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Mémoire Présenté Par REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE Université Abou Bekr Belkaїd – Tlemcen Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Département Des Ressources Forestières Filière : Sciences Agronomiques Mémoire Présenté par Mlle BENDJEBBAR Khedidja En vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de MASTER En Foresterie - Ecologie, Gestion et Conservation de la Biodiversité Thème Contribution à l’étude de la dégradation de la végétation dans la région Sud de la wilaya de Tlemcen 06/06/2016 Soutenu le Devant la commission d’examen : Président : Mr. HADDOUCHE D. Maître de Conférences ‘A’ Université de Tlemcen Encadreur : Mme. BELLAHCENE N. Maître Assistant ‘A’ Université de Tlemcen Examinateur : Mr. MEJAHDI B. Maître de Conférences ‘A’ Université de Tlemcen Année universitaire : 2015/2016 Tout d’abord je remercie avant tout le bon dieu, le tout puissant, pour m'avoir aidé et m’a donné assez de force pour achever ce travail et de venir au bout de cette formation. J’exprime ma profonde gratitude à mon promoteur Mme BELLAHCENE N. pour l’encadrement qu’il m’a assuré, pour le soutien, les directives et les conseils précieux et fructueux qu’il m’a prodigués. Je remercie : Monsieur HADDOUCHE I. pour l’honneur qu’il m’a fait en acceptant de présider le jury. Monsieur MEJAHDI B. pour l’honneur qu’il m’a fait en acceptant d’examiner ce modeste travail. Mes remerciements s’adressent aussi à l’ensemble du personnel de la direction des services agricoles de la wilaya de Tlemcen pour l’aide qu’elle m’a été offerte de leur part. J’exprime mes profonds remerciements à tous les enseignants de notre département sciences foresterie qui ont contribué à notre formation. Melle BENDJEBBAR Khedidja Mes grands remerciements sont pour notre Dieu qui m’a aidé et m’a donné le pouvoir, la patience et la volonté d’avoir réalisé ce modeste travail. Je dédie mon travail à mes parents et ma grand-mère. C’est difficile d’exprimer mes sentiments envers eux par de simples mots ; merci pour votre amour, votre affection, vos encouragements, vos sacrifices. Que Dieu vous garde. Ces dédicaces vont également : À mon frère Mohammed El Amine. À mes deux sœurs : Imen et Ritadj Zoulikha. À ma famille BENDJEBBAR, en particulier mes tantes. À mes chers amis LAYATI S., BELAAYDOUNI Y., À tous mes enseignants. À ma la promotion Master LMD Ecologie, Gestion et Conservation de la Biodiversité (EGCB). À la promotion 3 éme année licence en foresterie. À toutes les personnes qui m’ont soutenue de prés ou de loin pour la réalisation de ce travail. Sommaire RESUME LISTE DES TABLEAUX LISTE DES FIGURES LISTE DES PHOTOS LISTE DES ACRONYMES INTRODUCTION GENERALE……………………………………………………....1 Chapitre 01: Synthèses bibliographiques 1- Aperçu sur l’espace steppique…………………………...………………2 2- Les caractéristiques de la steppe algérienne…………………….....2 2.1. Aspects physiographiques ………………………………………………………….2 2.2 .Aspects Climatiques ……………………………………………………………....3 2.3. Aspects biogéographiques ……………………………………………………….…4 2.3.1) Nature des sols …………………………………………………………...4 2.3.2) Occupation du sol ………………………………………………………...4 2.3.3) Végétation steppique ……………………………………………………..5 2.4. Aspects socio-économiques ………………………………………………………….8 2.4.1) La population humaine …………………………………………………....9 2.4.2) Le cheptel ………………………………………………………...………9 2.4.3) Occupation des terres et ressources fourragères ………………………....11 2.4.4) Les systèmes de production……………………………………………....13 a- L’élevage extensif ………………………………………………..13 b- L’agro-élevage…………………………………………………...14 c- L’élevage hors parcours ……………………………………….....14 3- Problématique de la steppe algérienne …………………….……15 4- Facteurs de dégradation ………………………………………………...15 4.1) Les facteurs abiotiques ………………………………………………….....15 4.1.1) La sécheresse………………………………………………...….16 4.1.2) L’érosion hydrique et éolienne…………………………………16 4.1.3) Phénomène de salinisation…………………………………......17 4.2) Les facteurs biotiques ……………………………………………………..18 4.2.1) Croissance démographique ………………………………...…18 Sommaire 4.2.2) Déclin de l’Achaba-Azzaba …………………………………….19 4.2.3) Le surpâturage……………………………………………..…..19 4.2.4) Défrichement et extension de la céréaliculture………………...20 4.2.5) L’éradication des espèces ligneuses…………………………....21 5- Impact des facteurs de dégradation sur les ressources naturelles………………………………………………………………………23 5.1) Crise du pastoralisme ………………………………………………...….23 5.2) Processus de désertification…………………………………………...…24 5.3) Influence de la désertification sur la biodiversité …………………..….....26 6- Principaux projets pastoraux réalisés en milieu steppique ……………………………………………………………………………………..27 6.1) Les étapes de mise en œuvre des programmes …………………………..30 6.2) Les résultats obtenus …………………………………………………....30 Chapitre 02: les composantes Environnementales de la zone d’étude 1- Milieu bio-physique ……………………………………………….32 1-1) Localisation géographique………………………………….