ACR Practice Parameter for the Performance of Brain
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Internal Radiation Therapy, Places Radioactive Material Directly Inside Or Next to the Tumor
Brachytherapy Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy used to treat cancer. It places radioactive sources inside the patient to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. This allows your doctor to use a higher total dose of radiation to treat a smaller area in less time. Your doctor will tell you how to prepare and whether you will need medical imaging. Your doctor may use a computer program to plan your therapy. What is brachytherapy and how is it used? External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) directs high-energy x-ray beams at a tumor from outside the body. Brachytherapy, also called internal radiation therapy, places radioactive material directly inside or next to the tumor. It uses a higher total dose of radiation to treat a smaller area in less time than EBRT. Brachytherapy treats cancers throughout the body, including the: prostate - see the Prostate Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/pros_cancer) page cervix - see the Cervical Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/cervical-cancer-therapy) page head and neck - see the Head and Neck Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/hdneck) page skin breast - see the Breast Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/breast-cancer-therapy) page gallbladder uterus vagina lung - see the Lung Cancer Treatment (https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/lung-cancer-therapy) page rectum eye Brachytherapy is seldom used in children. However, brachytherapy has the advantage of using a highly localized dose of radiation. This means that less radiation is delivered to surrounding tissue. This significantly decreases the risk of radiation-induced second malignancies, a serious concern in children. -
PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS R12 64E-5.101 Definitions
64E-5 Florida Administrative Code Index PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS R12 64E-5.101 Definitions ................................................................................................. I-1 64E-5.102 Exemptions ............................................................................................. I-23 64E-5.103 Records ................................................................................................... I-24 64E-5.104 Tests ... ................................................................................................... I-24 64E-5.105 Prohibited Use ........................................................................................ I-24 64E-5.106 Units of Exposure and Dose ................................................................... I-25 64E-5 Florida Administrative Code Index 64E-5 Florida Administrative Code Index PART II LICENSING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS R2 64E-5.201 ...... Licensing of Radioactive Material .............................................................. II-1 64E-5.202 ...... Source Material - Exemptions .................................................................... II-2 R12 64E-5.203 ...... Radioactive Material Other than Source Material - Exemptions ................. II-4 SUBPART A LICENSE TYPES AND FEES R12 64E-5.204 ..... Types of Licenses ..................................................................................... II-13 SUBPART B GENERAL LICENSES 64E-5.205 ..... General Licenses - Source Material ......................................................... -
Standards for Radiation Oncology
Standards for Radiation Oncology Radiation Oncology is the independent field of medicine which deals with the therapeutic applications of radiant energy and its modifiers as well as the study and management of cancer and other diseases. The American College of Radiation Oncology (ACRO) is a nonprofit professional organization whose primary purposes are to advance the science of radiation oncology, improve service to patients, study the socioeconomic aspects of the practice of radiation oncology, and provide information to and encourage continuing education for radiation oncologists, medical physicists, and persons practicing in allied professional fields. As part of its mission, the American College of Radiation Oncology has developed a Practice Accreditation Program, consisting of standards for Radiation Oncology and standards for Physics/External Beam Therapy. Accreditation is a voluntary process in which professional peers identify standards indicative of a high quality practice in a given field, and which recognizes entities that meet these high professional standards. Each standard in ACRO’s Practice Accreditation Program requires extensive peer review and the approval of the ACRO Standards Committee as well as the ACRO Board of Chancellors. The standards recognize that the safe and effective use of ionizing radiation requires specific training, skills and techniques as described in this document. The ACRO will periodically define new standards for radiation oncology practice to help advance the science of radiation oncology and to improve the quality of service to patients throughout the United States. Existing standards will be reviewed for revision or renewal as appropriate on their third anniversary or sooner, if indicated. The ACRO standards are not rules, but rather attempts to define principles of practice that are indicative of high quality care in radiation oncology. -
