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Use of Herbal Remedies by Small-Scale Farmers to Treat Livestock Diseases in Central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

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Use of Herbal Remedies by Small-Scale Farmers to Treat Livestock Diseases in Central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa Article — Artikel Use of herbal remedies by small-scale farmers to treat livestock diseases in central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa P J Masikaa, W van Averbekeb and A Sonandic plant of which samples sent to Germany ABSTRACT revealed to be a new species of Asclepiad The use of herbal remedies by African farmers in the treatment of livestock diseases was that was later used in the treatment of investigated using a range of methods, including group interviews, structured interviews, cancer patients12. Pharmacological re- semi-structured interviews and participant observation. The study was concerned mainly search has demonstrated that many of the with the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of herbal remedy use among African livestock holders farming on plants used by Africans in the Eastern Cape communally-owned land in central Eastern Cape Province. We found that the use of herbal in the preparation of herbal remedies have remedies was still widespread because these remedies were cheap, locally available and some activity. For example, in a study by convenient to administer. Farmers also used herbal remedies because they did not have Fourie et al.6, at least 31 % of 300 plants knowledge of conventional remedies or found these too expensive and therefore used screened showed marked activity, 21 % herbal remedies as a last resort. Most of the farmers interviewed (73 %) had used some form were considered inactive, and 48 % mod- of herbal remedy. A small number of farmers did not use herbal remedies at all. They re- 4 jected them because they had bad experiences in the past or because they considered the erately active. On the other hand, Brown practice outdated and socially inferior. Often farmers used herbal remedies in combination was of the opinion that plant remedies with conventional ones, but a substantial number relied on herbal remedies only. Farmers should be regarded with scepticism obtained herbal remedies principally by preparing their own or by purchasing from herbal- because the efficacy of many had not been ists. Different plant parts were used to prepare herbal remedies in the form of infusions, de- proven. coctions, powders, pastes, and juices from fresh plant material. Preparations were made The objective of this study was to record from a single plant or from a range of plants. Application of a remedy was by different the reasons why contemporary African routes and methods, depending on the perceived cause of the disease condition. Topical farmers in the central Eastern Cape Prov- applications were used for skin conditions, powders were rubbed into incisions, drenches ince used herbal remedies to treat live- were common in the treatment of systemic conditions, and drops to treat ears and eyes. We stock ailments, the plants and methods identified several aspects of herbal remedy utilisation that could be subject to improve- they used in preparing and adminis- ment, which included the absence of standard dose regimes, the potential toxicity of certain tering herbal remedies, and the livestock compounds present in plants used, over-exploitation of the plant resource and a lack of ailments treated with these remedies. interest by the youth to learn the art. Key words: central Eastern Cape Province, herbal remedies, livestock diseases, small-scale STUDY AREA AND PROCEDURE farmers. The study was conducted during 1996 Masika P J, Van Averbeke W,Sonandi A Use of herbal remedies by small-scale farmers to in 7 districts in the central part of the treat livestock diseases in central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of the South Eastern Cape Province, namely Victoria African Veterinary Association (2000) 71(2): 87–91 (En.). Department of Livestock and Pasture East, Keiskammahoek, Middledrift, Science, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700 South Africa. Zwelitsha, Mdantsane, Peddie and Stut- terheim (Fig. 1). Information was col- lected from African livestock owners who INTRODUCTION of the principles and practices of herbal produce cattle on communally managed The use of plants in the preparation of therapy has been sporadic at best. In some rangeland and from traditional herbalists. medicines is an age-old practice that re- areas, documenting the art and practice of To conduct our investigation we made mains common in many parts of the herbalists is urgent because the knowledge use of several methods, both qualitative world1. For modern society, traditional is threatened with extinction. and quantitative. In the preliminary plant uses and botanical knowledge are of Africans in the Eastern Cape have a long phase of data collection, participatory more than academic or historical interest. tradition of using plants in treating both research methods (matrix ranking, dia- They can be linked directly to the utilisation human10, and animal14 ailments. How- gramming and group interviews) were and conservation of plants13 and continues ever, the effectiveness of the various used to elicit information from a total of to play an important role in the develop- herbal remedies remains controversial. 