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Grasses and Bamboos of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam, India

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Grasses and Bamboos of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam, India Pleione 11(2): 440 - 454. 2017. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy doi:10.26679/Pleione.11.2.2017.440-454 Grasses and bamboos of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam, India Arpita Bora, Moonmee Devi and Debjyoti Bhattacharyya1 Plant Taxonomy & Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar 788 011. Assam, India. 1Corresponding Author, e-mail: [email protected] [Received 13.11.2017; Revised & accepted 25.11.2017; Published 31.12.2017] Abstract A total of 66 species (53 species of grasses and 13 species of bamboos) of Gramineae (Poaceae) are enumerated here from Barail Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam, India. These are distributed under 41 genera and 11 tribes. The study was based on fresh collection of specimens from the sanctuary during 2012 – 2014, consultation of herbarium specimens and scrutiny of literature. A list of species is provided with updated nomenclature, vernacular name(s), phenology, occurrences in the study area and habit. Field photographs of some selected members are also provided for ease of identification. Keywords: Barail Wildlife Sanctuary, Barak Valley, Cachar, Gramineae, Poaceae, Southern Assam. INTRODUCTION Grasses and bamboos, the members of Gramineae Juss., nom. cons. (Poaceae Barnhart, nom. cons. et nom. alt.), are very distinctive from other flowering plant species owing to their unique vegetative and floral morphology, habitat diversity and moreover for their immense economic importance. Gramineae is the fourth largest among the angiosperm families in terms of species diversity (Watson & Dalwitz 1994). According to Soreng et al. (2015), the family comprises of ±12074 species under 771 genera belonging to 51 tribes and 12 subfamilies in the world. Members of the family exhibit great variations in their vegetative and reproductive morphology and is of paramount importance to human economy mainly for food grains (cereals and millets). Apart from this, the forest grasses and bamboos are used as fodder, building materials, paper pulps, thatching materials and also used for making ropes, mats, brooms, musical instruments, agricultural and hunting materials, etc. (Rawat 2008). The family is monophyletic [Grass Phylogeny Working Group (GPWG) 2001; Soreng et al. 2015] and comprises mostly herbaceous species (grasses) to shrubs and tall trees (bamboos) with terete stem and paniculate inflorescence. They are easily recognizable morphologically by their spikelet inflorescence with two empty glumes and one to many lemmas; each lemma subtending a palea, presence of 2 – 3 lodicules, versatile anthers, feathery stigmas and caryopsis fruit type in most of the species. Grasses are cosmopolitan in distribution and they occupy various habitats like grassland, marshy and swampy areas of wetland ecosystems, savannas, deep and open forests, etc. They are mainly abundant in tropical to sub-tropical belt of the earth and extended up to Arpita Bora et al. 441 warm-temperate regions (Clayton & Renvoize 1986). On the other hand, bamboos also have a wide natural distribution pattern occurring between 460 N latitude to 470 S latitude with altitudinal ranges from sea-level up to 4300 m (http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/ bamboo/ index.html). In India, Gramineae is the largest angiosperm family representing c.1300 species under 263 genera and 25 tribes (Benjamin et al. 2012); of these, c. 430 taxa are endemic to the country (Jain 1986). Sampson et al. (2001) categorized India into two grass zones viz., (i) Temperate Himalayan region along with Indo-Gangetic plains and (ii) Tropical Peninsular region. Tropical Peninsular region of the country shows the highest grass diversity with a great extent of endemism, i.e., 55% of total endemic grasses of India (Sampson et al. 2001). Grasslands occupy about 3.9% of the total land area of India (Nair & Thomas 2001). In Assam, Gramineae was recorded as the largest family comprising of 303 species under 104 genera (Chowdhury 2005). N.L. Bor (1940) documented the grass flora of the then Assam for the first time. Shukla (1996) enumerated the grasses of Northeast India. Grasses and bamboos of southern Assam (popularly known as Barak Valley) attracted many botanists to work on these. Reports from the region were made by Hooker (1896), Gupta (1972), Majumder (1983), Malakar (1995), Bhattacharjee (2002), Sharma et al. (2002), Das and Dutta Choudhury (2003), Das et al. (2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2013), Das (2008), Nath and Das (2008), Barbhuiya et al. (2013), Baruah (2013), Baruah et al. (2013), Devi and Bhattacharyya (2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2014, 2015, 2016) and Baruah and Dutta Choudhury (2014, 2015). Barail Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS) represents