An Approach to Epilepsy
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Myths and Truths About Pediatric Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures
Clin Exp Pediatr Vol. 64, No. 6, 251–259, 2021 Review article CEP https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.00892 Myths and truths about pediatric psychogenic nonepileptic seizures Jung Sook Yeom, MD, PhD1,2,3, Heather Bernard, LCSW4, Sookyong Koh, MD, PhD3,4 1Department of Pediatrics, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 2Gyeongsang Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea; 3Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; 4Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is a neuropsychiatric • PNES are a manifestation of psychological and emotional condition that causes a transient alteration of consciousness and distress. loss of self-control. PNES, which occur in vulnerable individuals • Treatment for PNES does not begin with the psychological who often have experienced trauma and are precipitated intervention but starts with the diagnosis and how the dia- gnosis is delivered. by overwhelming circumstances, are a body’s expression of • A multifactorial biopsychosocial process and a neurobiological a distressed mind, a cry for help. PNES are misunderstood, review are both essential components when treating PNES mistreated, under-recognized, and underdiagnosed. The mind- body dichotomy, an artificial divide between physical and mental health and brain disorders into neurology and psychi- atry, contributes to undue delays in the diagnosis and treat ment Introduction of PNES. One of the major barriers in the effective dia gnosis and treatment of PNES is the dissonance caused by different illness Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are paroxysmal perceptions between patients and providers. While patients attacks that may resemble epileptic seizures but are not caused are bewildered by their experiences of disabling attacks beyond by abnormal brain electrical discharges. -
Epilepsy Syndromes E9 (1)
EPILEPSY SYNDROMES E9 (1) Epilepsy Syndromes Last updated: September 9, 2021 CLASSIFICATION .......................................................................................................................................... 2 LOCALIZATION-RELATED (FOCAL) EPILEPSY SYNDROMES ........................................................................ 3 TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (TLE) ............................................................................................................... 3 Epidemiology ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Etiology, Pathology ................................................................................................................................ 3 Clinical Features ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Diagnosis ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Treatment ............................................................................................................................................. 15 EXTRATEMPORAL NEOCORTICAL EPILEPSY ............................................................................................... 16 Etiology ................................................................................................................................................ 16 -
Semiological Bridge Between Psychiatry and Epilepsy
Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychiatry Semiological Bridge between Psychiatry and Epilepsy Abstract Review Article Epilepsy is a paroxysmal disturbance of brain function that presents as behavioral phenomena involving four spheres; sensory, motor, autonomic and consciousness. These behavioural disturbances though transient but may be Volume 8 Issue 1 - 2017 confused with psychiatric disorders. Thus representing a diagnostic problem Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ain Shams University, Egypt for neurophyschiatrists. Here we review the grey zone between psychiatry and epilepsy on three levels. The first level is the semiology itself, that the behavioral *Corresponding author: Ahmed Gaber, Prof. of phenomenon at a time can be the presentation of an epileptic disorder and at Neuropsychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt, another time a representation of a psychiatric disorder. The second level is Email: the comorbidity between epilepsy and psychiatric disorders namely epileptic psychosis. The third level is the disorders of the brain that can present by both Received: | Published: epileptic and/or psychiatric disorders. We reviewed the current literature in both June 11, 2017 July 12, 2017 epilepsy and Psychiatry including the main presentations that might be confusing. Conclusion: Epilepsy, schizophrenia like psychosis, intellectual disability, autism are different disorders that may share same semiological presentation, comorbidity or even etiology. A stepwise mental approach and decision making is needed excluding seizure disorder first before diagnosing a psychiatric one. Keywords: Epilepsy, Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Semiology; Autoimmune encephalitis Discussion with consciousness are called dialeptic seizures. Seizures Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by an enduring consistingseizures are primarily identified of as autonomic auras. Seizures symptoms that interfere are called primarily either predisposition of recurrent seizures. -
