR PROPERTY defection of, 53, 78 alienation right, 240, 242 characteristics of property, 244 PLATO copyright as property, 241 human rights discussion, 548 human body after death —application of principles to, 256-261 POLICE —characterisation of proprietary right, 245 assault conviction of officer, 512 —‘commodity’, 256 Industrial relations Commission, jurisdiction —custodianship, 257 to review dismissal, 513 —executors, rights of, 240 intersection between disciplinary and unfair —existing applications of principles, 240, dismissal provisions, 511 241 merits review of decision to terminate —indigenous property concepts, 256-261 employment, 513 —objection to concept, 243 nature of appointment, 516 —parents, rights of, 241 termination of appointment, 511-513 —preserved body, action for detinue, 238 unfair dismissal, 512 —preserved body parts, charge of theft, 238 —traditional legal view, 238, 241 POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION indigenous property concepts, 256-261 See: Coroner; Death; Human Body native title, recognition of, 244 nature of concept, 241 PRECEDENT patent as property, 241 effect of doctrine on minority judgments, 204, possessive individualism, 236, 237, 240-244 206, 209 special protection of property rights, 236 US Supreme Court, 198 Torrens system See also: High Court —knowing receipt, relationship with, 719- 723 PRISONERS See also: Human Body; Real Property constitutionality of disenfranchisement, 297- 319 See also: Vote PUBLIC COMPANIES See: Corporate Objective; Corporations Law 2007] INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxxv

See also: Constitutional Law; Human Rights PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW See: International Law ROMAN CATHOLICS separate oath of office for, 89, 93 RAWLS, JOHN theory of justice, 548 ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D ‘four freedoms’, 552 REAL PROPERTY Royal assent to Torrens system legislation, ROUSSEAU 105, 117 human rights discussion, 551

REFERENDUM ROYAL ASSENT constitutional change, 198 delay in, 85 to dissolve Communist Party and extend power disallowance by Imperial authorities over, 51, 52 —abolition of power, 87 —distinguished from refusal, 86 REFUGEES —exercise of, 87 class action by applicants on ‘Beagle’, 13 Governor’s power to refer legislation to off-shore processing of asylum seekers, 558 Queen, 87, 101 refusal or withholding of (Victoria) RELIGION admission by Queen that no religious equality separate oath of office for Roman Catholics, in colony as reason for, 102 89, 93 —assessment of veto, 105-120 treatment of body after death, 235-237, 247 —Bill not passed in required manner, 121, See also: Human Body 126 —Canada, in, 110, 112, 117-119 RESTITUTION —Duration of Parliament Bill, 120-130 book review, 351 —Ministerial advice to refuse, 86, 120 —Oaths of Office Bill, 89-120 RESTORATIVE JUSTICE —procedural errors, 120-130 development of and applications, 423-430, —reasons to veto, 109, 110, 121 438-442 United Kingdom, convention of British Constitution, 86 RIGHTS whether cures defects in Bill, 125 declaration of religious equality as fundamental guarantee, 89 RULE OF LAW due process, 184-186 interpretation of doctrine, 330, 331 Enlightenment’s thinkers, 548 expulsion, right of citizen to resist, 232 ST THOMAS AQUINAS ‘four freedoms’ of Franklin D Roosevelt, 552 human rights discussion, 548 guarantee of non-discrimination, 220, 221 impartial tribunal, fundamental right to, 179, SCHUMPETER, JOSEPH 186 democratic theory, 615 implied freedom of movement, 232 implied freedom to vote, 297-299 SECURITY individual liberty, 329 legislative reforms, 341-343 utilitarianism, 549 See also: Criminal Law; Terrorism xxxvi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

