Revisiting an Aspergillus Flavus Strain Isolated from an Egyptian
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Characterization of Aspergillus Flavus Soil and Corn Kernel Populations from Eight Mississippi River States Jorge A
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 11-13-2017 Characterization of Aspergillus Flavus Soil and Corn Kernel Populations From Eight Mississippi River States Jorge A. Reyes Pineda Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Reyes Pineda, Jorge A., "Characterization of Aspergillus Flavus Soil and Corn Kernel Populations From Eight Mississippi River States" (2017). LSU Master's Theses. 4350. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4350 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS SOIL AND CORN KERNEL POPULATIONS FROM EIGHT MISSISSIPPI RIVER STATES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology by Jorge A. Reyes Pineda B.S., Universidad Nacional de Agricultura-Honduras 2011 December 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I first thank God who gave me the strength and perseverance to complete the requirements for this degree, and second, I thank my family. Without their unconditional support and encouragement, I would have never been able to achieve this endeavor. I would like to thank my advisory committee, Drs. -
Aspergillus Species and Mycotoxins: Occurrence and Importance in Major Food Commodities
Aspergillus species and mycotoxins: occurrence and importance in major food commodities Marta Hiromi Taniwaki1*, John I. Pitt2, Naresh Magan3 1Food Technology Institute, ITAL, C.P. 139, Campinas SP, CEP 13078-170, Brazil. Email: [email protected] 2CSIRO Agriculture and Food, P.O. Box 52, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. Email: [email protected] 3Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds. MK43 0AL, U.K. email: [email protected] *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Aspergillus species produce important mycotoxins, in particular aflatoxins, produced by A. flavus and related species, and ochratoxin A, produced by A. ochraceus and related species and also A. carbonarius and (less commonly) A. niger. In this review we briefly discuss the distribution of toxigenic Aspergillus species in nuts, coffee and cocoa beans, dried fruits, grapes, maize, rice and small grains. Future perspectives of distribution of Aspergillus species in foods is briefly discussed taking into account the impacts of climate change and the resilience of these mycotoxigenic species. Introduction Aspergillus is one of the three fungal genera most important in the spoilage of foodstuffs and in the production of mycotoxins, the others being Fusarium and Penicillium. Aspergillus species are the best adapted to growth in the tropics, as common species rarely grow below 10°C and most grow strongly at 37°C or above [1]. Most species that occur commonly in foods are xerophilic, with major toxin producers all able to grow down to, or near to, 0.80 water activity [1]. Some are strictly saprophytic, growing only after harvest, while some are commensals, able to grow in some plant crops and developing nuts or kernels before harvest without causing damage to the crop. -
Clinical and Laboratory Profile of Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Original article 109 Clinical and laboratory profile of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: a retrospective study Ramakrishna Pai Jakribettua, Thomas Georgeb, Soniya Abrahamb, Farhan Fazalc, Shreevidya Kinilad, Manjeshwar Shrinath Baligab Introduction Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is a type differential leukocyte count, and erythrocyte sedimentation of semi-invasive aspergillosis seen mainly in rate. In all the four dead patients, the cause of death was immunocompetent individuals. These are slow, progressive, respiratory failure and all patients were previously treated for and not involved in angio-invasion compared with invasive pulmonary tuberculosis. pulmonary aspergillosis. The predisposing factors being Conclusion When a patient with pre-existing lung disease compromised lung parenchyma owing to chronic obstructive like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or old tuberculosis pulmonary disease and previous pulmonary tuberculosis. As cavity presents with cough with expectoration, not many studies have been conducted in CPA with respect to breathlessness, and hemoptysis, CPA should be considered clinical and laboratory profile, the study was undertaken to as the first differential diagnosis. examine the profile in our population. Egypt J Bronchol 2019 13:109–113 Patients and methods This was a retrospective study. All © 2019 Egyptian Journal of Bronchology patients older than 18 years, who had evidence of pulmonary Egyptian Journal of Bronchology 2019 13:109–113 fungal infection on chest radiography or computed tomographic scan, from whom the Aspergillus sp. was Keywords: chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, immunocompetent, laboratory isolated from respiratory sample (broncho-alveolar wash, parameters bronchoscopic sample, etc.) and diagnosed with CPA from aDepartment of Microbiology, Father Muller Medical College Hospital, 2008 to 2016, were included in the study. -
Taxonomy and Evolution of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces in the Omics Era – Past, Present and Future
Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal 16 (2018) 197–210 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csbj Taxonomy and evolution of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces in the omics era – Past, present and future Chi-Ching Tsang a, James Y.M. Tang a, Susanna K.P. Lau a,b,c,d,e,⁎, Patrick C.Y. Woo a,b,c,d,e,⁎ a Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong b Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong c State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong d Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong e Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong article info abstract Article history: Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces are diverse, phenotypically polythetic genera encompassing species im- Received 25 October 2017 portant to the environment, economy, biotechnology and medicine, causing significant social impacts. Taxo- Received in revised form 12 March 2018 nomic studies on these fungi are essential since they could provide invaluable information on their Accepted 23 May 2018 evolutionary relationships and define criteria for species recognition. With the advancement of various biological, Available online 31 May 2018 biochemical and computational technologies, different approaches have been adopted for the taxonomy of Asper- gillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces; for example, from traditional morphotyping, phenotyping to chemotyping Keywords: Aspergillus (e.g. lipotyping, proteotypingand metabolotyping) and then mitogenotyping and/or phylotyping. Since different Penicillium taxonomic approaches focus on different sets of characters of the organisms, various classification and identifica- Talaromyces tion schemes would result. -
Emerging Health Concerns in the Era of Cannabis Legalization
Emerging Health Concerns in the Era of Cannabis Legalization Iyad N. Daher, MD, FACC, FASE, FSCCT Chief Science Officer, VRX Labs Cannabis legalization is advancing worldwide * complicated … * Legalization impact on population use and health hazards More first-time users More volume of consumption (more exposure) More matrices (smoke/vape/cookies/gummies/drinks) More access to vulnerable populations (young, elderly, cancer, immunocompromised, fertile females, pregnant) More potential for inappropriate/accidental use (young, driving, operating machinery) More apparent cannabis related medical problems (increased reporting) Cannabis population health impact is yet to be fully understood Limited US federal funding Restrictions on research even with private funds (stigma, loss of federal funding) Paucity of quality data (small numbers, case reports, no longitudinal studies, biases (reporting/publishing/authors/editors/reviewers) Post marketing studies NOT mandated at this time How do these concerns compare with alcohol? Alcohol like Cannabis specific first time users Increased cannabis related medical problems (psychiatric, Increased exposure bad experience, vulnerable populations contaminants) (young, pregnant) More matrices inappropriate/accidental use (smoke/vape/cookies/gummie (young, driving, operating s/drinks) machinery) vulnerable populations (elderly, More apparent cancer, immunocompromised, fertile or pregnant females): contaminants Comparison to alcohol is useful but has limitations Cannabis and derived THC/CBD have -
The Interaction Between Tribolium Castaneum and Mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in Maize Flour
insects Article The Interaction between Tribolium castaneum and Mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in Maize Flour Sónia Duarte 1,2 , Ana Magro 1,*, Joanna Tomás 1, Carolina Hilário 1, Paula Alvito 3,4, Ricardo Boavida Ferreira 1,2 and Maria Otília Carvalho 1,2 1 Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] (S.D.); [email protected] (J.T.); [email protected] (C.H.); [email protected] (R.B.F.); [email protected] (M.O.C.) 2 LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal 3 National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1600-609 Lisboa, Portugal; [email protected] 4 Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: It is important to hold cereals in storage conditions that exclude insect pests such as the red flour beetle and fungi, especially mycotoxin-producing ones (as a few strains of Aspergillus flavus). This work aims to investigate the interaction between these two organisms when thriving in maize flour. It was observed that when both organisms were together, the mycotoxins detected in maize flour were far higher than when the fungi were on their own, suggesting that the presence of insects may contribute positively to fungi development and mycotoxin production. The insects in Citation: Duarte, S.; Magro, A.; contact with the fungi were almost all dead at the end of the trials, suggesting a negative effect of the Tomás, J.; Hilário, C.; Alvito, P.; fungi growth on the insects. -
Discovery of a Sexual Cycle in Aspergillus Lentulus, a Close Relative of A
