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Inventaire Taxonomique Des Poissons Débarqués Au Port De Ghazaouet (Wilaya De Tlemcen)

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Inventaire Taxonomique Des Poissons Débarqués Au Port De Ghazaouet (Wilaya De Tlemcen) République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique UNIVERSITE de TLEMCEN Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et de la Terre et de l’Univers Département d’Ecologie et Environnement Laboratoire de recherche : « Valorisation des actions de l’homme pour la protection de l’environnement et application en santé publique » MEMOIRE Présenté par BENALI Abdelkader En vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de MASTER En Hydrobiologie Marine et Continentale (Sciences de la mer) Thème Inventaire taxonomique des poissons débarqués au port de Ghazaouet (Wilaya de Tlemcen) Soutenu le : 02/07/2018 , devant le jury composé de : Président Mme BOUKLI HACENE Samira M.C. A Université de Tlemcen Encadreur Mme BENGUEDDA Wacila M.C. A Université de Tlemcen Examinateur Mr BOUABDALLAH Hamza M.A. A Université de Tlemcen Sommaire INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………….. 02 PARTIE I SYNTHESE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE CHAPITRE I PRESENTATION DE LA RÉGION D’ETUDE ET DU PORT DE GHAZAOUET I - 1 SITUATION GEOGRAPHIQUE ………………………………………………...... 04 I - 1 - 1 Milieu physique ………………………………………………………………….. 04 I - 2 CLIMATOLOGIE …………………………………………………………………... 05 I - 3 APERÇU SUR LE SEDIMENTOLOGIE ………………………………………..... 05 I - 3 - 1 Nature et granulométrie ………………………………………………………… 05 I - 4 Hydrologie ………………………………………………………………………….... 06 I - 5 COURANTOLOGIE ………………………………………………………………... 06 I - 6 Le port ……………………………………………………………………………….. 07 CHAPITRE II LA PRESENTATION DES ENGINS ET TECHNIQUES DE PECHE UTILISES EN ALGERIE II - 1 Deux grandes familles d’engins de pêche …………………………………………. 09 II - 2 Principaux segments de pêche …………………………………………………….. 09 II - 2 - 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 09 II - 2 - 2 Les chalutiers …………………………………………………………………… 09 II - 2 - 3 Les senneurs …………………………………………………………………….. 10 II - 2 - 4 Les petits métiers ……………………………………………………………….. 11 II - 3 LA Zones de pêche …………………………………………………………………. 11 II - 4 les espèces cibles par la pêche artisanale …………………………………………. 12 II - 5 Tailles minimales marchandes …………………………………………………….. 12 CHAPITRE III ETUDE DE LA MATIERE VIVANTE III - 1 L'état de la biodiversité de la mer méditerranée ……………………………… 14 III - 2 L'état de la biodiversité de littoral ouest algérien ………………………………. 14 PARTIE II MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES I - Matériel et Méthodes ………………………………………………………………….. 16 I - 1 Prise d’individus …………………………………………………………………….. 16 I - 2 Fréquence des prises ………………………………………………………………… 16 I - 3 Conservations ……………………………………………………………………….. 16 I - 4 Traitement au laboratoire (pesée + mensuration) ………………………………… 16 I - 4 - 1 La taille …………………………………………………………………………… 16 I - 4 - 2 Le poids …………………………………………………………………………... 16 I - 5 Identification ………………………………………………………………………… 16 I - 6 Recherches d’indices biologiques …………………………………………………... 17 I - 6 - 1 Abondance relative ………………………………………………………………. 17 I - 6 - 2 Densité ……………………………………………………………………………. 17 I - 6 - 3 Indice de diversité de Shannon-Weaver ………………………………………... 17 I - 6 - 4 Indice de Jaccard ………………………………………………………………… 17 PARTIE III RÉSULTATS ET DISCUSSION I – Résultats ……………………………………………………………………………… 20 II - Inventaire des Poissons dans le Port de Ghazaouet ………………………………. 22 III - La Biologie et L'écologie des Espèces dominant débarquée au Port de Ghazaouet ………………………………………………………………………………... 52 III - 1 Petite roussette Scyliorhinus canicula ……………………………………………. 52 III - 1 - 1 Ecologie et Habitat ……………………………………………………………. 52 III - 1 - 2 Biologie ………………………………………………………………………… 54 III - 2 Allache Sardinella aurita ………………………………………………………….. 54 III - 2 - 1 Ecologie et Habitat ……………………………………………………………. 55 III - 2 - 2 Biologie ………………………………………………………………………… 56 III - 3 le Saurel Trachurus trachurus …………………………………………………….. 57 III - 3 - 1 Ecologie et Habitat …………………………………………………………….. 57 III - 3 - 2 Biologie …………………………………………………………………………. 58 III - 4 la sardine Sardina pilchardus ……………………………………………………… 59 III - 4 - 1 Ecologie et Habita ……………………………………………………………... 60 III - 4 - 2 Biologie …………………………………………………………………………. 61 IV - Distribution des Espèces de Poissons Selon les Familles et les mois des Prises …. 62 V - Distribution des espèces de Poissons selon la Densité ……………………………… 65 VI - Indice de diversité de Shannon-Weaver …………………………………………… 68 VII - Indice de Similitude (Indice de Jaccard) ………………………………………….. 68 VIII – Discussion ………………………………………………………………………….. 68 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………... 71 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES ………………………………………... 73 LISTE DES SITES WEB ……………………………………………………………. 