—Standing Tax Commission, call for, 647 SEDITION —status quo, preservation of, 642-644 See: Criminal Law —suppression of participation at all levels, 643 SHAREHOLDERS benefit theory of taxation, 622 class actions, restriction of groups of claimants Charles I and the ‘Glorious Revolution’, 613 to clients of law firm, 5-41 moral relativity, 621, 622 primacy of, 577 Ontario Fair Tax Commission, 643, 644 See also: Class Actions; Corporate Objective Ralph Review of Business Taxation, 647 reform processes SOUTH AFRICA —studies of, 633 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 425 —United Kingdom, 633, 634 —United States, 633, 634 SOVEREIGNTY voluntary compliance, 622 High Court consideration of, 232 TERRORISM STARE DECISIS Belfast in the 1970s, 546 See: High Court; Precedent Hicks, David, 527-541 human rights, effect on, 545, 556, 557 STATES AND TERRITORIES law reform, effect on, 337, 338, 341-343 Commonwealth-State relations, High Court new offences, 342, 346 consideration of, 232 providing material support to a terrorist High Court consideration of constitutional organisation, 527-541 matters, 233 powers of parliament, 233 THERAPEUTIC JURISPRUDENCE development of and applications, 423-430, STATUTORY INTERPRETATION 438-442 See: Interpretation TORRENS SYSTEM TAKEOVERS PANEL knowing receipt, relationship with, 719-723 See: Corporations Law TORT TAXATION LAW compensation, legislative restrictions on American revolutionaries, 614 —caps and thresholds for loss or earnings, Australian tax legislative process 458 —accountability, 630, 645-648 —gratuitous care, 458 —business lobbyists, 631 —increased discount rates, 458 —chaos of, 630, 635-644 —pain and suffering, 458 —elitism of Treasury officials, 631 —punitive damages, 459 —Huntington’s thesis, 637 contributory negligence, abolition of in UK —information, augmentation of, 647 and Canada, 484 —interest groups, 631, 637, 648 damages awarded to prisoners, 446 —literature, limits of, 632 duty of care, statutory definition, 476 —public interest, 631 ‘failure to exercise reasonable care’, 486 —reform, 644-648 good Samaritans, legislative defences, 448 —rhetorical devices within official illegality defence at common law discourse, 638-641 benefits of defence, 454-461 2007] INDEX OF SUBJECTS xxxvii criticisms of defence, 451-453 occupational health and safety prosecutions, damages linked to illegal conduct, 451 360 deterrence potential, 452 English position, 451 TRUSTS ex turpi causa non oritur actio, 448 conflict of duty and interest, 715 injury to plaintiff during joint illegal constructive trust, 714 enterprise, 488 knowing receipt legislation, effect of, 487 —High Court consideration of, 714-724 rationales for, 451-455 —requirement of knowledge, 716-719 sanction shifting actions, 455-457 —scope of doctrine, 723 unilateral illegal activity, 449, 450 —Torrens system, 719-723 whether abolished by statute, 489 wide scope, 451-461 UNITED STATES wrongful profiting, 458-461 Alford plea, 540 reforms, 446-448 constituency statutes, analogy with UK statutory defences of illegal act corporative objective legislation, 594-596 —acquittal, effect of, 469 ‘four freedoms’, 552 —apportionment legislation, 484 influence of precedent, 200 —Australian Capital Territory, 480, 481, Military Commission, 527-541 493 —common law defence, effect on, 487 UNJUST ENRICHMENT —comparative table, 493 book review, 351 —discretion to award damages, 476 inconsistency with equitable doctrines, 717 —joint illegal enterprises, 467 —loss of earnings, 469 VICARIOUS LIABILITY —New South Wales, 462-472, 493 agency —non-economic loss, 469 —limits of, 171, 172 —Northern Territory, 481, 482, 493 —use of, 168-170 —parliamentary debates, 447 ‘control’ test, 166 —plaintiff suffering mental illness, 469 distinction between employees and —Queensland, 472-477, 493 independent contractors, 163-174 —seriousness of plaintiff’s wrongdoing, employment relationship, features, 165-167 482 indicia test, 172-174 —South Australia, 477-479, 493 insurance company liable for slanders made by —suicide, 487 salesman, 168-170 —Tasmania, 479, 480, 493 negligence of service contractor in fixing refrigerator door, 164 —thresholds to application, 483 —United Kingdom, 490, 491 ‘organisation’ test, 166, 172 See also: Negligence; Vicarious Liability policy considerations to allow recovery, 169 rejection of widening of principle by Court of Appeal, 166 TORTURE ‘representative agent’, liability for, 163, 168 use in interrogation, 557 ‘totality of relationship’ test, 166

