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The Effect of Air Drying and Extraction Methods on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Geranium (Pelargonium Graveolens L.'Hér) Essential Oils

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The Effect of Air Drying and Extraction Methods on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Geranium (Pelargonium Graveolens L.'Hér) Essential Oils American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry 2021; 5(1): 17-21 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajaic doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20210501.13 The Effect of Air Drying and Extraction Methods on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.'Hér) Essential Oils Ahmed Mohamed Abouelatta 1, *, Attia Youssef Keratum 2, Sahar Ibrahim Ahmed 2, Hisham Moustafa El-Zun 1 1Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt 2Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-sheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt Email address: *Corresponding author To cite this article: Ahmed Mohamed Abouelatta, Attia Youssef Keratum, Sahar Ibrahim Ahmed, Hisham Moustafa El-Zun. The Effect of Air Drying and Extraction Methods on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens L.'Hér) Essential Oils. American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry . Vol. 5, No. 1, 2021, pp. 17-21. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20210501.13 Received : March 6, 2021; Accepted : March 18, 2021; Published : April 7, 2021 Abstract: Geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens ) is an economical plant in Egypt, Three methods of extraction (steam distillation, solvent extraction, and hydrodistillation, respectively) were used to extract geranium essential oils from geranium herb. Three types of geranium essential oils (geranium oil, geranium absolute and geranium stripping oil) were extracted with the three different methods. The oil extracted with direct steam distillation is geranium oil was light green with a density of 0.889 g/ml, oil obtained from hydro distillation was geranium sreipping oil which was brownish with a density of 0.903 g/ml. while geranium stripping oil obtained with solvent extraction method was geranium absolute which was dark green with a density of 0.911 g/ml. Geranium herb were air dried for (0, 12, 24 and 48 h). All essential oils obtained were analyzed by Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Chromatographic analysis of the geranium essential oils demonstrated that citronellol is the main constituent, accounting 29.70%, 31.80% and 18.30% of geranium oil, geranium stripping oil and geranium absolute, respectively. Air drying had a significant effect on geranium oil and geranium stripping oil, for example for geranium oil citronellol percentages were 31.22, 21.20, 28.66 and 35.40 at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h. while geraniol percentages were 9.65, 5.28, 7.85 and 12.43 at same times. For geranium absolute oil air drying had no significant effect on the chemical composition of geranium absolute oil. Air drying had a significant effect on oil obtained from hydrodistillatin method, for example citronellol percentages were 26.44, 28.15, 31.85 and 29.92. Keywords: Geranium Oil, Geranium Absolute, Geranium Stripping Oil, Chemical Composition, Essential Oils, Air Drying supposedly pose little threat to the environment or to human 1. Introduction health [18, 10]. Moreover, their local availability, rapid Geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens , Fam. Geraniaceae) is degradation in the environment and low mammalian toxicity an economic plant in Egypt, especially in the Beni-Sweif are a few advantages of the use of essential oils as cost- governorate. Egypt is the country with the largest scale of effective control agents [11, 14, 9]. Many aromatic plant geranium production, followed by China and Morocco [4]. species are indigenous to Egypt; however, the insecticidal Essential oils are products of secondary metabolism in plants. activities of their essential oils have rarely been studied. These oils have strong aromatic components that give a plant Most essential oil chemicals are relatively non-toxic to its distinctive odor, flavor, or scent [13] . EOs and their major mammals and fish in toxicological tests, and meet the criteria chemical constituents have become the subject of various for “reduced risk” pesticides. Some of these oils and their investigations aiming to evaluate the potential of these constituent chemicals are widely used as flavoring agents in compounds for insecticidal properties because they foods and beverages and are even exempt from pesticide registration [13]. The essential oil of Geranium sylvaticum L. 18 Ahmed Mohamed Abouelatta et al. : The Effect of Air Drying and Extraction Methods on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Geranium ( Pelargonium graveolens L.'Hér) Essential Oils (Geraniaceae) was isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) and treatment filtered twice and kept in the fridge till analyzation. microwave distillation (MD). The composition of the volatile oils was characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of 73 2.3.1. Geranium Oil and 70 compounds were identified, constituting over 90.3% Geranium oil obtained from the geranium herb ( P. and 98.7% of oil composition of G. sylvaticum, respectively. graveolens ) which was dried in air for 24 h., 1.5 ton were Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were shown to be the main loaded in a still (3000 L 3 capacity), direct water steam passed group of constituents (HD: 31.7% and MD: 39.8%). The through the herb inside the still at 120 C o and under pressure major component of the oils of G. sylvaticum was γ - 1.5 bar for 1.5 h to a condenser that using cold water to muurolene (HD: 10.9% and MD: 19.6%). The comparative condense the steam which carrying oil inside according to [7]. study showed that the amount of total volatiles (98.7%) and After distillation oil separated from water by a glass separator, the major constituent (39.8%) were better in the MD of G. the oil obtained was filtered twice and kept in the fridge. sylvaticum [12]. Pelargonium graveolens essential oil was 2.3.2. Geranium Absolute Oil extracted from dried leaves by a clevenger apparatus and the Geranium absolute oil obtained from the geranium herb composition of this essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. which was dried in the air for 24 h, one-ton were loaded in a The main results showed that P. graveolens essential oil was still (5000 L 3 capacity), extraction was carried out using characterized by the predominance of two compounds: solvent (hexane), 3000 L of hexane added to the herb inside citronellol and geraniol with respective amounts of 27.53 and the still and covered all the herb with hexane for two hours, 25.85%. In addition to that, P. graveolens essential oil was then hexane withdrawn for concentration step till 50 L with characterized by the predominance of oxygenated greenish color. The previous process was repeated two times monoterpenes (70.64%) which were followed by with different soaking times 2 and 12 h, respectively. All sesquiterpenes (11.88%), acids (1.76%) and hydrocarbon used hexane pumped to primary concentration apparatus. monoterpenes (2.02%). Other compounds were detected with Concentrated hexane (150 L) left for 12 hours to be cooled an amount of 11.83% [15]. The extraction method had an then filtered on filter paper. The filtered concentrated solvent effect on the chemical composition of essential oils obtained pumped to the final concentration to remove all the solvent from P. graveolens herb in Egypt , [2]. Air drying had an and have the concrete (which contains absolute and wax) effect on the yield and chemical composition of P. graveolens under temperature 50 C° and vacuum -1 bar. After 24 h the essential oil, zero time directly after harvesting, after 1, 2, 3, concrete dissolve in ethyl alcohol 99% purity undercooling 4, 5 and 6 days from harvesting were studied [8]. and filtered for 5 times to make sure that all the wax had been completely removed then all the solvent (ethyl alcohol 2. Materials and Methods which contains absolute) sent to the final concentration apparatus at 70 C o and vacuum -1 bar alcohol will be 2.1. Plant Materials removed to have only absolute, [7]. Absolute obtained was Geranium herb, Pelergonium graveolens L'Hér, (Fam. filtered twice using filter paper and kept in the fridge. Geraniacae), grown in Regwa (62 km far from Cairo, Egypt) 2.3.3. Geranium Stripping Oil was harvested after 180 days from plantation within the Geranium stripping oil isolated from the wastewater summer of 2017 and air-dried. obtained during the distillation of geranium herbs by direct 2.2. Extraction Techniques steam distillation (during producing geranium oil). Instead of throwing this water to waste water, water pumped to Geranium herb, P. graveolens L'Hér, (Fam. Geraniacae), stripping column (which is an especial apparatus of Hashem grown in Regwa (62 km far from Cairo) Egypt were Brothers Company), with hydrodistillation of this water and harvested after 180 days from plantation within the summer after one hour, oil separated from water with a glass separator, of 2017 and air-dried. The extraction of crude geranium the oil obtained filtered twice using filter paper and kept in essential oils was carried out in Hashem Brothers Company the fridge. for Essential Oils and Aromatic Products (69 Abdel Moneim Riad St., Giza, Egypt). The obtained oil was filtrated twice 2.4. GC-MS Analysis and maintained in the refrigerator until use. According to (Swigar and Silverstein, 1981) and (Adams, 2.3. The Effect of Air Drying on Geranium Oils 1995) the constituents of essential oils for each test plant were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry According to Hamouda (2013) the herb of P. graveolens L. (GC/MS) using the model (HP5890) made in the USA Herit. was harvested from the field in Regwa (62 km far from system with an HP column (60-meter x 0.25 millimeter, 0.25 Cairo, Egypt) in summer of 2017 [8]. Samples were taken at µm film thickness) (HP-5ms). The initial temperature was the mature stage (after 180 days from plantation) for 60 °C and the maximum temperature was 250°C for 65.3 min.
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