DOCSLIB.ORG

Vertical Transmission of Mycoplasma Haemolamae in Alpacas (Vicugna Pacos)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vertical Transmission of Mycoplasma Haemolamae in Alpacas (Vicugna Pacos) Vertical transmission of Mycoplasma haemolamae in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rebecca Lynne Pentecost, D.V.M, B.S. Graduate Program in Comparative and Veterinary Medicine The Ohio State University 2012 Thesis Committee: Jeffrey Lakritz, Advisor Antoinette E. Marsh Andrew J. Niehaus Joshua Daniels Paivi Rajala-Schultz Copyright by Rebecca Lynne Pentecost 2012 Abstract Mycoplasma haemolamae is a parasite with tropism for the red blood cells of alpacas, llamas, and guanacos. Transmission of the parasite likely occurs via an insect vector although the vector has not been elucidated to date. Transmission via blood transfusion has been demonstrated experimentally. In utero infection has been suggested and later demonstrated in a limited number of cases (n≤5). The purpose of this study was to 1) determine the frequency of vertical transmission of Mycoplasma haemolamae from dam to cria; 2) determine whether colostral transmission of M. haemolamae occurs; and 3) provide preliminary data on colostral M. haemolamae specific antibody from pregnant alpacas on a farm with known prevalence of infection. Mycoplasma haemolamae specific PCR was performed on blood and colostrum from pregnant alpacas and their cria (n=52 pairs). Indirect fluorescent antibody testing was performed on a subset (n=43) of these colostrum samples. Total immunoglobulin concentrations of colostrum and cria sera and M. haemolamae specific IgG (prior to and after ingesting colostrum) were determined by turbidometric immunoassay and indirect fluorescence antibody testing, respectively. Sixteen of 52 dams (30.7%) pre-partum and one of 52 cria post-partum (1.9%; prior to ingestion of colostrum) were PCR positive for M. haemolamae, while 36/52 dams (69%) and 51/52 cria (98%) tested negative for M. haemolamae by PCR. All 43 colostrum samples and 52 of 52 post colostrum cria blood samples (100%) were negative by PCR. The dam giving birth to the M. haemolamae PCR positive cria was PCR negative. Statistically, it was no more likely for a PCR ii positive dam to give birth to a M. haemolamae, PCR positive cria (prior to colostrum ingestion) than a PCR negative dam (p=0.3077). M. haemolamae specific IgG was detectable in 22 of 43 (51%) of colostrum samples at a 1:10 dilution and 14 of the 22 positive 1:10 dilution samples (32.6% of the total samples) at a 1:100 dilution. There was no relationship between the PCR status of the dam and whether or not M. haemolamae specific antibodies were present in colostrum. Among the animals tested, in utero transmission of M. haemolamae was rare (1/52 pre-colostral alpaca cria), and all colostrum samples were negative for M. haemolamae by PCR. These data indicate that colostrum from positive dams is unlikely to harbor this parasite and therefore does not serve as a source of infection to newborn cria. Colostrum derived from both PCR positive and negative dams contained M. haemolamae specific antibodies. Our findings suggest that M. haemolamae specific antibodies may play a role in immunity to this hemoparasite; however, challenge studies are necessary to fully evaluate the role of M. haemolamae specific antibodies. Furthermore, antibody prevalence and detectable titers may provide different estimates than those available from current PCR based prevalence studies. Our findings also confirm that M. haemolamae isolates from geographically distinct regions do not differ significantly from each other. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Lakritz for his guidance with this project as well as with my other clinical and academic endeavors. I thank Dr. Marsh for her patience, encouragement, and guidance in the laboratory, and more specifically for her numerous hours of explanation and troubleshooting during the early days of the project. I also wish to thank Dr. Daniels and Dr. Rajala-Schultz for their assistance and expertise with this project. I would like to thank Dr. Niehaus for his patience, encouragement, and friendship throughout this project and my residency program. I also wish to thank Dr. Rings and the other house officers and staff of the Food Animal Medicine and Surgery section for their support throughout my residency. In addition, I would like to thank Drs. Jane E. Sykes, Ziv Raviv, and Amy Wetzel for providing DNA samples used in this study. As always, I thank my family for their ongoing love and support throughout my academic career and with the other trials and triumphs of life. iv Vita June 2001…………………………………………………………..Chillicothe High School, Chillicothe, OH 2004…………………………………………………………………..B.S., The Ohio State University 2008…………………………………………………………………..D.V.M., The Ohio State University 2008-2009………………………………………………………….Intern, Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery, The Ohio State University 2009-2012………………………………………………………….Resident, Farm Animal Surgery, The Ohio State University Publications Pentecost RL, Marsh AE, Niehaus AJ, Daleccio J, Daniels, JB, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Lakrtiz, J. Vertical transmission of Mycoplasma haemolamae in alpacas (Vicugna pacos). Small Ruminant Research. Published online March 2012. Pentecost RL, Niehaus AJ, Santschi EM. Arthroscopic approach and intraarticular anatomy of the stifle in South American camelids. Veterinary Surgery. Published online March 2012. Lin TY, Hamberg A, Pentecost R, Wellman M, Stromberg P. Mast cell tumors in a llama (Lama glama. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2010 Sep; 22(5): 808-11. Fields of Study Major Field: Comparative and Veterinary Medicine v Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iv Vita……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..v List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…....vii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………viii Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2: Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………………………4 Chapter 3: Vertical Transmission of Mycoplasma haemolamae in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)….…..17 References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38 Appendix A: Tables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………44 Appendix B: Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..48 vi List of Tables Table 1. Primer sets, amplicon sizes and sequences used in the study……………………………………..44 Table 2. Number of Mycoplasma haemolamae PCR positive and PCR negative dams, PCR positive and negative crias immediately after birth, PCR positive and negative colostrum samples and post-colostral testing of crias……………………………………………………………………………………………..45 Table 3. Number and percentage of Mycoplasma haemolamae PCR positive and negative dams by age, colostral IgG concentrations by age and colostral M. haemolamae specific IgG by IFAT (at 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..46 Table 4. Colostral antibody presence and absence in Mycoplasma haemolamae PCR positive and negative dams included in this study………………………………………………………………………………….47 vii List of Figures Figure 1. Ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel showing M. haemolamae specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of approximately 415 base pairs, as sized by molecular size markers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….48 Figure 2. Representative images of IFA slide wells showing the absence (left) and presence (right) of antibodies to M. haemolamae in colostrum from subjects included in this study………49 viii Chapter 1: Introduction Mycoplasma haemolamae, a member of the hemoplasmas within the family Mycoplasmataceae, has the potential to impact the camelid industry by creating chronically infected individuals that show no signs of disease, or animals with chronic, insidious disease with signs of disease including weight loss and inappetance.1 Finally, overt clinical signs of disease are generally observed in juvenile or geriatric, stressed or immunocompromised individuals and can include collapse or recumbency associated with anemia and occasionally hypoglycemia.1-4 The widespread geographical distribution of the organism makes this blood parasite of interest for clinicians and researchers worldwide. Prevalence rates determined using PCR based assays vary between study and geographic regions with a range of 9.3-19.3% for camelids in South America, and a prevalence of 18.6% of the overall population with nearly 40% of tested herds having at least one positive animal in Switzerland.5,6 Diagnosis was originally dependent on cytologic evaluation of blood smears, but more recent advances have produced molecular (PCR) based testing for Mycoplasma haemolamae. These PCR assays reportedly enable accurate identification of infected individuals regardless of the presence of clinical signs.2,5,7 PCR tests have also been used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment and to confirm the presence of the parasite in cases where immunosuppression or immunodeficiency, either as a primary process or secondary to concurrent disease, complicated diagnosis and treatment of the affected individual.2,5,7 Additionally, evaluating potential 1 genomic variations within the hyper-variable region of organisms from geographically distinct regions allows for improved understanding of the organism’s potential for virulence as well as for improved PCR based diagnostics. The emergence of clinical reports detailing potential spread from infected dams to naïve
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Camelids: New Players in the International Animal Production Context