TRADE UNIONS VILLAWOOD DETENTION CENTRE industrial unrest by Communist leaders, 47-50, class action by refugee applicants, 13, 14 67-71 miners’ strike of 1949, 67 xxxviii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

VIOLENCE WAR CRIMES See: Domestic Violence See: International Law

VOTE WOMEN constitutional implied freedom, 297, 300, 302, access to legal profession, 393 305-310 human rights of, 561 disenfranchisement of convicted prisoners misogyny in Western religious and cultural —Canada, 297, 305, 310-312 tradition, 408-411 —European Union, 315 proportion of women in authoritative —international law, consideration of, 303, positions, 392 304 See also: Judges —legislation, 298 —proportionality, 318 —punishment, as, 316 —South Africa, 297, 305, 313-315 —United Kingdom, 305 —whether ‘reasonably appropriate or adapted’, 310, 316-319 European Union, whether right to vote, 305 guarantee, interpretation of, 702-705 ‘political expression’, whether, 297-299 See also: Constitutional Law 2007] TABLE OF STATUTES xxxix TABLE OF STATUTES

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY Australian Citizenship Act 1948, 222, 303 Civil Law (Wrongs) Act 2002, 652 Australian Securities Commission Act 1989 s94, 447, 480 s171, 497 s94(1), 481 s172, 508 s94(2), 481, 488 Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Classification (Publications, Films and Act 1904-1949, 60, 69 Computer Games) 1995 Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918, 270, 297 s9A, 558 s93(8AA), 298, 305-310, 315-319 Coroners Act 1997 s123(1)(a)(ii), 270 s13, 249 s126(2A), 270 s23(1), 255 s137(1)(b), 270 s72, 255 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution, 684 Crimes (Sentencing) Act 2005 Ch III, 203, 210, 266, 324, 335, 496, 500 s33, 430 s7, 271, 297-319, 553, 703 Transplantation and Anatomy Act 1978, 235 s24, 271, 297-319, 553, 703, 704 s25, 704 CANADA s51(i), 691 Charter of Rights and Freedoms s51(ii), 264, 277 s1, 311 s51(iii), 265 s3, 311, 312 s51(v), 710 Constitution Act 1867 s51(vi), 205 s56, 117 s51(xviii), 707 s90, 117 s51(xix), 221, 222, 707 COMMONWEALTH s51(xx), 210, 211 Acts Interpretation Act 1901 s51(xxi), 199, 202, 228, 693 s13(1), 344 s51(xxiiiA), 197 s15A, 496 s51(xxvi), 267, 269 Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) s51(xxix), 202, 205, 206, 321, 322, 324, Act 1977 337, 707 s3, 500 s51(xxxi), 60, 204, 708 s5, 500 s51(xxxix), 56, 58 Affirmative Action (Equal Opportunity for s52(i), 273 Women in the Workplace) Act 1986, s61, 58 407 s71, 500 Anti-Terrorism Act (No 2) 2005 s75, 338, 500 Schedule 7, 342 s80, 198, 202, 210, 214-219, 229, 705, 706 Australia Act 1986 s81, 197 s7(1), 116 s90, 202, 207, 210, 211 s7(4), 87 s92, 56, 203, 209, 228, 265, 277, 285, 292 s7(5), 113, 119 s99, 265, 271, 273-276, 279-287, 291 s8, 87 s102, 264 s9(2), 87 s109, 202 xl SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