Nrc Regulatory Issue Summary 2005-23 Clarification of the Physical Presence Requirement During Gamma Stereotactic Radiosurgery Treatments
UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION OFFICE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL SAFETY AND SAFEGUARDS WASHINGTON, D.C. 20555 October 7, 2005 NRC REGULATORY ISSUE SUMMARY 2005-23 CLARIFICATION OF THE PHYSICAL PRESENCE REQUIREMENT DURING GAMMA STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY TREATMENTS ADDRESSEES All gamma stereotactic radiosurgery (GSR) licensees. INTENT The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is issuing this regulatory issue summary (RIS) to clarify the definition of the term “physically present,” as used in 10 CFR 35.615(f)(3). No specific action or written response is required. BACKGROUND In March 2005, during a licensing visit to a GSR facility, the NRC staff observed that the authorized medical physicist (AMP) did not remain physically present throughout one of the GSR treatments, as required by 10 CFR 35.615(f)(3). Instead, during the treatment, the AMP walked to the other end of the GSR suite and entered a treatment planning room located more than 30.5 meters (100 feet) away from the GSR treatment console. While discussing this incident with the licensee, the NRC staff recognized that the licensee was misinterpreting the physical presence requirement for GSR treatments. Based on the licensee’s interpretation of the regulations, the licensee considered any location within the GSR suite, including the treatment planning room, to be within hearing distance of normal voice from the GSR treatment console. The licensee believed that, within the contiguous boundary of its GSR suite, the human voice has sufficient volume, without electronic amplification, to alert the AMP of an emergency at essentially any location within its suite and the AMP could respond in a timely manner. -
The Impact of County-Level Radiation Oncologist Density on Prostate Cancer Mortality in the United States
Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2012) 15, 391 -- 396 & 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1365-7852/12 www.nature.com/pcan ORIGINAL ARTICLE The impact of county-level radiation oncologist density on prostate cancer mortality in the United States S Aneja1 and JB Yu1,2,3 BACKGROUND: The distribution of radiation oncologists across the United States varies significantly among geographic regions. Accompanying these variations exist geographic variations in prostate cancer mortality. Prostate cancer outcomes have been linked to variations in urologist density, however, the impact of geographic variation in the radiation oncologist workforce and prostate cancer mortality has yet to be investigated. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of increasing radiation oncologist density on regional prostate cancer mortality. METHODS: Using county-level prostate cancer mortality data from the National Cancer Institute and Centers for Disease Control as well as physician workforce and health system data from the Area Resource File a regression model was built for prostate cancer mortality controlling for categorized radiation oncologist density, urologist density, county socioeconomic factors and pre-existing health system infrastructure. RESULTS: There was statistically significant reduction in prostate cancer mortality (3.91--5.45% reduction in mortality) in counties with at least 1 radiation oncologist compared with counties lacking radiation oncologists. However, increasing the density of radiation oncologists beyond 1 per 100 000 residents did not yield statistically significant incremental reductions in prostate cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of at least one radiation oncologist is associated with significant reductions in prostate cancer mortality within that county. However, the incremental benefit of increasing radiation oncologist density exhibits a plateau effect providing marginal benefit. -
Radiosurgery Or Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy Plus Whole-Brain Radioherapy in Brain Oligometastases: a Long-Term Analysis
ANTICANCER RESEARCH 35: 3055-3060 (2015) Radiosurgery or Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy plus Whole-brain Radioherapy in Brain Oligometastases: A Long-term Analysis MARIO BALDUCCI1, ROSA AUTORINO1, SILVIA CHIESA1, GIANCARLO MATTIUCCI1, ANGELO POMPUCCI2, LUIGI AZARIO3, GIUSEPPE ROBERTO D’AGOSTINO1, MILENA FERRO1, ALBA FIORENTINO1, SERGIO FERSINO1, CIRO MAZZARELLA1, CESARE COLOSIMO4, VINCENZO FRASCINO1, CARMELO ANILE2 and VINCENZO VALENTINI1 Departments of 1Radiation Oncology, 2Neurosurgery, 3Physics and 4Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy Abstract. Aim: To analyze the outcome of patients with number, size, location, the patient’s Karnofsky performance brain oligometastases treated by radiosurgery (SRS) or status (KPS), age, extent of systematic disease and primary fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) after whole- disease status (4, 5). brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Patients and Methods: Overall Patients with