the sole wildlife sanctuary of the Barak Valley region of Assam. The area was declared and notified as Wildlife Sanctuary in June 2004 (Anonymous 2006). The present study was attempted to develop a comprehensive account on the diversity of grasses and bamboos in BWS by morpho-taxonomic investigation. The data presented here may act as baseline information of grasses and bamboos in the sanctuary which will be helpful for future monitoring, management and conservation of species. Study area Barail Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS) is located in Cachar district in the southern part of Assam (Barak Valley). BWS is divided into two administrative parts: (a) Barail Reserve Forest Table 1. Geographical and meteorological data of the Barail Wildlife Sanctuary [Source: Anonymous 2006] Latitude 24058ʹ – 2505ʹ N Longitude 92046ʹ – 92052ʹ E Area 326.24 sq. km Climate Humid tropical to sub-tropical Annual rainfall 200 cm to >600 cm Average humidity 72% to 90% Minimum temperature 80C Maximum temperature 380C Soil texture Sandy stony to clayey Altitudinal range < 100 m to 1867 m 442 Grasses and bamboos of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary Figure 1. Location map of Barali Wildlife Sanctuary (East block), and (b) North Cachar reserve forest (West Block) (Figure 1). Barail Reserve Forest is under Cachar Forest Division and North Cachar reserve forest is under Karimganj Forest Division. Table 1 shows the geographical and meteorological data of the sanctuary. As per the classification of Champion and Seth (1968), tropical wet evergreen to semi- evergreen forest types are prevalent in the sanctuary. Major portion of the sanctuary is virgin although there is human habitation in several villages (8 in East Block and 19 in West Block) located in and around the sanctuary (Anonymous 2006). BWS shows a very rich biodiversity owing to its unique geographical position, varied topography, high rainfall and tropical to subtropical climatic conditions (Anonymous 2006). Arpita Bora et al. 443 Figure 2. Bar diagram showing the number of taxa under each tribe MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was based on field surveys conducted in different habitats of the Barail Wildlife Sanctuary during 2012 to 2014, scrutiny of literature and study of all accumulated herbarium specimens housed in ASSAM and CAL herbaria. Places surveyed during the study were: Bandarkhal, Bhaluknala, Damcherra, Durbintila, Indranagar, Malidar, Jatinga river bank, Kalain, Kayang river bank, Kumba, Lakhicherra, Madhura khuwari and Marwacherra. Collections were made throughout the year more particularly during pre- monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Collection, poisoning, preservation and mounting of specimens were done following routine herbarium practices as recommended by Jain and Rao (1977) and Singh and Subramaniam (2008). After collection, the specimens were critically examined and the flowers were dissected under Olympus SZ61 Stereo Zoom Dissecting Microscope; finer structures were studied under Labomed Vision 2000 compound microscope. Identifications of taxa were done following relevant taxonomic keys available in authentic floras like Hooker (1896), Bor (1940, 1960), Sreekumar and Nair (1991), Shukla (1996) and Kabeer and Nair (2009). The identity of the collected specimens was further authenticated by comparing at ASSAM and CAL. In addition, type specimens were also studied for confirmation of identity of species. Digital images available in different foreign herbaria databases were consulted too. Collections made by the authors during present study (vouchers) have been deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Life Science & Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar. Classification of Clayton and Renvoize (1986) was followed for arranging the taxa. Species under each genus is/are arranged alphabetically. All the taxa are provided with correct nomenclature which were updated following International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) (McNeill et al. 2012), International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (http://www.ipni.org) and The Plant List (http:// www.theplantlist.org). The vernacular names and phenological data were compiled from the authors’ personal observations made during field studies after consulting local inhabitants in the peripheral villages of the sanctuary, existing literature and webpages (Ohrnberger 1999; Barooah & Ahmed 2014; Liese & Köhl 2015; Banik 2016; https://sites.google.com/ site/bamboosthailand/, https://www.cabi.org/isc/) and notes on earlier preserved herbarium sheets. All specimens examined have been annotated properly. Photographs provided here have been taken by the authors during field trips. 444 Grasses and bamboos of Barail Wildlife Sanctuary RESULTS The present floristic study in the Barail Wildlife Sanctuary revealed the occurrence of a total of 66 species (with 2 varieties) of grasses
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