s116, 709 s610, 498 s117, 221, 265, 284, 286, 287, 292-294 s611 item 1, 498 s118, 202, 210, 211 s655A, 497 s122, 202, 228 s656A, 497 s128, 198, 704 s656B, 497 Commonwealth Places (Mirror Taxes) Act s657A(1), 496, 498 1998, 273, 274, 276, 280, 294 s657A(2)(a), 496, 498, 499, 508 Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950, 43-46 s657A(2)(b), 496, 498, 499, 508 Preamble, 45-49 s657C(2), 497 s3, 54 s657D, 506 s4, 53, 59, 61 s657EA, 497 s5, 54, 58-61 s657F, 503 s5(2), 58, 59 s657G, 503 s5(4), 57, 58, 60 s659B, 503 s7, 54 s659C, 503 s9, 54, 58-61 s659AA, 497 s9(2), 58, 59 s659C, 500, 503 s9(4), 57, 58, 60 Corporations Law s10, 54 s732, 497 Corporate Law Economic Reform Program s733, 497 Act 1999 Crimes Act 1914, 62, 213 Sched 1, Item 5, 497 Pt IIA, 46, 55, 83 Corporations Act 1989 s4AA, 503 s104, 503 ss24A-24F, 343, 347 s734, 503, 506 s24A(1), 79 s736, 503 s24A(1)(b), 63 s1311(1)(b), 503 s24A(1)(g), 63, 64 s1312, 503 s30AA, 49 Sched 3, Item 212, 503 s30K, 74, 75 Corporations Act 2001 Criminal Code Act 1995, 537 Chapter 6, 497, 499 Criminal Code Schedule, Divn 80, 344, 348 Part 2F.1A, 607 Criminal Code Schedule, s80.2, 342, 348 s9 ‘takeover bid’, 498 Equal Opportunity for Women in the s12(2), 498 Workplace Act 1999, 407 s203C, 609 Extradition Act 1988 s203D, 609 Part II, 321 s237(3), 608 s7, 323 s237(4), 608 s7(c), 323, 331 s433, 187 s11(5)(b), 232 s555, 187 s12, 322 s556, 187 s15, 322 s561, 187 s19, 322, 338 s602, 497-499, 508 s19(2), 328 s602A, 499 s19(2)(d), 331 s606, 496, 498 s19(5), 323, 334, 335 s608(1), 498 s21, 327 2007] TABLE OF STATUTES xli

s22(3)(f), 323 s33N, 8, 28 Family Law Act 1975 s33Q, 7 Part VII Div 12A, 134, 156, 157 s33R, 7 s4(1), 154 s33V, 19 s60B, 133, 134, 152, 156 s33ZB, 28 s60B(1)(b), 151 s43(1A), 7 s60B(2)(b), 132, 150, 161 Freedom of Information Act 1982 s60CA, 151, 152 s3, 616 s60CC, 152, 155 Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 s60CC(2)(b), 151 SubDiv 61-J, 646 s60CC(3)(a), 159 s8-1, 643 s60CC(3)(c), 131, 151, 153, 158 Judiciary Act 1903 s60CC(4), 132, 151, 153 s39B, 338, 500 s60CC(4)(b), 153 National Emergency (Coal Strike) Act 1949, s60CC(4A), 153 51, 67, 68, 82, 84 s61C, 133 Patents Act 1900 s61DA, 131, 151, 155 s18(2), 241 s63DA, 155 Pharmaceutical Benefits Act 1944, 197 s65DAA, 151, 155 Treasury Legislation Amendment (Application of Criminal Code) Act s65E, 133 (No 3) 2001 s68F, 133, 134 s3, 503 s68F(2)(h), 132, 161 Sched 1, Item 230, 503 s68LA, 159 World Heritage Properties Conservation Act s69ZN, 157 1983, 211 s69ZQ, 157 s69ZS, 157 ENGLAND/UNITED KINGDOM/ s112AD, 143 IMPERIAL s117AB, 154 1 Geo I Stat 2, c13 (1714) s118, 140 s1, 90 s121, 135 33 Geo III, c21 Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental s7, 91 Responsibility) Act 2006, 131-133 9 Geo IV, c17 (1828) Family Law Reform Act 1995, 132-134, 149, s2, 90 160 9 Geo IV, c83 (Australian Courts Act 1828) Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 s24, 90 Part IVA, 5-7, 13, 23 10 Geo IV, c7 (Roman Catholic Relief Act s31A, 528 1829) s33A, 25 s2, 90-93, 102, 108 s33C, 13, 24, 26 5 & 6 Vic, c76 (Australian Constitutions Act s33C(1), 7, 16 1842) s33E, 25, 26 s31, 88 s33H, 7, 13 14 & 15 Vic, c59 (Australian Constitutions Act s33J, 28 1850) s33K, 13, 21 s12, 88 s33L, 8 18 & 19 Vic, c55 (Victorian Constitution Act s33M, 8 1855) xlii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