Discovery of a Sexual Cycle in Aspergillus lentulus, a Close Relative of A. fumigatus Sameira S. Swilaiman,a Céline M. O’Gorman,a S. Arunmozhi Balajee,b Paul S. Dyera School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdoma; Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USAb Aspergillus lentulus was described in 2005 as a new species within the A. fumigatus sensu lato complex. It is an opportunistic human pathogen causing invasive aspergillosis with high mortality rates, and it has been isolated from clinical and environmen- tal sources. The species is morphologically nearly identical to A. fumigatus sensu stricto, and this similarity has resulted in their frequent misidentification. Comparative studies show that A. lentulus has some distinguishing growth features and decreased in vitro susceptibility to several antifungal agents, including amphotericin B and caspofungin. Similar to the once-presumed-asex- ual A. fumigatus, it has only been known to reproduce mitotically. However, we now show that A. lentulus has a heterothallic sexual breeding system. A PCR-based mating-type diagnostic detected isolates of either the MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 genotype, and examination of 26 worldwide clinical and environmental isolates revealed similar ratios of the two mating types (38% versus 62%, respectively). MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorph regions were analyzed, revealing the presence of characteristic alpha and high-mobility-group (HMG) domain genes, together with other more unusual features such as a MAT1-2-4 gene. We then dem- onstrated that A. lentulus possesses a functional sexual cycle with mature cleistothecia, containing heat-resistant ascospores, being produced after 3 weeks of incubation. -
ABSTRACT MONACELL, JAMES TRENTADUE. Identification Of
ABSTRACT MONACELL, JAMES TRENTADUE. Identification of Heterokaryon Incompatibility Genes in Aspergillus using Array Comparative Genome Hybridization and Whole Genome Sequencing. (Under the direction of Dr. Ignazio Carbone.) Aspergillus flavus is a filamentous ascomycete most noted as a pathogen of economically important crops such as corn, peanuts, and cotton. A. flavus poses a multifaceted threat causing crop loss, contaminating food with carcinogenic mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AF) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), as well as infecting humans and animals. A. flavus contamination has cost millions of dollars in crop loss, several outbreaks of aflatoxins laden foods and dog foods have occurred in recent years resulting in human and animal deaths, in addition to direct infection in immuno-compromised individuals. In addition to sexual reproduction, this fungus has the potential to undergo genetic exchange between compatible strains via heterokaryon formation, or parasexuality. Heterokaryon incompatibility is the inability of two strains to undergo fusion of vegetative fungal cells. This vegetative compatibility system is dictated by a series of heterokaryon incompatibility (het) loci whose alleles must all be identical for stable hyphal fusions to occur. Het loci have been identified in several filamentous fungi. This work provides the first characterization of het loci in Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Fungal individuals can be grouped into vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) based on their ability to undergo hyphal fusions and potentially form heterokaryons. A major goal of this work is to seek a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling heterokaryon incompatibility to improve control methods of this important agricultural pathogen. We performed array-Comparative Genome Hybridization (aCGH) for eleven VCGs and a total of 51 strains in Aspergillus section Flavi, including A. -
The Ecology and Evolution of Aspergillus Spp. Fungal Parasites in Honey Bees
The Ecology and Evolution of Aspergillus spp. Fungal Parasites in Honey Bees Kirsten Foley Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. The University of Leeds School of Biology May 2013 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his/her own, except where work which has formed part of jointly-authored publications has been included. The contribution of the candidate and the other authors to this work has been explicitly indicated after each chapter. The candidate confirms that appropriate credit has been given within the thesis where reference has been made to the work of others. Chapter 2 Foley, K., Fazio, G., Jensen, A. B., Hughes, W. O. H., 2012. Nutritional limitation and resistance to opportunistic Aspergillus parasites in honey bee larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 111, 68–73. The candidate, Kirsten Foley, designed the experiments, carried out the experimental work, analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. GF assisted with the experimental work, specifically the collection of bee larvae. ABJ assisted with the design of the experiments and provided training. WOHH supervised the work, assisted with the design of the experiments, the data analysis and drafting of the manuscript. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. ⓒ 2013 The University of Leeds and Kirsten Foley 1 Acknowledgements There are many people I would like to thank for their help and support throughout the course of writing this thesis as well as those who helped me along the way. -
Lists of Names in Aspergillus and Teleomorphs As Proposed by Pitt and Taylor, Mycologia, 106: 1051-1062, 2014 (Doi: 10.3852/14-0