Frequently Asked Questions
EPILEPSY AND SEIZURES – GENERAL Frequently Asked Questions What is epilepsy? Seizures are divided into two main categories: Epilepsy is a common neurological disease Generalized seizures characterized by the tendency to have recurrent • Involve both hemispheres of the brain seizures. It is sometimes called a seizure disorder. • Two common types are absence seizures (petit A person has epilepsy if they: mal seizures) and tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal seizures) • Have had at least two unprovoked seizures, or • Have had one seizure and are very likely to Focal seizures (partial seizures) have another, or • Only involve one part of the brain • Are diagnosed with an epilepsy syndrome • Include focal impaired awareness seizures (complex partial seizures) and focal aware seizures (simple partial seizures). What is a seizure? People with epilepsy may experience more than one A seizure is a sudden burst of electrical activity in the type of seizure. For more information about seizure brain that causes a temporary disturbance in the way types, see our Seizure Types Spark sheet. brain cells communicate with each other. The kind of seizure a person has depends on which part and how much of the brain is affected by the electrical FACT: About 1 in 100 Canadians have epilepsy. disturbance that produces the seizure. A seizure may take many different forms, including a blank stare, Why do people have seizures? uncontrolled movements, altered awareness, odd sensations, or convulsions. Seizures are typically brief There are many potential reasons why someone could and can last anywhere from a few seconds to a few have a seizure. Some seizures are a symptom of an minutes. -
Comprehensive Epilepsy Center the Only Level 4 Designated Center in Metropolitan Washington, D.C
Comprehensive Epilepsy Center The Only Level 4 Designated Center in Metropolitan Washington, D.C. 3 Seizing Control On the Road Again Daniele Wishnow endured eight Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people years of medications and side- in the United States or about one out of every 100 Americans. Many effects, a major car accident and losing the ability to drive before spend years—often their entire lives—taking various medications for she finally discovered the epilepsy experts at MedStar Georgetown their disorder, usually with good results. But uncontrolled, epilepsy University Hospital. Months later, can limit an individual’s ability to drive, work or enjoy other activities. her life was back on track. “At my worst, I had a combination of grand mal seizures—losing However, there is hope. consciousness, collapsing and Neurosurgeon Chris Kalhorn, MD, jerking,” Daniele says, “along with performs delicate and intricate surgery multiple small seizures that made to control seizures. When traditional approaches fail, MedStar Georgetown University me blank out for a few seconds or so. For a long time, medications So on January 2013, Christopher Hospital can help. Our Comprehensive Epilepsy Center features kept them pretty much under Kalhorn, MD—director of experts who can accurately locate the precise area of the brain control, but then they quit functional, pediatric and epilepsy working.” neurosurgery—successfully causing seizures in both adults and children. And with the right removed Daniele’s lesion. Today, Daniele underwent evaluation at Daniele’s back on the road and diagnosis, we can tailor personalized treatment plans to reduce or MedStar Georgetown’s Level 4 back to living a full life. -
Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: Diagnostic Challenges and Treatment Dilemmas Taoufik Alsaadi1* and Tarek M Shahrour2
Alsaadi and Shahrour. Int J Neurol Neurother 2015, 2:1 International Journal of DOI: 10.23937/2378-3001/2/1/1020 Volume 2 | Issue 1 Neurology and Neurotherapy ISSN: 2378-3001 Review Article: Open Access Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: Diagnostic Challenges and Treatment Dilemmas Taoufik Alsaadi1* and Tarek M Shahrour2 1Department of Neurology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, UAE 2Department of Psychiatry, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, UAE *Corresponding author: Taoufik Alsaadi, Department of Neurology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, UAE, E-mail: [email protected] They are thought to be a form of physical manifestation of psychological Abstract distress. Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) are grouped in Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures (PNES) are episodes of the category of psycho-neurologic illnesses like other conversion and movement, sensation or behavior changes similar to epileptic somatization disorders, in which symptoms are psychological in origin seizures but without neurological origin. They are somatic but neurologic in expression [4]. The purpose of this review is to shed manifestations of psychological distress. Patients with PNES are often misdiagnosed and treated for epilepsy for years, resulting in light on this common, but, often times, misdiagnosed problem. It has significant morbidity. Video-EEG monitoring is the gold standard for been estimated that approximately 20 to 30% of patients referred to diagnosis. Five to ten percent of outpatient epilepsy populations and epilepsy centers have PNES [5]. Still, it takes an average of 7 years before 20 to 40 percent of inpatient and specialty epilepsy center patients accurate diagnosis and appropriate referral is made [6]. Early recognition have PNES. These patients inevitably have comorbid psychiatric and appropriate treatment can prevent significant iatrogenic harm, and illnesses, most commonly depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), other dissociative and somatoform disorders, may result in a better outcome. -