s1, 88, 111 s178(2), 608 s3, 88 s260(2), 607 s32, 91 s260(3), 607, 608 Schedule 1, 88 s261, 608 21 & 22 Vic, c48 (1858), 102 s261(2), 608 21 & 22 Vic, c49 (1858), 102 s263(2), 608 26 & 27 Vict, c84 (Colonial Acts Confirmation s263(3), 608 Act 1863), 125 s303, 609 63 & 64 Vict, c12 (Commonwealth of s417, 603 Australia Constitution Act 1900) s417(2), 603 s9, 263 s417(5), 604 Anatomy Act 1832, 239, 240 Compensation Act 2006, 491, 492 Australia Act 1986 Criminal Justice Act 2003 s7(1), 116 s7(4), 87 s329, 491 s7(5), 113, 119 Extradition Act 1870, 332 s8, 87 Government of Ireland Act 1914, 110 s9(2), 87 Human Rights Act 1998, 548 Australian Constitutions Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vic, Insolvency Act 1986 c76) s175, 187, 190 s31, 88 s214, 610 Australian Constitutions Act 1850 (14 & 15 s251, 187 Vic, c59) Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act s12, 88 1945, 484-486 Australian Courts Act 1828 (9 Geo IV, c83) Lord Campbell’s Act, 451 s24, 90 Magna Carta, 329, 551 Bill of Rights Act 1688 Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, 558 s5, 111 Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 (10 Geo IV, Colonial Acts Confirmation Act 1863 (26 & 27 c7) Vict, c84), 125 s2, 90-93, 102, 108 Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, 239 Statute of Westminster 1931, 119 Colonies Evidence Act 1843 (6 & 7 Vict) Suspensory Act 1914, 110 s1, 92 Victorian Constitution Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vic Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act c55) 1900 (63 & 64 Vict, c12) s1, 88, 111 s9, 263 s3, 88 Companies Act 1862, 588 s32, 91 Companies Act 1985 Schedule 1, 88 s309, 593, 607 Welsh Church Act 1914, 110 Companies Act 2006, 589 s168, 609 EUROPEAN UNION ss171-177, 608 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the s172, 579, 592, 601 European Union 2000, 552 s172(1), 577, 591-601, 605-611 s172(1)(a)-(f), 609 FRANCE s172(1)(b), 593 Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du s172(1)(c), 593 citoyen, 547, 552 s172(3), 593, 594 Art 2, 547 2007] TABLE OF STATUTES xliii