    Tropical Animal Health and Production (2020) 52:903–913 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02197-2 REVIEWS Camelids: new players in the international animal production context Mousa Zarrin1 & José L. Riveros2 & Amir Ahmadpour1,3 & André M. de Almeida4 & Gaukhar Konuspayeva5 & Einar Vargas- Bello-Pérez6 & Bernard Faye7 & Lorenzo E. Hernández-Castellano8 Received: 30 October 2019 /Accepted: 22 December 2019 /Published online: 2 January 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract The Camelidae family comprises the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), and four species of South American camelids: llama (Lama glama),alpaca(Lama pacos)guanaco(Lama guanicoe), and vicuña (Vicugna vicugna). The main characteristic of these species is their ability to cope with either hard climatic conditions like those found in arid regions (Bactrian and dromedary camels) or high-altitude landscapes like those found in South America (South American camelids). Because of such interesting physiological and adaptive traits, the interest for these animals as livestock species has increased considerably over the last years. In general, the main animal products obtained from these animals are meat, milk, and hair fiber, although they are also used for races and work among other activities. In the near future, climate change will likely decrease agricultural areas for animal production worldwide, particularly in the tropics and subtropics where competition with crops for human consumption is a major problem already. In such conditions, extensive animal production could be limited in some extent to semi-arid rangelands, subjected to periodical draughts and erratic patterns of rainfall, severely affecting conventional livestock production, namely cattle and sheep.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Properties of the Enzyme from Mycoplasma Suis
    Hoelzle et al. BMC Microbiology 2010, 10:194 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/10/194 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Inorganic pyrophosphatase in uncultivable hemotrophic mycoplasmas: identification and properties of the enzyme from Mycoplasma suis Katharina Hoelzle*, Simone Peter, Michele Sidler, Manuela M Kramer, Max M Wittenbrink, Kathrin M Felder, Ludwig E Hoelzle Abstract Background: Mycoplasma suis belongs to a group of highly specialized hemotrophic bacteria that attach to the surface of host erythrocytes. Hemotrophic mycoplasmas are uncultivable and the genomes are not sequenced so far. Therefore, there is a need for the clarification of essential metabolic pathways which could be crucial barriers for the establishment of an in vitro cultivation system for these veterinary significant bacteria. Inorganic pyrophosphatases (PPase) are important enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate PPi to inorganic phosphate Pi. PPases are essential and ubiquitous metal-dependent enzymes providing a thermo- dynamic pull for many biosynthetic reactions. Here, we describe the identification, recombinant production and characterization of the soluble (s)PPase of Mycoplasma suis. Results: Screening of genomic M. suis libraries was used to identify a gene encoding the M. suis inorganic pyrophosphatase (sPPase). The M. suis sPPase consists of 164 amino acids with a molecular mass of 20 kDa. The highest identity of 63.7% was found to the M. penetrans sPPase. The typical 13 active site residues as well as the cation binding signature could be also identified in the M. suis sPPase. The activity of the M. suis enzyme was strongly dependent on Mg2+ and significantly lower in the presence of Mn2+ and Zn2+.
    [Show full text]
  • Infections of Cats with Blood Mycoplasmas in Various Contexts
    ACTA VET. BRNO 2021, 90: 211–219; https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202190020211 Infections of cats with blood mycoplasmas in various contexts Dana Lobová1, Jarmila Konvalinová2, Iveta Bedáňová2, Zita Filipejová3, Dobromila Molinková1 University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, 2Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Ethology, 3Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinic, Brno, Czech Republic Received April 1, 2020 Accepted May 26, 2021 Abstract Haemotropic microorganisms are the most common bacteria that infect erythrocytes and are associated with anaemia of varying severity. The aim of this study was to focus on the occurrence of Mycoplasma haemofelis, Mycoplasma haemominutum, and Mycoplasma turicensis in cats. We followed infected individuals’ breeding conditions, age, sex, basic haematological indices, and co-infection with one of the feline retroviruses. A total of 73 cats were investigated. Haemoplasmas were detected by PCR and verified by sequencing. Haematology examination was performed focusing on the number of erythrocytes, haemoglobin concentrations and haematocrit. A subset of 40 cat blood samples was examined by a rapid immunochromatography test to detect retroviruses. The following was found in our study group: M. haemofelis in 12.3% of individuals, M. haemominutum in 35.6% of individuals and M. turicensis in 17.8% of individuals. A highly significant difference was found between positive evidence of blood mycoplasmas in cats living only at home (15%) and in cats with access to the outside (69.8%). There was also a highly significant difference in the incidence of mycoplasma in cats over 3 years of age compared to 1–3 years of age and up to 1 year of age.
