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Bioerosion in Ostrea Lamellosa Shells from the Messinian of the Tafna Basin (NW Algeria)

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Bioerosion in Ostrea Lamellosa Shells from the Messinian of the Tafna Basin (NW Algeria) Carnets Geol. 21 (5) E-ISSN 1634-0744 DOI 10.2110/carnets.2021.2105 Bioerosion in Ostrea lamellosa shells from the Messinian of the Tafna basin (NW Algeria) Mohammed Nadir NAIMI1, 2 Olev VINN 3 Amine CHERIF 1, 4 Abstract: Bioerosional trace fossils (borings) are reported for the first time in Algeria. Three ichnotaxa observed in the shells of Ostrea lamellosa from the lower Messinian (upper Miocene) deposits of the Tafna basin (NW Algeria) are described. The ichnotaxa are Entobia cf. geometrica, Gastrochaenolites cf. torpedo and Trypanites isp.. Ostrea lamellosa shells are encrusted by balanid barnacles which are bored by Trypanites isp.. The ichnoassemblage is assigned to the Trypanites ichnofacies. Besides the bioerosion and encrustation described herein, specimens permitted the identification of the different phases of the Messinian transgression across the Souk el Khemis shoal. Key-words: • Ostrea lamellosa; • bioerosion; • balanid barnacles; • Messinian; • transgression; • Tafna basin Citation: NAIMI M.N., VINN O. & CHERIF A. (2021).- Bioerosion in Ostrea lamellosa shells from the Mes- sinian of the Tafna basin (NW Algeria).- Carnets Geol., Madrid, vol. 21, no. 5, p. 127-135. Résumé : Bioérosion des coquilles d'Ostrea lamellosa du Messinien du bassin de la Tafna (NO Algérie).- Des traces fossiles bio-érosives (perforations) sont décrites pour la première fois en Algérie. Trois ichnotaxons observés dans des coquilles d'Ostrea lamellosa du Messinien inférieur (Moi- cène terminal) du bassin de la Tafna sont décrits. Ces derniers sont attribués à Entobia cf. geometrica, Gastrochaenolites cf. torpedo et Trypanites isp.. Les coquilles d'Ostrea lamellosa sont encroûtées par des balanidés eux-mêmes perforés par Trypanites isp.. L'ichnoassemblage étudié est attribué à l'ichno- faciès à Trypanites. En outre, la bio-érosion et l'encroûtement décrits ici permettent l'identification des différentes phases de la transgression messinienne sur le haut-fond de Souk el Khemis. Mots-clefs : • Ostrea lamellosa ; • bio-érosion ; • balanidés ; • Messinien ; • transgression ; • bassin de la Tafna 1 Laboratoire de Géologie du Sahara, Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Ghardaïa Road, B.P., 511, 30000 Ouargla (Algeria) 2 [email protected] 3 Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411, Tartu (Estonia) [email protected] 4 [email protected] Published online in final form (pdf) on February 28, 2021 [Editor: Bruno R.C. GRANIER; language editor: Stephen CAREY] 127 Carnets Geol. 21 (5) 1. Introduction ding, carbonate platforms were established on the basin margins, represented by shoals and re- Bivalves belonging to the family Ostreidae are markable reefs of Sebaa Chioukh, Sidi Safi and common in the upper Miocene deposits of north- Souk el Khemis (SAINT-MARTIN, 1990) (Fig. 1.C). western Algeria (FRENEIX et al., 1988; SATOUR et The studied area is located in the vicinity of al., 2011,; NAIMI et al., 2020). The type genus of Souk el Khemis village (Tlemcen province), corre- this family is Ostrea and the most common spe- sponding to the northwestern margin of the Tafna cies in the upper Miocene sediments of Orania Neogene basin and belonging to the eastern part (northwestern Algeria) is O. lamellosa (BROCCHI, of the Traras Mountains (NAIMI & CHERIF, 2021). 1814) which is abundant in the Miocene series. This oyster appears in the lower Miocene of the The Souk el Khemis Miocene series overlie the Mediterranean and was also recorded in the mid- Cretaceous metamorphic foundation. The lower- dle to upper Miocene of the Maghreb as well as most part consists of 70 m-thick continental red- the Moroccan Atlantic coast, Caucasia and the dish clay-conglomeratic deposits, overlain by Russian platform (FRENEIX et al., 1988). O. lamel- Messinian fossiliferous yellowish sandy marls rich losa is classified as a large oyster due to its di- in planktonic foraminifers (GUARDIA et al., 1974). mensions, often about 200 mm long and 80 mm The uppermost Messinian deposits are represen- in width in the case of the population from the ted by build-up limestones, consisting of a Pori- Tortonian of the Dahra massif (northwestern Al- tes-Tarbellastraea coral reef (SAINT-MARTIN, 1990). geria) (SATOUR et al., 2011). The oyster shells of- ten contain several types of borings (e.g., GURAV The studied material comes from the Messi- & KULKARNI, 2017). nian yellowish sandy marls (YSM). In our study Entobia, Gastrochaenolites and Trypanites area, due to the absence of the middle Miocene constitute three types of borings considered as conglomerates, the transgressive YSM overlie the bioerosion trace fossils occurring mainly on hard whitish