NEW SOUTH WALES ss29-35, 679, 680 10 Geo IV, No 9, 90 s30(1), 680 Civil Liability Act 2002, 446, 464 s31(4), 680 Part 2A, 446 s32(1), 680 Part 8, 448 Defamation Act 2005, 652 s3, 469 s4, 680 s3A(1), 468, 490 s6(3), 652 s3B(1)(a)(ii), 467 s7, 653 s33, 471 s9, 654 ss52-54A, 466, 467 ss12-19, 653 s53, 471 s24(1), 654, 673 s54, 447, 462-469, 479, 481, 487, 489 s25, 654, 673 s54(2), 465-467 s26, 654, 665 s54(4), 488 ss27-30, 654 s54(5), 468, 469 s30, 665 s54A, 447, 469-472, 488 s31, 676, 679 Coal Mine Health and Safety Act 1999 s31(1)-(6), 680 s37, 385 ss32-33, 654 Coroners Act 1980 s35, 653 s13, 249 s37, 653 s48A, 254 Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 Crimes Act 1900 Part 2, 463 s4(1), 463 Environmental Planning and Assessment Act s23A, 469 1979 s24, 469 Part 3A, 726 s81C, 247 s75B(2), 727 s99, 176 s75F(5), 727 s140, 463 s75H(1), 727 s418, 466, 467 s75I(2)(a), 727 s421, 469 s75W, 731 s513, 463 Felons (Civil Proceedings) Act 1981, 446 ss520-521A, 463 Human Tissue Act 1983, 235 s545C, 76 Inheritance Act 1901 s556A, 74 s16, 446 Criminal Appeal Act 1912, 383 Mental Health (Criminal Procedure) Act 1990 s6(1), 184 s14, 468 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 s38(1), 464 Ch 7, Part 4, 430 s39, 464 s179(1), 468 Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000, 383 s348, 421 s26(1), 383 Defamation Act 1974, 652, 659, 662, 667 Occupational Health and Safety Amendment s7A, 655, 665, 671 (Workplace Deaths) Act 2005, 360, 382, 383 s9, 671 Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 s9(2), 674 s16, 463 s16, 659 Public Parks Act 1912, 77 s22, 665 xliv SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

Real Property Act 1900, 720 Criminal Code Act 1899 s42(1), 721 s6, 472-477, 483, 487, 488, 490 Summary Offences Act 1988 s6(2), 473 s10A, 463 s7(5), 473 Trustee Act 1925 Schedule, s119B, 399 s100, 446 Schedule, s236, 247 Schedule, s374, 708 NEW ZEALAND Schedule, s651, 474 Elections Act, 318 Defamation Act 1889 s4, 664 NORTHERN TERRITORY s8, 664 Cemeteries Act Defamation Act 2005, 652 s18, 240 s4, 664 Coroners Act 1993 s6, 664 s12, 249 s8, 664 s13, 249 Juvenile Justice Act 1992 s22, 255 s150(1)(g), 430 Defamation Act 2006, 652 Penalties and Sentences Act 1992, 416 Human Tissue Transplant Act 1979, 235 s9(2)(o), 430 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act s9(7), 430 2001 s9(8), 430 s10A, 482 s12, 474 Personal Injuries (Liabilities and Damages) Transplantation and Anatomy Act 1979, 235 Act 2003 s10, 447, 481, 482 SOUTH AFRICA s10(2), 488 Constitution Sentencing Act 2005 s19(3)(a), 313 s104A, 430 s36(1), 313 s36, 314 QUEENSLAND Electoral Act, 315 Civil Liability Act 2003 s7(2), 477, 490 SOUTH AUSTRALIA s9(2), 476 Civil Liability Act 1936 s17(1), 476 s43, 447, 477 s45, 447, 472-480, 483, 489, 490 s43(1), 478 s45(1), 476 s43(2), 481, 488 s45(2), 476, 488 s43(3), 479 s45(4), 475 s43(4)(c), 490 s45(5), 474 Coroners Act 2003 ss47-49, 477 s21, 249 Coal Mining Safety and Health Act 1999 Cremation Act 2000 s33, 385 s7, 240 Coroners Act 2003 Criminal Law (Sentencing) Act 1988 s19, 249 s3A, 430 Cremations Act 2003 s9C, 430 s7, 240 Defamation Act 2005, 652 2007] TABLE OF STATUTES xlv

