SERDP and ESTCP, 2008

WORKSHOP REPORT SERDP and ESTCP Expert Panel Workshop on Research and Development Needs for Understanding and Assessing the Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments NOVEMBER 2008 Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release, Distribution is Unlimited Contributing Authors Todd Bridges, Ph.D. Danny Reible, Ph.D. U.S. Army ERDC-EL University of Texas, Austin Stephen Geiger, Ph.D. Stephen Roberts, Ph.D. ENSR University of Florida Marc Greenberg, Ph.D. Michael Ruby U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Integral Consulting, Inc. Susan Griffin, Ph.D. Jason Speicher U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FirstEnergy, Corp. Roman Lanno, Ph.D. Hans Stroo, Ph.D. The Ohio State University HydroGeoLogic, Inc. Andrea Leeson, Ph.D. Tim Thompson SERDP/ESTCP Science and Engineering for the Environment, LLC Yvette Lowney Exponent, Inc. Marvin Unger, Ph.D. HydroGeoLogic, Inc. Richard Luthy, Ph.D. Stanford University Katherine von Stackelberg, Ph.D. Harvard School of Public Health Charles Menzie, Ph.D. Exponent, Inc. Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................................................III ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................VII 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................1 2. METHOD .................................................................................................................................................................2 3. CONTAMINANT RISK PATHWAYS AND DRIVERS AT DOD SITES .........................................................4 3.1 RISK PATHWAYS AND DRIVERS WITHIN CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS .............................................................4 3.2 RISK PATHWAYS AND DRIVERS WITHIN CONTAMINATED SOILS ......................................................................5 4. USE OF BIOAVAILABILITY CONCEPTS IN RISK-BASED DECISION PROCESSES ............................7 4.1 CURRENT USE OF BIOAVAILABILITY CONCEPTS ..............................................................................................7 4.1.1 Use of Bioavailability Concepts in Sediments .......................................................................7 4.1.1.1 Human Health Risk Assessment................................................................................................................. 7 4.1.1.2 Ecological Risk Assessment ....................................................................................................................... 8 4.1.2 Use of Bioavailability Concepts in Soils...............................................................................10 4.1.2.1 Human Health Risk Assessments ............................................................................................................ 10 4.1.2.2 Ecological Risk Assessments ................................................................................................................... 11 4.2 BARRIERS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOAVAILABILITY CONCEPTS .........................................................11 4.2.1 Uncertainty...............................................................................................................................11 4.2.2 Site Specificity.........................................................................................................................11 4.2.3 Communication .......................................................................................................................12 4.2.3.1 Public Sector.................................................................................................................................................. 13 4.2.3.2 Regulatory Community................................................................................................................................13 4.2.3.3 Site Managers ................................................................................................................................................ 13 5. HOW CAN BIOAVAILABILITY RESEARCH ADVANCE ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION............15 5.1 SEDIMENTS.......................................................................................................................................................15 5.2 SOILS................................................................................................................................................................16 6. OVERARCHING ISSUES ...................................................................................................................................18 6.1 IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROCESS.....................................................................................18 6.2 BUILDING CONSENSUS ....................................................................................................................................18 6.3 ENHANCE SCIENCE/MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION ....................................................................................18 6.4 NEED FOR WEIGHT-OF-EVIDENCE ASSESSMENTS .........................................................................................19 6.5 CHALLENGES WITH BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS AND MODELING UPTAKE...................................................20 7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS TO IMPROVE BIOAVAILABILITY UNDERSTANDING AND USE ...................................................................................................................................................................23 7.1 SEDIMENTS.......................................................................................................................................................23 7.1.1 Critical Priority Needs.............................................................................................................23 7.1.1.1 Impacts of Contaminant Bioavailability in Sediments on Higher Organisms ............................... 23 7.1.1.2 Improved Understanding of Metal Bioavailability in Sediments....................................................... 24 7.1.1.3 In Situ Remedies to Reduce Bioavailability of Contaminants in Sediments ................................. 26 7.1.1.4 Fundamental Understanding of PAH Bioavailability in Sediments.................................................. 27 SERDP & ESTCP Expert Panel Workshop on Research i & Development Needs for Understanding & Assessing the Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils & Sediments 7.1.1.5 Fundamental Understanding of Chlorinated Organics Bioavailability in Sediments .................. 28 7.1.1.6 Improved Approaches for Biological Assessments of Bioavailability............................................ 30 7.1.2 High Priority Needs .................................................................................................................30 7.1.2.1 Better Understanding of the Effects of Black Carbon on the Bioavailability of Contaminants in Sediments .................................................................................................................................................................... 30 7.1.2.2 Better Understanding of Bioavailability across Small Scale Gradients and Interfaces.............. 31 7.1.2.3 Better Understanding of the Relationships among the Various Concepts Used in the Bioavailability Decision-Making Process............................................................................................................. 31 7.1.2.4 Bioavailability of Emerging Contaminants and Compounds of Interest at DoD Sediment Sites............................................................................................................................................................................... 31 7.2 SOILS ................................................................................................................................................................31 7.2.1 Critical Priority Needs.............................................................................................................31 7.2.1.1 Extend In Vitro Lead Approach to Arsenic............................................................................................. 31 7.2.1.2 Mechanisms of Interaction of Contaminants with Soil Components .............................................. 32 7.2.1.3 Develop In Vivo Database for DoD-Relevant Organics ....................................................................... 34 7.2.1.4 Develop In Vitro Methods for DoD-Relevant Organics ........................................................................ 35 7.2.1.5 Develop Soil [and Sediments] Repository for Bioavailability R&D .................................................. 36 7.2.1.6 Develop/Adapt In Vitro Methods for Evaluating Treated Soils.......................................................... 37 7.2.1.7 Develop Technically Valid Soil Limits for Equilibrated Contaminants...........................................

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