Cretaceous basement (Fig. 1.D). The YSM are exclusively represented by sandstone rocks substrates, especially rocks and shells (e.g., VINN, organised into two informal units: (i) the first 2005; VINN & TOOM, 2015, 2016; VINN et al., 2015; SALAHI et al., 2018; RASHWAN et al., 2019), consists of massive bioturbated and bioclastic and also in wood and bones (TAYLOR & WILSON, sandstones; (ii) the second is composed of la- 2003). Entobia was made by sponges and minated sandstones (Fig. 1.E). The YSM were li- Gastrochaenolites by clavate bivalves, whereas kely deposited in a shallow-marine setting under high-energy conditions. The top of this unit is worms are the trace-makers of Trypanites (WIS- emphasised by a hardground (Fig. 1.F). SHAK, 2006). Borings are known from the Ediacaran to the 3. Systematic ichnology Holocene (BENGTSON & ZHAO, 1992; TAPANILA & Ichnogenus Entobia BRONN, 1837 HUTCHINGS, 2012). Shallow-marine carbonate platforms are the most favoured environment for Type ichnospecies. Entobia cretacea PORTLOCK, the development of bioerosion (KNAUST et al., 1843 2012). Entobia cf. geometrica This paper aims to describe and report borings BROMLEY & D'ALESSANDRO, 1984 of Entobia, Gastrochaenolites and Trypanites (Fig. 2.A-B) from Algeria for the first time. These abundant trace fossils were found in oyster shells from the Material: Several hundred burrows preserved Messinian carbonate platform at the northern on the external and internal surfaces of Ostrea la- edge of the Tafna basin, northwestern Algeria. mellosa shells. Oyster specimens at hand all belong to Ostrea Locality: Souk el Khemis, northern edge of the lamellosa and are also encrusted by barnacles. Tafna Neogene basin (Tlemcen province, north- 2. Geological setting western Algeria). Stratigraphic distribution: Lower Messinian The Neogene Tafna basin is located in the ex- (upper Miocene). treme northwestern part of Algeria, to the west of Observations: Network-shaped irregular bo- the Lower Chelif basin (Fig. 1.B). The "post-nap- rings, multi-aperture, multi-chambered and inter- pes" Miocene series begins with detrital sedi- connected, generally elliptical, elongate (with fu- ments deposited in a shallow marine-lagoonal en- sed chambers) spherical to subspherical or sub- vironment, and is correlated with the late Valle- angular, aligned in rows and narrowly spaced. sian-early Turolian (9.1-8.7 Ma) period (MAHBOUBI Our specimens are also composed of straight to et al., 2015). These sediments are overlain by slightly curved tunnels, mostly 0-5- 2.5 mm dia- Tortonian-lower Messinian blue marls, which indi- meter, occasionally filled with detrital material. cate the first upper Miocene transgressive pulses in the region. During the marine maximum floo- 128 Carnets Geol. 21 (5) Figure 1: Location and geological overview of the study area; (A) geographical position of northwestern Algeria in the western Mediterranean area; (B) geological context of northwestern Algeria; (C) lithology and (planktonic fora- miniferal) biozonation of the upper Miocene of the Tafna and Lower Chelif basins (after BELKEBIR et al., 1996, modi- fied); (D) Messinian sandstones overlying the Cretaceous basement; (E) Messinian sandstones showing a sequence subdivided into two subdivisions; (F) Hardground. 129 Carnets Geol. 21 (5) Remarks: Entobia includes clionid-sponge Locality: Souk el Khemis, northern edge of the dwelling borings (domichnia), showing a bran- Tafna Neogene basin (Tlemcen province, north- ched system of chambers. Its stratigraphic distri- western Algeria). bution ranges from the Devonian to the Recent, Stratigraphic distribution: Lower Messinian and it occurs in shallow- to deep-marine settings. (upper Miocene). Entobia producers (sponges) are chemical borers, Observations: Trypanites isp. specimens con- which prefer carbonate substrates such as the bi- sist of simple cylindrical, subcylindrical or elonga- valve shells (RADWAŃSKI et al., 2011). However, te, smooth, unbranched, straight to slightly cur- similar Entobia borings have been observed on ved shafts, 0.5 to 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm the shells of bivalves from the upper Eocene of long. All borings are preserved in external surfa- Egypt (RASHWAN et al., 2019), the Miocene ces of shells of Ostrea lamellosa and encrusting (GIANNETTI et al., 2020) and Pliocene of Spain (GI- balanid barnacles. BERT et al., 1998), and the Holocene of Argentina (CHARÓ et al., 2017). Remarks: Trypanites is a cylindrical, unbran- ched, bioerosional trace fossil, produced by si- Ichnogenus Gastrochaenolites punculans and polychaetes and belonging to the EYMERIE L , 1842 ethological category domichnia (GIBERT et al., Type ichnospecies. Gastrochaenolites torpedo 2012; CHARÓ et al., 2017). It is recorded from the KELLY & BROMLEY, 1984 Cambrian (JAMES et al., 1977) to the Holocene. Trypanites borings occur in biogenic substrates
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