one or two brain metastases and with survival (OS) and local control (LC) were evaluated in favorable prognostic features have a relatively favorable patients (patients) with 1-2 brain metastases. Results: Forty- survival; thus, the treatment is frequently more aggressive seven patients were selected. They were submitted to WBRT than for patients with multiple brain metastases (5). (median dose=3,750 cGy) followed by SRS (17 patients; Radiosurgery (SRS) delivered as a single fraction to median dose=1,500 cGy) or FSRT (30 patients; median individual intracranial lesions has been the most common dose=2,000 cGy). Median follow-up was 102 months technique used to dose-escalate on lesions following whole (range=17-151); the median survival was 22 months for the brain radiotherapy (WBRT) and considered as safe SRS group and 16 months for the FSRT group. -
A Roadmap for Replacing High-Risk Radioactive Sources and Materials
1 Permanent Risk Reduction: A Roadmap for Replacing High-Risk Radioactive Sources and Materials Miles A. Pomper James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies The National Academies of Sciences Radioactive Sources: Applications and Alternative Technologies Meeting January 31, 2020 2 Overview • CNS Workshops and Studies • Materials of Security Concern • Uses of Current High-Risk Materials ▫ Medicine ▫ Oil and gas industry • Strategy for Replacing High Activity Sources • Replacement Priority • Encouraging Replacement: Actions • Conclusions 3 CNS Workshops and Studies Since 2008, CNS has led a series of workshops and studies: . Alternatives to High-Risk Radiological Sources: The Case of Cesium Chloride in Blood Irradiation (2014) . Permanent Risk Reduction: A Roadmap for Replacing High-Risk Radioactive Sources and Materials (2015) . Treatment Not Terror: Strategies to Enhance External Beam Cancer Therapy in Developing Countries While Permanently Reducing the Risk of Radiological Terrorism (2016) . Additional material since: for NYC, NTI, and IAEA ICONS, draft language for 2016 NSS 4 Important Current Uses for High-Risk Materials, Existing Alternatives and Challenges, and Suggested Next Steps 5 High-Risk Sources • A task force report by the NRC listed 1. Americium-241 (Am-241) 2. Am-241/Beryllium (Be) 16 radionuclides as those of principal 3. Californium-252 (Cf-252) concern when considering the 4. Cesium-137 (Cs-137) problems they would cause if used in a 5. Cobalt-60 (Co-60) radiological dispersion device (RDD) 6. Curium-244 (Cm-244) • Considered an immediate danger only 7. Gadolinium-153 (Gd-153) when found in large enough amounts 8. Iridium-192 (Ir-192) to threaten life or cause severe 9. -
Linac Based Radiosurgery and Stereotactic Radiotherapy
Linac Based Radiosurgery and Stereotactic Radiotherapy Thomas Rockwell Mackie Professor Depts. Of Medical Physics, Human Oncology, and Engineering Physics University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 [email protected] Conflict of Interest Statement: I have financial interest in TomoTherapy Inc. Acknowledgements Peter Hoban, TomoTherapy Inc. Steve Goetsch, San Diego Gamma Knife Center Fang-Fang Yin, Duke University Chet Ramsey, Thompson Cancer Survival Center Karen Rosser, Royal Marsden Wolfgang Ullrich, BrainLab Inc. Outline Definition of SRS and SRT Stereo Market Indications for SRS/SRT History of Linac-Based SRS/SRT Variety of Systems QA for SRS Localization Imaging Small Field Dosimetry Stereotactic Radiosurgery Usually single fraction delivery » One large dose instead of ~30 fractions as in standard radiotherapy » Usually called SRS Also multiple fraction delivery » Often hypo-fractionated – Small number of fractions (e.g., 5) » Often called stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) or fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS) US Stereotactic Market Dedicated Machines US Stereotactic Market Dedicated Machines In 2003, 83 sites report plans to purchase in next few years 32 units in 2004 85% Linac based 15% Gamma Knife US Stereotactic Market Dedicated Machines Half of all dedicated SRS installations are in last 3 years (to 2003) US Stereotactic Market 100 80 60 40 cumulative number 20 Web Site Claims To 2005 0 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 GammaKnife CyberKnife 1999 Novalis 2001 2003 2004 2005 Brain Tumors Primary brain tumors » Tumors -
Radiological Protection Issues in Endovascular Use of Radiation Sources
IAEA-TECDOC-1488 Radiological protection issues in endovascular use of radiation sources February 2006 IAEA SAFETY RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport safety and waste safety, and also general safety (i.e. all these areas of safety). The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. Safety standards are coded according to their coverage: nuclear safety (NS), radiation safety (RS), transport safety (TS), waste safety (WS) and general safety (GS). Information on the IAEA’s safety standards programme is available at the IAEA Internet site http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For further information, please contact the IAEA at P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their use (e.g. as a basis for national regulations, for safety reviews and for training courses) for the purpose of ensuring that they continue to meet users’ needs. -
Of Suvranu Ganguli Supporting the Yttrium-90 Microsphere