138 livestock owners, in 6 villages: ment of modern medicines. The art of Historically, cases where herbal remedies Mnqaba-Kulile (Middledrift district), healing with herbal remedies is empirical, were effective in treating livestock Gqumashe (Victoria East district), Gwaba and it is usually transferred directly by diseases in the Eastern Cape have been (Zwelitsha district), Upper Gxulu oral teaching from master (father) to reported. Smith18 wrote in the late 19th (Keiskammahoek district), Dongwe apprentice (son). Written documentation century that, whenever herds sickened (Mdantsane district) and at Feni and Fair and died, the herbal preparations admin- View (Peddie district), and 8 herbalists aLivestock and Pasture Science and ARDRI, University of istered by African herdsmen produced re- from Kubusi (Stutterheim district), Upper Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700 South Africa. sults far in advance of European remedies Gxulu (Keiskammahoek district), bResearch Office, Border Technikon, East London. of that time. A documented case involved Kwezana (Victoria East district) and Fair cDepartment of Animal Science, Fort Cox College of Agriculture. the treatment of a horse with a cancer-like View (Peddie district). The data obtained Received: October 1999. Accepted: February 2000. growth with Euphorbia sp. latex and a during the preliminary phase were used 0038-2809 Jl S.Afr.vet.Ass. (2000) 71(2): 87–91 87 Limited financial means being the general condition of livestock farmers, they preferred the use of cheap and locally available herbal remedies instead of expensive conventional medicines available only in urban centres. Four of the 60 farmers stated that herbal remedies were the only option available, because they could not afford to purchase conven- tional medicines, even if they preferred to do so. Knowledge of the plants used in the preparation of remedies was not in the public domain. On the contrary, we found that many treated this knowledge as a secret to be guarded closely. How- ever, even when farmers did not have personal knowledge of how to prepare herbal remedies, they indicated that access to the remedies was easy, because in most villages there was a resident herbalist. Farmers also indicated that herbal remedies were convenient to administer, because they did not require the purchase and use of syringes and needles as was often the case with conven- tional medicines. Four farmers stated that their lack of knowledge about conventional remedies was a reason why they still use herbal Fig 1: Maps of the Eastern Cape showing the former homelands of Transkei and Ciskei and the districts and locations in which the study was conducted. remedies. However, of the 44 responding farmers who used herbal remedies, 27 did to develop a questionnaire, which was remains common practice. Sixteen of the so in combination with conventional pre-tested for content validity and reli- 60 responding farmers rejected their use medicines and only 17 relied solely on ability before it was presented to 60 outright. Nine of the 16 listed past stock herbal preparations (Fig. 2). There was individual livestock-keeping households losses when treating their animals with evidence that the choice between herbal at 5 sites consisting of 1 or 2 locations. The herbal remedies, herbal remedies being and conventional medicines was influ- test sites were Makuzeni and Kwezana outdated and socially inferior, and 7 indi- enced by the type of ailment. For exam- (Victoria East), Koloni (Middledrift dis- cated lack of knowledge of which plants ple, in the treatment of redwater and trict), Zanyokwe and Burnshill (Keis- to use, and ‘weakness’ of herbal remedies, gallsickness, 2 tick-borne diseases, the use kammahoek district), Kwabhonke as the main reasons for their rejection. or inclusion of herbal remedies in the (Zwelitsha district) and Tshabo (Mdan- Among the 44 farmers who used herbal treatment was very common. Thirty-nine tsane district). Potential respondents to remedies, 20 stated the low cost of these of the 44 herbal remedy users included the questionnaire were identified as remedies to be their primary reason for herbal remedies in the treatment of these being owners of high and densely-woven using them. Generally, the population of 2 diseases. Twenty-six did so in combina- kraals, using convenience sampling. livestock farmers in the region consisted tion with conventional remedies, while Experience had shown that such kraals of old men
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