How to Identify Migraine with Aura Kathleen B
How to Identify Migraine with Aura Kathleen B. Digre MD, FAHS Migraine is very common—affecting 20% of women and (continuous dots that are present all of the time but do not almost 8% of men. Migraine with aura occurs in about obscure vision and appear like a faulty analog television set), one-third of those with migraine. Visual symptoms such as (Schankin et al), visual blurring and short visual phenomena photophobia, blurred vision, sparkles and flickering are all (Friedman). Migraine visual auras are usually stereotypic for reported in individuals with migraine. But how do you know if an individual. what a patient is experiencing is aura? Figure: Typical aura drawn by a primary care resident: The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD 3) suggests that auras may be visual (most common—90% of all auras), sensory, speech and or language, motor, brainstem or retinal. The typical aura starts out gradually over 5 minutes and lasts 5-60 minutes, is usually unilateral and may be followed by a headache within 60 minutes. To identify aura, we rely on the patient’s description of the phenomena. One helpful question to ask patients to determine if they are experiencing visual aura is: Was this in one eye or both eyes? Many patients will report it in ONE eye but if they haven’t covered each eye when they have the phenomena and try to read text, they may be misled. If you can have them draw their aura (typical zig-zag lines) with scintillations (movement, like a kaleidoscope) across their vision, you know it is an aura. -
Initiating an Epilepsy Surgery Program with Limited Resources in Indonesia
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Initiating an epilepsy surgery program with limited resources in Indonesia Muhamad Thohar Arifn1*, Ryosuke Hanaya2, Yuriz Bakhtiar1, Aris Catur Bintoro3, Koji Iida4, Kaoru Kurisu4, Kazunori Arita2, Jacob Bunyamin1, Rofat Askoro1, Surya Pratama Brilliantika1, Novita Ikbar Khairunnisa1 & Zainal Muttaqin1 To share the experiences of organizing the epilepsy surgery program in Indonesia. This study was divided into two periods based on the presurgical evaluation method: the frst period (1999–2004), when interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used mainly for confrmation, and the second period (2005–2017), when long-term non-invasive and invasive video-EEG was involved in the evaluation. Long-term outcomes were recorded up to December 2019 based on the Engel scale. All 65 surgical recruits in the frst period possessed temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), while 524 patients were treated in the second period. In the frst period, 76.8%, 16.1%, and 7.1% of patients with TLE achieved Classes I, II, and III, respectively, and in the second period, 89.4%, 5.5%, and 4.9% achieved Classes I, II, and III, respectively, alongside Class IV, at 0.3%. The overall median survival times for patients with focal impaired awareness seizures (FIAS), focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures and generalized tonic–clonic seizures were 9, 11 and 11 years (95% CI: 8.170– 9.830, 10.170–11.830, and 7.265–14.735), respectively, with p = 0.04. The utilization of stringent and selective criteria to reserve surgeries is important for a successful epilepsy program with limited resources. -
Charles Brock, M.D
Charles Brock, M.D. Diagnosing Migraine Headdhache Any severe or recurrent headache most likely is a form of migraine Almost all patients will have family histor y of migraines or at least “sick” headaches Only 15% have preceded or accompanied focal neurologic symptoms Usually visual Vis ion loss or dis tor tion in one eye – ‘l‘ocular mii’igraine’ “Classic migraine” Recurrent Headaches Primary Migraine Tension Cluster Other benign –cough, cold temperature, post coital, exertion RRtecurrent HHdheadaches Secondary (pain from complications) Intracranial tumor Intracranial aneurysm IilIntracranial A‐V malformati on Temporal arteritis Migraine with aura – Criteria* At least 2 attacks with 3 of the following: Fully reversible aura symptoms At least 1 aura symptom develops gradually during more than 4 minutes or 2 symptoms occur in succession Any aura symptom lasts less than 60 minutes Headache follows the aura within 60 minutes *International Headache Society - 2004 Migra ine wiihth aura Visual aura common Slowly evolving scintillating scotoma that moves or passes throug h viilsual field Duration of aura –22 minutes Should not be called ocular migraine if bilateral eye involvement Just call them migraine with aura Visua l aura rating scale (VARS) Visual Symptom Risk Score Duration 5 - 60 minutes 3 Develops gradually over 5 min 2 Scotoma 2 Zigzag line (fortification) 2 Unilateral (homonymous) 1 MIGRAINE with AURA DIAGNOSIS ≥ 5 Migraine with aura – vascular risk? Migraine with aura is associated with 2 fold risk of ischemic -
Epilepsy Patient Guide Epilepsy Patient Guide