Evidence Act 1929 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure s34A, 479 Rule 23(c), 26 Fair Work Act 1994, 511 Rule 23(g)(2)(C), 40 Industrial and Employees Relations Act 1994, Military Commissions Act 2006, 527, 528, 511, 520 540, 556 s106, 521 United States Declaration of Independence s108, 521, 523 1776, 552 s109(1), 513 Law Reform (Ipp Recommendations) Act VICTORIA 2004, 477, 479 17 Vict No 11 (1854), 92 Police Act 1998, 511 Act No 1 (1857) s5, 518 s3, 88 s6, 518, 520 Act No 22 (1857) s7, 520 s 10, 88 s10(2), 520-522 Act No 89, 120 s40, 518, 520 Act No 91, 124 s40(1), 513, 514, 518-521, 523 Act No 207 (1864), 126 s48, 513, 520, 522, 523 Attorney-General and Solicitor-General Act Police (Complaints and Disciplinary 1972 Proceedings) Act 1985 s4(2), 123 s46(2), 512 Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Real Property Act 1858, 105 Act 2006, 571 Transplantation and Anatomy Act 1983, 235 s14, 105 s19(1), 105 TASMANIA s38(4), 105 Civil Liability Act 2002 s38(5), 105 s3A(2), 490 Children and Young Persons Act 1989 s3A(5), 473 s8, 430 s6, 479 ss16A-16D s6(1)(a), 489 s27A, 430 Coroners Act 1995 s280BA, 430 s19, 249 Sched 3, item 27, 430 Criminal Code Act 1924 Constitution Act s18, 480 s1, 88, 111 Schedule 1, s185, 708 s10, 121 Defamation Act 2005, 652 s19, 120 Human Tissue Act 1985, 235 s32, 91 Police Offences Act 1935 s36, 97 s14B(2)(b), 480 s53, 89 s60, 120-129 UNITED STATES s61, 121, 123, 124 Bill of Rights, 686, 690 Schedule C, 91 Class Proceedings Act SA 2003, c C-16.5 Constitution Act 1975 s17(1)(a), 27 s14, 120 Constitution of the United States s15, 88 Fourth Amendment, 334 s16, 111 s87E, 111 xlvi SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29

Coroners Act 1985 s34, 24 s3, 249 s35, 24 s15, 249 s35(2)(a), 25 ss27-29, 252 s35(3), 25 Crimes Act 1958 Wrongs Act 1958 s34B, 247 s14G(2), 447 Defamation Act 2005, 652 Discharged Servicemen’s Preference Act 1943 WESTERN AUSTRALIA s10, 515 Coroners Act 1996 Human Tissue Act 1982, 235 s17, 249 Imperial Acts Application Act 1980 Cremation Act 1929 s3, 111 s8A(b), 240 s8, 111 Criminal Code Magistrates’ Court Act 1989 s214, 247 ss4A-4G, 430 Criminal Code Compilation Act 1913 s4F(1)(c), 421 Appendix B, Sched, s325, 708 s16(1A), 430 Defamation Act 2005, 652 s17A, 430 Human Tissue and Transplant Act 1982, 235, Sched 8, item 28, 430 249 Oaths of Office Act 1859, 105, 120, 127 s25, 249, 250 Public Service Act 1890 Magistrates Court Act 2004 Part V, 105 s24, 430 s2, 105 Sentencing Act 1995 Schedule 1, 105 s7(2)(a), 271 Schedules 9-11, 105 Public Service Act 1946 s32, 515 Real Property Act 1862, 117 Solicitor-General Act 1951 s2, 123 Supreme Court Act 1986 Part 4A, 6 s33A, 25 s33C, 13, 24, 26 s33C(1), 7, 16 s33E, 25, 26 s33H, 7, 13 s33K, 13, 21 s33L, 8 s33M, 8 s33N, 8, 28 s33Q, 7 s33R, 7 s33V, 19 s33ZB, 28 s33ZD, 7 2007] TABLE OF STATUTES xlvii TABLE OF TREATIES

1794 Treaty of Amity, Commerce and 1985 Termination of Employment Navigation (‘Anglo-American Convention, 512, 518 Extradition Treaty’), 330 Art 4, 519 Art 9, 519 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 331, 547, 548, 552, 560 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 552, 566 1945 United Nations Charter Art 1(3), 560 2004 Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe, 552 1953 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Freedoms (‘European Convention on Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 570 Human Rights’), 331 Model Treaty on Extradition, 336 Art 3(P1), 305, 310, 315 Art 5(f), 336

1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Optional Protocol, 186, 303, 331, 554 Art 3, 561 Art 9, 336 Art 25, 304 Art 40(4), 304 xlviii SYDNEY LAW REVIEW [VOLUME 29