'Page 1 of2 As of: 12/18/17 4:23 PM Received: December 17, 2017 . ' · Status: Pending_Post PUBLIC SUBMISSION Tracking No . .lkl-90ef-jm8z Comments Due: January 08, 2018 Submission Type: API Docket: NRC-2017-0215 Yttrium-90 Microsphere Brachytherapy Sources and Devices Therasphere and SIR-Spheres Comment On: NRC-2017-0215-0001 Yttrium-90 Microsphere Brachytherapy Sources and Devices TheraSphere and SIR-Spheres; Draft Guidance for Comment Document: NRC-2017-0215-DRAFT-0108 Comment on FR Doc# 2017-24129 I - -- Submitter Information /I / 1 / cJ-1)/ 7 p ~ ~A,c!J7?~-- Name: Suvranu Ganguli Address: Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit Street, GRB 298 Boston, MA, 02114 Email: [email protected] Organization: Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School General Comment Dear Nuclear Regulatory Commission, I am a practicing interventional radiologist/oncologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and an Assistant Professor of Radiology at Harvard Medical School, and have been practicing for over 8 years. I have utiilzed Y-90 radioembolization on hundreds of patients over that time, and I am an authorized used for both Sir-Spheres and Theraspheres at my hospital. I have worked closely with Sirtex for may years in treating my patients. I endorse the Sirtex response to the NRC proposed amendment, which is supplied below. Thank you for your consideration, SUNSI Review Complete Template = ADM - 013 E-RIDS= ADM -03 " https://www.fdms.gov/fdms/getcontent?objectid=0900006482< Add= A· :!);uJL/eY/ek_&eJ:t-.) 12/18/2017 Page 2 of2 Suvranu Ganguli, MD Attachments Sirtex Response to NRC Proposed Changes Oct 2016 https://www.fdms.gov/fdms/getcontent?objectid=0900006482d22499&format=xml&showorig=false 12/18/2017 SIRThX Sirtex Response to Proposed Changes to the Yttrium-90 Microsphere Brachytherapy Sources and Devices Licensing Guidance Statement to the U.S. -
A Framework for Quality Radiation Oncology Care
Safety is No Accident A FRAMEWORK FOR QUALITY RADIATION ONCOLOGY CARE DEVELOPED AND SPONSORED BY Safety is No Accident A FRAMEWORK FOR QUALITY RADIATION ONCOLOGY CARE DEVELOPED AND SPONSORED BY: American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) ENDORSED BY: American Association of Medical Dosimetrists (AAMD) American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) American Board of Radiology (ABR) American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) American College of Radiology (ACR) American Radium Society (ARS) American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT) Society of Chairmen of Academic Radiation Oncology Programs (SCAROP) Society for Radiation Oncology Administrators (SROA) T A R G E T I N G CAN CER CAR E The content in this publication is current as of the publication date. The information and opinions provided in the book are based on current and accessible evidence and consensus in the radiation oncology community. However, no such guide can be all-inclusive, and, especially given the evolving environment in which we practice, the recommendations and information provided in the book are subject to change and are intended to be updated over time. This book is made available to ASTRO and endorsing organization members and to the public for educational and informational purposes only. Any commercial use of this book or any content in this book without the prior written consent of ASTRO is strictly prohibited. The information in the book presents scientific, health and safety information and may, to some extent, reflect ASTRO’s and the endorsing organizations’ understanding of the consensus scientific or medical opinion. ASTRO and the endorsing organizations regard any consideration of the information in the book to be voluntary. -
1520.Full.Pdf
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ADULT BRAIN Differentiation between Treatment-Induced Necrosis and Recurrent Tumors in Patients with Metastatic Brain Tumors: Comparison among 11C-Methionine-PET, FDG-PET, MR Permeability Imaging, and MRI-ADC—Preliminary Results X N. Tomura, X M. Kokubun, X T. Saginoya, X Y. Mizuno, and X Y. Kikuchi ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with metastatic brain tumors after gamma knife radiosurgery, the superiority of PET using 11C-methionine for differentiating radiation necrosis and recurrent tumors has been accepted. To evaluate the feasibility of MR permea- bility imaging, it was compared with PET using 11C-methionine, FDG-PET, and DWI for differentiating radiation necrosis from recurrent tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study analyzed 18 lesions from 15 patients with metastatic brain tumors who underwent gamma knife radiosurgery. Ten lesions were identified as recurrent tumors by an operation. In MR permeability imaging, the transfer constant between intra- and extravascular extracellular spaces (/minute), extravascular extracellular space, the transfer constant from the extravascular extracellular space to plasma (/minute), the initial area under the signal intensity–time curve, contrast-enhancement ratio, bolus arrival time (seconds), maximum slope of increase (millimole/second), and fractional plasma volume were calculated. ADC was also acquired. On both PET using 11C-methionine and FDG-PET, the ratio of the maximum standard uptake value of the lesion divided by the maximum standard uptake value of the symmetric