Epilepsy Patient Guide Epilepsy Patient Guide Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center, established in 1978, medical professionals and support staff provides outstanding is an international pacesetter in the evaluation and service to our epilepsy patients, who come from across the medical and surgical treatment of epilepsy. It is among country and around the world. the world’s largest and most comprehensive centers for Cleveland Clinic Florida’s epilepsy program is fully integrated epilepsy patient care. In 2011, we had more than 6,200 with the epilepsy program at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. Florida adult patient visits and 2,300 pediatric patient visits and epileptologists work with the Cleveland team of physicians, performed 320 epilepsy surgeries in children and adults. nurses and technologists to diagnose and tailor treatment At our two locations in Cleveland, Ohio, and in Weston, programs for adult patients with epilepsy. All Florida epilep- Florida, we offer state-of-the-art resources to provide you tologists have dual appointments with the Epilepsy Center and with the most advanced specialized care, complemented by Neurological Institute in Cleveland. (For more information on leading programs in research and education. A dedicated, Cleveland Clinic Florida, see page 11.) well-coordinated multidisciplinary team of physicians, other Patient Care EpileptologistsNeurologists At Cleveland Clinic, we believe the best medical care goes beyond the latest equipment and techniques. It also means Technologists compassion; we understand your concerns and are here to help. Neurosurgeons It means comprehensiveness, too. Because epilepsy affects Neuroradiologists so many aspects of the patient’s life — from the physical to Researchers the emotional to the social, and from the family to the work- Pharmacologists place to the school — the Epilepsy Center’s comprehensive Patient care approach addresses challenges across the board. -
Management of Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures *W
Epilepsia, 54(Suppl. 1):53–67, 2013 doi: 10.1111/epi.12106 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN EPILEPSY Management of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures *W. Curt LaFrance Jr, †Markus Reuber, and ‡Laura H. Goldstein *Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology Division, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A.; †Academic Neurology Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; and ‡Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom the following: presentation of the diagnosis, early SUMMARY phase treatment, psychological and pharmacologic The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) interventions, and maintenance management. The Neuropsychobiology Commission gave the charge aimofthisreportistoprovidegreaterclarityabout to provide practical guidance for health profession- the range and current evidence base for treatment als for the pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic for patients with PNES, with the intention of improv- treatment of patients with psychogenic nonepilep- ing the care of patients with PNES and patients who tic seizures (PNES). Using a consensus review develop PNES as a comorbidity of epilepsy. of the literature, an international group of clini- KEY WORDS: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, cian-researchers in epilepsy, neurology, neuropsy- Epilepsy, Differential diagnosis, Electroencephalog- chology, and neuropsychiatry evaluated key raphy, Video electroencephalography monitoring, management approaches -
Care Recommendations for Children
Recommendations for Care of Children with Epilepsy Seeking the best treatment from the right doctor at the right time! Contents Children withWhat of Doctors Type Treat Epilepsy? Children with New Onset Seizures Epilepsy Medication Children Taking Children with Uncontrolled Seizures (Refractory Epilepsy) Making the Office MostChild’s of Your Visit This booklet is to help parents and caregivers know when it is appropriate to seek treatment for a child experiencing seizures. For additional resources about epilepsy and tools to help manage your child’s condition, please visit www.epilepsyandmychild.org. 1 2 3 4 5 What Type of Doctors Treat Children with Children withWhat of Doctors Type Treat Epilepsy? Children with New Onset Seizures Epilepsy Medication Children Taking Children with Uncontrolled Seizures (Refractory Epilepsy) Making the Office MostChild’s of Your Visit Epilepsy? There are several types of doctors who treat epilepsy. For many children, epilepsy can be treated and success- fully managed by a primary care physician, a family physi- cian, or a pediatrician. This is often the case for those whose seizures are well controlled on one medication or who live in rural areas and must travel for hours to see an epilepsy specialist. Most children with epilepsy under the age of 16 are treated by a pediatric neurologist. A pediatric neurologist specializes in childhood diseases of the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system. A pediatric neurologist learns about treating epilepsy in children and is involved in their care during residency. A pediatric epileptologist is a neurologist who com- pletes a one or two year subspecialty fellowship in clinical neurophysiology and/or epilepsy in addition to the training in epilepsy that a pediatric neurologist receives.