    [Show full text]
  • Rodent-Like Incisors in an Artiodactyl
    — A SECOND INSTANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RODENT-LIKE INCISORS IN AN ARTIODACTYL. By Gerrit S. M11J.ER, Jr. Curator of the Division of MammaU, Umied States Xutioiial Muscion. The rodent-like incisors of the extinct Balearic Island goat, Myo- tragus balearicus Bate/ have been regarded as the onlj- instance of the development of such teeth by an even-toed ungulate. " The peculiar character of the incisors [of Myotragus'] * * *," writes Dr. C. W. Andrews,- "has no parallel among the Artiodactyle un- gulates, and the steps by which it has been acquired can only be surmised." Although this appears to be the generally accepted opin- ion on the subject, teeth whose structure nearly approaches that present in the incisors of Myotragus occur in a well-known living artiodactyl, the vicunia; and through the unusual conditions seen in these recent teeth the probable history of the still more specialized dentition of the fossil Balearic goat may be traced. Photographs of incisors of Vicugna^ and La^na are reproduced in the accompanying plate; those of Vicugna are at tlie left, and in each instance the upper three figures represent milk teeth. The characters are so \Q.vy obvious that they scarcely require anj^ detailed comment. In Lama the general outline of the tooth in both adult and young is strongly cuneate with the greatest width ranging froni about one-fifth to about one-fourth the greatest length. The root tapers rapidly to a closed base ; the enamel on the lingual side of the crown extends from the distal extremity at least one-third of the distance to the base.
    [Show full text]
  • 16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing for Epidemiological Surveys of Bacteria
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/039826; this version posted June 19, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Galan et al. HTS epidemiological surveillance of zoonotic agents 1 1 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing for epidemiological 2 surveys of bacteria in wildlife: the importance of cleaning 3 post-sequencing data before estimating positivity, 4 prevalence and co-infection 1 1 2 3,4 5 5 Maxime Galan , Maria Razzauti , Emilie Bard , Maria Bernard , Carine Brouat , 1 1 1 1 6 Nathalie Charbonnel , Alexandre Dehne-Garcia , Anne Loiseau , Caroline Tatard , 1 6 7 1,6 7 Lucie Tamisier , Muriel Vayssier-Taussat , Helene Vignes , Jean-François Cosson 8 1: INRA, CBGP, Montferrier sur Lez, France 9 2: INRA, EpiA, Clermont-Ferrand, France 10 3: INRA, Sigenae, France 11 4: INRA, GABI, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France 12 5: Ird, CBGP, Montferrier sur Lez, France 13 6: INRA, Bipar, Maisons-Alfort, France 14 7: CIRAD, AGAP, Montpellier, France 15 16 Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected] 17 18 Summary 19 Human impact on natural habitats is increasing the complexity of human-wildlife 20 interfaces and leading to the emergence of infectious diseases worldwide. Highly 21 successful synanthropic wildlife species, such as rodents, will undoubtedly play an 22 increasingly important role in transmitting zoonotic diseases. We investigated the 23 potential for recent developments in 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to facilitate the 24 multiplexing of large numbers of samples needed to improve our understanding of 25 the risk of zoonotic disease transmission posed by urban rodents in West Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO USFQ Carla Nicole
    UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO USFQ Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales Detection of Anaplasma, Babesia and Mycoplasma in hunting dogs from the riverbank of Napo River. Carla Nicole Villamarín Uquillas Ingeniería en Procesos Biotecnológicos Trabajo de fin de carrera presentado como requisito para la obtención del título de Ingeniera en Procesos Biotecnológicos Quito, 4 de mayo de 2020 2 UNIVERSIDAD SAN FRANCISCO DE QUITO USFQ Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales HOJA DE CALIFICACIÓN DE TRABAJO DE FIN DE CARRERA Detection of Anaplasma, Babesia and Mycoplasma in hunting dogs from the riverbank of Napo River. Carla Nicole Villamarín Uquillas Nombre del profesor, Título académico Verónica Barragán, PhD Quito, 4 de mayo de 2020 3 DERECHOS DE AUTOR Por medio del presente documento certifico que he leído todas las Políticas y Manuales de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, incluyendo la Política de Propiedad Intelectual USFQ, y estoy de acuerdo con su contenido, por lo que los derechos de propiedad intelectual del presente trabajo quedan sujetos a lo dispuesto en esas Políticas. Asimismo, autorizo a la USFQ para que realice la digitalización y publicación de este trabajo en el repositorio virtual, de conformidad a lo dispuesto en el Art. 144 de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior. Nombres y apellidos: Carla Nicole Villamarín Uquillas Código: 00132945 Cédula de identidad: 0931084776 Lugar y fecha: Quito, mayo de 2020 4 ACLARACIÓN PARA PUBLICACIÓN Nota: El presente trabajo, en su totalidad o cualquiera de sus partes, no debe ser considerado como una publicación, incluso a pesar de estar disponible sin restricciones a través de un repositorio institucional.