Lists of names in Aspergillus and teleomorphs as proposed by Pitt and Taylor, Mycologia, 106: 1051-1062, 2014 (doi: 10.3852/14-060), based on retypification of Aspergillus with A. niger as type species John I. Pitt and John W. Taylor, CSIRO Food and Nutrition, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia and Dept of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA Preamble The lists below set out the nomenclature of Aspergillus and its teleomorphs as they would become on acceptance of a proposal published by Pitt and Taylor (2014) to change the type species of Aspergillus from A. glaucus to A. niger. The central points of the proposal by Pitt and Taylor (2014) are that retypification of Aspergillus on A. niger will make the classification of fungi with Aspergillus anamorphs: i) reflect the great phenotypic diversity in sexual morphology, physiology and ecology of the clades whose species have Aspergillus anamorphs; ii) respect the phylogenetic relationship of these clades to each other and to Penicillium; and iii) preserve the name Aspergillus for the clade that contains the greatest number of economically important species. Specifically, of the 11 teleomorph genera associated with Aspergillus anamorphs, the proposal of Pitt and Taylor (2014) maintains the three major teleomorph genera – Eurotium, Neosartorya and Emericella – together with Chaetosartorya, Hemicarpenteles, Sclerocleista and Warcupiella. Aspergillus is maintained for the important species used industrially and for manufacture of fermented foods, together with all species producing major mycotoxins. The teleomorph genera Fennellia, Petromyces, Neocarpenteles and Neopetromyces are synonymised with Aspergillus. The lists below are based on the List of “Names in Current Use” developed by Pitt and Samson (1993) and those listed in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org), plus extensive scrutiny of papers publishing new species of Aspergillus and associated teleomorph genera as collected in Index of Fungi (1992-2104). -
Mildew Fungi Found in Termites (Reticulitermes Lucifugus) and Their Nests A
Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 2015; volume 47:2184 Mildew fungi found in termites (Reticulitermes lucifugus) and their nests A. Wójcik, B. Andres Department of Wood Science and Wood Preservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland and 500 mL beakers or high pathogenicity of fungi strains? Another Abstract question is how sterile colonies, prepared in accordance to Anonymous (2005, 2008) were infected by fungi? In order to answer these ques- This paper presents the results of observation of mould growth in tions, research was undertaken. It was focused on determining mildew laboratory colonies of termites. It also attempts to determine the fungi species causing high mortality in test colonies as well as identi- species of mould fungi present in the research laboratory and the main fying fungi appearing in the main termite nest. colonies and their entomopathogenic for the termites. The following Termites feed on cellulose-rich plant tissue. However, these insects four species were found in test termite colonies: Trichoderme viride, do not have enzymes necessary for cellulose and hemicelluloses diges- Mucor himeralis, Rhizopus nigricans, Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus tion. Digestion of these polysaccharides occurs through microorgan- flavus, Alternaria sp., Penicylium verucosum and Fusarium sp. were isms present in the alimentary tract of the insects. In intestines of the recognisable in test colonies with domestic and exotic wood. insects, the following fungi were found: Alternaria alternata (Fr) Morphological observations of the fungi were carried out using a Keissel, Paecilomyces fusisporusonly (Saksena), Rhizopus stolonifer microscope with a 40x magnification. The growth of mould fungi in (Ehrenb.), as well as some species of Aspergillus and Cladosporium test containers caused death of whole termite colonies. -
Mycotoxins J
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, July 2003, p. 497–516 Vol. 16, No. 3 0893-8512/03/$08.00ϩ0 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.3.497–516.2003 Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Mycotoxins J. W. Bennett1* and M. Klich2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118,1 and Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 701242 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................497 Mycoses and Mycotoxicoses ..................................................................................................................................497 Definitions, Etymology, and General Principles.................................................................................................498 Toxicology and Human Health .............................................................................................................................499 MAJOR MYCOTOXINS............................................................................................................................................499 Aflatoxins .................................................................................................................................................................499 Downloaded from Citrinin.....................................................................................................................................................................501