79 ANNEXES ……………………………………………………………………………… 81 Remerciements Nous remercions « ALLAH » le miséricordieux, le tout puissant de nous avoir donné la santé et la patience qui nous ont permis de mener à terme ce modeste travail ; Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier vivement Mme BENGUEDDA Wacila Maitre de conférences « A » au Département d’Ecologie et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers, Université de Tlemcen pour le temps consacré à l’encadrement de ce travail, je la remercie pour m’avoir donné la chance de vivre cette expérience très riche sur le plan scientifique et humain, et pour l’immense aide et confiance qu’elle m’ a accordé. J’exprime toute ma gratitude à Mme BOUKLI HACENE Samira MCA pour avoir généreusement accepté de présider le jury de soutenance. Je tiens à remercier sincèrement Mr BOUABDALLAH Hamza MAA de m’avoir fait l’honneur de lire, examiner et discuter ce travail. Et en fin j’exprime mes profondes gratitudes : À mes chers parents surtout « Maman », mon frère « Sofiane », mes deux sœurs pour leurs amour sans faille, leurs soutien moral dans tous les moments de doute. Ce travail est aussi l’expression de leur réussite. Dédicaces Je dédie ce modeste travail a : A ceux qui m’ont éduqué, m’ont soutenu, ceux qui m’ont donné Beaucoup de choses, Un grand merci à Mon ami Nadjib Mesbah Ingénieur A l’école De Formation Professionnelle De La Pêche Et Des Ressources Hallieutiques – Ghazaouet et Mr Boumadiou Abdelhak Ingénieur A Direction de la Pêche et des Ressources Halieutiques de la wilaya de Tlemcen. A Tous mes collègues de ma promotion A mes chers Amis Tayeb, Abdelkader, Yassine, Charaf, Mohammed, Adil, Youcef, Hayat A Tous ceux qui ont attribué de prés ou de loin à L’élaboration de ce modeste travail. Merci … LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS PDAU : Plan Directeur de l’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme. LEM : Laboratoire d'Etudes Maritimes. ISMAL : Institut des Sciences de la Mer et de l’Aménagement du littoral. ANAT : Agence Nationale d'Aménagement du Territoire. DUC : Direction d’Urbanisme et de Construction de la wilaya de Tlemcen. MATE : Ministère de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'environnement. MPRH : Ministère de la Pêche et Des Ressources Halieutiques. DPRH : Direction de la Pêche et des Ressources Halieutiques de la wilaya de Tlemcen. FAO : Food and agricultural association. AFC : Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances. J : Indice de Jaccard. LISTE DES FIGURES LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 01 : Position géographique de Ghazaouet (Atlas, Encarta 2008)………………… 05 Figure 02 : Nature du sédiment marin (Leclaire, 1972)…………………………………... 06 Figure 03 : Circulation générale du courant de la mer Méditerranée (d'après Millot and Taupier- Letage, 2005)……………………………………………………………………. 07 Figure 04 : Plan du port de Ghazaouet (CNES/Airbus.Google.earth)…………………… 07 Figure 05 : Deux grandes familles d’engins de pêche (George et Deschamps, 1994)…… 09 Figure 06 : navire de pêche, le chalutier (portdeghazaouet.com)………………………... 10 Figure 07 : Navire de pêche, le senneur (portdeghazaouet.com)………………………… 10 Figure 08 : Navire de pêche : le petit métier (portdeghazaouet.com)……………………. 11 Figure 09 : Photographie Trachurus trachurus (Photo originale, 2018)…………………. 22 Figure 10 : Photographie Pagellus acarne (Photo originale, 2018)……………………… 23 Figure 11 : Photographie ophisurus serpens (Photo originale, 2018)……………………. 24 Figure 12 : Photographie Phycis blennoides (Photo originale, 2018)……………………. 25 Figure 13 : Photographie Gadus poutassou (Photo originale, 2018)……………………... 26 Figure 14 : Photographie Scyliorhinus canicula (Photo originale, 2018)………………… 27 Figure 15 : Photographie Boops boops (Photo originale, 2018)………………………….. 28 Figure 16 : Photographie Lophius piscatorius (Photo originale, 2018)…………………... 29 Figure 17 : Photographie Mullus barbatus (Photo originale, 2018)……………………… 30 Figure 18 : Photographie Dasyatis pastinaca (Photo originale, 2018)…………………… 31 Figure 19 : Photographie Chrysophrys aurata (Photo originale, 2018)………………….. 32 Figure 20 : Photographie Lichia glauca (Photo originale, 2018)………………………… 33 Figure 21 : Photographie Auxis thazard (Photo originale, 2018)………………………… 34 Figure 22 : Photographie Zeus faber (Photo originale, 2018)……………………………. 35 Figure 23 : Photographie Sardinella aurita (Photo originale, 2018)……………………... 36 Figure 24 : Photographie Mugil cephalus (Photo originale, 2018)……………………….. 37 Figure 25 : Photographie Squalus acanthias (Photo originale, 2018)……………………. 38 Figure 26 : Photographie Sphyraena sphyraena (Photo originale, 2018)………………… 39 Figure 27 : Photographie Solea solea (Photo originale, 2018)…………………………… 40 Figure 28 : Photographie Boops salpa (Photo originale, 2018)…………………………... 41 Figure 29 : Photographie Sardina pilchardus (Photo originale, 2018)…………………… 42 Figure 30 : Photographie Scorpaena scrofa (Photo originale, 2018)…………………….. 43 Figure 31 : Photographie Dentex dentex (Photo originale, 2018)………………………… 44 Figure 32 : Photographie Pagrus pagrus (Photo originale,
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