    [Show full text]
  • Snps) Microarray
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Development of a 76k Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Microarray Marcos Calderon 1,2 , Manuel J. More 1 , Gustavo A. Gutierrez 1 and Federico Abel Ponce de León 3,* 1 Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru; [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (M.J.M.); [email protected] (G.A.G.) 2 Escuela de Formación Profesional de Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcídes Carrión, Cerro de Pasco 19001, Peru 3 Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-612-419-7870 Abstract: Small farm producers’ sustenance depends on their alpaca herds and the production of fiber. Genetic improvement of fiber characteristics would increase their economic benefits and quality of life. The incorporation of molecular marker technology could overcome current limitations for the implementation of genetic improvement programs. Hence, the aim of this project was the generation of an alpaca single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray. A sample of 150 Huacaya alpacas from four farms, two each in Puno and Cerro de Pasco were used for SNP discovery by genotyping by sequencing (GBS). Reduced representation libraries, two per animal, were produced after DNA digestion with ApeK1 and double digestion with Pst1-Msp1. Ten alpaca genomes, sequenced at depths between 12× to 30×, and the VicPac3.1 reference genome were used for read alignments. Bioinformatics analysis discovered 76,508 SNPs included in the microarray. Candidate genes SNPs Citation: Calderon, M.; More, M.J.; (302) for fiber quality and color are also included.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Published Outside of SIGS, January – June 2011 Methylovorus Sp
    Standards in Genomic Sciences (2011) 4:402-417 DOI:10.4056/sigs.2044675 Genome sequences published outside of Standards in Genomic Sciences, January – June 2011 Oranmiyan W. Nelson1 and George M. Garrity1 1Editorial Office, Standards in Genomic Sciences and Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA The purpose of this table is to provide the community with a citable record of publications of on- going genome sequencing projects that have led to a publication in the scientific literature. While our goal is to make the list complete, there is no guarantee that we may have omitted one or more publications appearing in this time frame. Readers and authors who wish to have publica- tions added to this subsequent versions of this list are invited to provide the bibliometric data for such references to the SIGS editorial office. Phylum Crenarchaeota “Metallosphaera cuprina” Ar-4, sequence accession CP002656 [1] Thermoproteus uzoniensis 768-20, sequence accession CP002590 [2] “Vulcanisaeta moutnovskia” 768-28, sequence accession CP002529 [3] Phylum Euryarchaeota Methanosaeta concilii, sequence accession CP002565 (chromosome), CP002566 (plasmid) [4] Pyrococcus sp. NA2, sequence accession CP002670 [5] Thermococcus barophilus MP, sequence accession CP002372 (chromosome) and CP002373 plasmid) [6] Phylum Chloroflexi Oscillochloris trichoides DG-6, sequence accession ADVR00000000 [7] Phylum Proteobacteria Achromobacter xylosoxidans A8, sequence accession CP002287 (chromosome), CP002288 (plasmid pA81), and CP002289
    [Show full text]
  • Prospects for Rewilding with Camelids
    Journal of Arid Environments 130 (2016) 54e61 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Arid Environments journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaridenv Prospects for rewilding with camelids Meredith Root-Bernstein a, b, *, Jens-Christian Svenning a a Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark b Institute for Ecology and Biodiversity, Santiago, Chile article info abstract Article history: The wild camelids wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus), guanaco (Lama guanicoe), and vicuna~ (Vicugna Received 12 August 2015 vicugna) as well as their domestic relatives llama (Lama glama), alpaca (Vicugna pacos), dromedary Received in revised form (Camelus dromedarius) and domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) may be good candidates for 20 November 2015 rewilding, either as proxy species for extinct camelids or other herbivores, or as reintroductions to their Accepted 23 March 2016 former ranges. Camels were among the first species recommended for Pleistocene rewilding. Camelids have been abundant and widely distributed since the mid-Cenozoic and were among the first species recommended for Pleistocene rewilding. They show a range of adaptations to dry and marginal habitats, keywords: Camelids and have been found in deserts, grasslands and savannas throughout paleohistory. Camelids have also Camel developed close relationships with pastoralist and farming cultures wherever they occur. We review the Guanaco evolutionary and paleoecological history of extinct and extant camelids, and then discuss their potential Llama ecological roles within rewilding projects for deserts, grasslands and savannas. The functional ecosystem Rewilding ecology of camelids has not been well researched, and we highlight functions that camelids are likely to Vicuna~ have, but which require further study.