…32 1-2) Relief…………………………………………………………………....33 1-3) Géologie ………………………………………………………………34 1-4) Pédologie …………………………………………………………….35 1-5) Hydrologie………………………………………………………..….36 1-6) Flore…………………………………………………………………....38 1-7) Faune ……………………………………………………………...….39 2- Aspects socio-économiques……………………………………….39 2-1) Echéances Démographiques………………………………….39 2-1-1) Evolution De La Population ……………………………………...…....39 2-1-2) Densité De La Population …………………..........................................41 2-2) Echéances Economiques …………………………………...….41 2-2-1) Répartition générale des terres……………………………………....41 Sommaire 2-2-2) Répartition de la S.A.T……………………………………..…………42 2-2-3) Répartition de la S.A.U ……………………………………………….43 2-2-4) Production agricole ………………………………………………….44 2-2-5) Rapport potentiel productif - superficie …………………....…… 45 2-3) Systèmes d’élevages et répartition du cheptel……….45 2-3-1) Charge pastorale……………..……………………………………….48 3- Etude bioclimatique ……………………………………………..49 3-1) Facteurs climatique ……………………………………………..49 3-1-1) Précipitation…………………………………………………………….49 3-1-1-1) Régime pluviométrique mensuel et annuel ………...…49 3-1-1-2) Régime pluviométrique saisonnier ………………..50 3-1-2) Températures……………………………………………………..…..…51 3-2) Autres facteurs climatiques ………………………………....53 3-2-1) Vent………………………………………………………………..53 3-2-2) Gelée blanche ……………………………...……………………....53 3-3) Synthèse climatique ……………………………………………..54 3-3-1) Quotient pluviométrique d’EMBERGER …………………………...54 3-3-2) Diagrammes ombrothermiques de BANGNOULS et GAUSSEN ...…..57 Chapitre 03 : Etude de la dégradation de la végétation 1- Analyse bibliographique ………………………………………………59 2- Estimation de la phytomasse aérienne totale………………….65 2-1) Méthodologie et Résultats……………………………………………….65 2-1-1) Approche méthodologique………………………………………….65 2-1-1-1) Protocole expérimental …………………………..…….....65 2-1-1-1-1) Caractéristiques de station………………………….....65 2-1-1-1-2) Matériels utilisés …………………………..………….67 Sommaire a- Sur terrain …………………….……………....…67 b- Au laboratoire ……………………………....…...67 2-1-1-2) Principe de la méthode du transect ……………….…..…68 2-1-1-3) Méthode d’élaboration du transect …………….………..68 2-1-2) Résultats ………………………………………………...............70 2-1-3) La phytomasse aérienne totale…………………………………...71 2-2) Discussion …………………………………………….………….…….73 2-2-1) Les facteurs de dégradation……………………………………….73 2-3-1-1) Facteurs naturels ……………………………………………….73 2-3-1-2) Facteurs anthropiques………………………………….………73 2-2-2) Les procédés de lutte contre la dégradation des parcours..................78 CONCLUSION GENERALE.................................................................................80 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES………………………………………81 ANNEXES Liste des tableaux Liste des tableaux N°Tableaux Titres Pages 01 Evolution de l'occupation du sol dans la steppe. 5 02 Evolution de la population steppique (milliers 9 d’habitants). 03 Les effectifs des animaux d’élevage national et 10 de la zone steppique en 2006. 04 Effectif du cheptel en régions steppiques 20 (milliers de têtes). 05 Evolution de la population pour les trois derniers 40 R.G.P.H. 06 Densité de la population en 2008. 41 07 La répartition des terres de la zone d’étude Ha. 42 08 44 Productions végétales (cultures herbacées) 2014/2015. 09 Productions végétales (cultures pérennes) 44 2014/2015. 10 Rapport productivité de la zone d’etude Qx/Ha. 45 11 Shepp-équivalent cheptel. 48 12 Principales caractéristiques des stations 49 météorologiques de référence. 13 Moyennes des précipitations saisonnières. 51 14 Moyennes mensuelles et annuelles des températures (°C). 52 15 Quotient pluviothermique d’EMBERGER et 55 l’ambiance bioclimatique. 16 Superficies des differentes classes des cartes 63 d’occupation du sol. 17 Résultats obtenus après échantillonnage (station 01). 71 18 Les calculs de la biomasse. 72 Liste des figures Liste des figures N°Figures Titres Pages 01 Limite géographique de la steppe algérienne 3 02 Représentation de l’Alfa (Stipa tenacissima). 5 03 La steppe à chamaephytes (Artemisia herba alba). 6 04 Physionomie du sparte (Lygeum spartum). 6 05 Vue d’ensemble de l’Atriplex (Atriplex canescens). 7 06 Comparaison de la productivité des 4 grands types de steppe en 8 Algérie. 07 La répartition des effectifs des animaux d’élevage de la zone 10 steppique. 08 Evolution du cheptel ovin en zones steppiques. 11 09 Exploitation permanente des parcours naturels par une charge 14 animale croissante,Commune de Dar Chioukh, Djelfa. 10 Les indicateurs de dégradation des écosystèmes steppiques. 22 11 Schéma représente les processus de désertification. 25 12 Carte de situation de la
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