    [Show full text]
  • Lists of Names of Prokaryotic Candidatus Taxa
    NOTIFICATION LIST: CANDIDATUS LIST NO. 1 Oren et al., Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.003789 Lists of names of prokaryotic Candidatus taxa Aharon Oren1,*, George M. Garrity2,3, Charles T. Parker3, Maria Chuvochina4 and Martha E. Trujillo5 Abstract We here present annotated lists of names of Candidatus taxa of prokaryotes with ranks between subspecies and class, pro- posed between the mid- 1990s, when the provisional status of Candidatus taxa was first established, and the end of 2018. Where necessary, corrected names are proposed that comply with the current provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes and its Orthography appendix. These lists, as well as updated lists of newly published names of Candidatus taxa with additions and corrections to the current lists to be published periodically in the International Journal of Systematic and Evo- lutionary Microbiology, may serve as the basis for the valid publication of the Candidatus names if and when the current propos- als to expand the type material for naming of prokaryotes to also include gene sequences of yet-uncultivated taxa is accepted by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Introduction of the category called Candidatus was first pro- morphology, basis of assignment as Candidatus, habitat, posed by Murray and Schleifer in 1994 [1]. The provisional metabolism and more. However, no such lists have yet been status Candidatus was intended for putative taxa of any rank published in the journal. that could not be described in sufficient details to warrant Currently, the nomenclature of Candidatus taxa is not covered establishment of a novel taxon, usually because of the absence by the rules of the Prokaryotic Code.
    [Show full text]
  • Mixed-Species Exhibits with Pigs (Suidae)
    Mixed-species exhibits with Pigs (Suidae) Written by KRISZTIÁN SVÁBIK Team Leader, Toni’s Zoo, Rothenburg, Luzern, Switzerland Email: [email protected] 9th May 2021 Cover photo © Krisztián Svábik Mixed-species exhibits with Pigs (Suidae) 1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 3 Use of space and enclosure furnishings ................................................................... 3 Feeding ..................................................................................................................... 3 Breeding ................................................................................................................... 4 Choice of species and individuals ............................................................................ 4 List of mixed-species exhibits involving Suids ........................................................ 5 LIST OF SPECIES COMBINATIONS – SUIDAE .......................................................... 6 Sulawesi Babirusa, Babyrousa celebensis ...............................................................7 Common Warthog, Phacochoerus africanus ......................................................... 8 Giant Forest Hog, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni ..................................................10 Bushpig, Potamochoerus larvatus ........................................................................ 11 Red River Hog, Potamochoerus porcus ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Y Chromosome
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article An 8.22 Mb Assembly and Annotation of the Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Y Chromosome Matthew J. Jevit 1 , Brian W. Davis 1 , Caitlin Castaneda 1 , Andrew Hillhouse 2 , Rytis Juras 1 , Vladimir A. Trifonov 3 , Ahmed Tibary 4, Jorge C. Pereira 5, Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith 5 and Terje Raudsepp 1,* 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA; [email protected] (M.J.J.); [email protected] (B.W.D.); [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (R.J.) 2 Molecular Genomics Workplace, Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA; [email protected] 3 Laboratory of Comparative Genomics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] 4 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610, USA; [email protected] 5 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK; [email protected] (J.C.P.); [email protected] (M.A.F.-S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The unique evolutionary dynamics and complex structure make the Y chromosome the most diverse and least understood region in the mammalian genome, despite its undisputable role in sex determination, development, and male fertility. Here we present the first contig-level annotated draft assembly for the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Y chromosome based on hybrid assembly of short- and long-read sequence data of flow-sorted Y.
    [Show full text]