Neuroscience at the University of Warwick
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Are Systems Neuroscience Explanations Mechanistic?
Are Systems Neuroscience Explanations Mechanistic? Carlos Zednik [email protected] Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück 49069 Osnabrück, Germany Paper to be presented at: Philosophy of Science Association 24th Biennial Meeting (Chicago, IL), November 2014 Abstract Whereas most branches of neuroscience are thought to provide mechanistic explanations, systems neuroscience is not. Two reasons are traditionally cited in support of this conclusion. First, systems neuroscientists rarely, if ever, rely on the dual strategies of decomposition and localization. Second, they typically emphasize organizational properties over the properties of individual components. In this paper, I argue that neither reason is conclusive: researchers might rely on alternative strategies for mechanism discovery, and focusing on organization is often appropriate and consistent with the norms of mechanistic explanation. Thus, many explanations in systems neuroscience can also be viewed as mechanistic explanations. 1 1. Introduction There is a widespread consensus in philosophy of science that neuroscientists provide mechanistic explanations. That is, they seek the discovery and description of the mechanisms responsible for the behavioral and neurological phenomena being explained. This consensus is supported by a growing philosophical literature on past and present examples from various branches of neuroscience, including molecular (Craver 2007; Machamer, Darden, and Craver 2000), cognitive (Bechtel 2008; Kaplan and Craver 2011), and computational -
Sten Grillner
BK-SFN-HON_V9-160105-Grillner.indd 108 5/6/2016 4:11:20 PM Sten Grillner BORN: Stockholm, Sweden June 14, 1941 EDUCATION: University of Göteborg, Sweden, Med. Candidate (1962) University of Göteborg, Sweden, Dr. of Medicine, PhD (1969) Academy of Science, Moscow, Visiting Scientist (1971) APPOINTMENTS: Docent in Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Göteborg (1969–1975) Professor, Department of Physiology III, Karolinska Institute (1975–1986) Director, Nobel Institute for Neurophysiology, Karolinska Institute, Professor (1987) Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, Chair, 1995–1997 (1987–1998) Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institutet, Member Chair, 2005 (1988–2008) Chairman Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet (1993–2000) Distinguished Professor, Karolinska Institutet (2010) HONORS AND AWARDS: Member of Academiae Europaea 1990– Member of Royal Swedish Academy of Science 1993– Chairman Section for Biology and Member of Academy Board, 2004–2010 Member of Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, 1997– Member American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2004– Honorary Member of the Spanish Medical Academy, 2006– Foreign Associate of Institute of Medicine of the National Academy, United States, 2006– Foreign Associate of the National Academy, United States, 2010– Associate of the Neuroscience Institute, La Jolla, 1989– Member EMBO, 2014– Florman Award, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 1977 Grass Lecturer to the Society of Neuroscience, Boston, 1983 Greater Nordic Prize of Eric Fernstrom, Lund, Sweden, 1990 Bristol-Myers -
Systems Neuroscience of Mathematical Cognition and Learning
CHAPTER 15 Systems Neuroscience of Mathematical Cognition and Learning: Basic Organization and Neural Sources of Heterogeneity in Typical and Atypical Development Teresa Iuculano, Aarthi Padmanabhan, Vinod Menon Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States OUTLINE Introduction 288 Ventral and Dorsal Visual Streams: Neural Building Blocks of Mathematical Cognition 292 Basic Organization 292 Heterogeneity in Typical and Atypical Development 295 Parietal-Frontal Systems: Short-Term and Working Memory 296 Basic Organization 296 Heterogeneity in Typical and Atypical Development 299 Lateral Frontotemporal Cortices: Language-Mediated Systems 302 Basic Organization 302 Heterogeneity in Typical and Atypical Development 302 Heterogeneity of Function in Numerical Cognition 287 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811529-9.00015-7 © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 288 15. SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE OF MATHEMATICAL COGNITION AND LEARNING The Medial Temporal Lobe: Declarative Memory 306 Basic Organization 306 Heterogeneity in Typical and Atypical Development 306 The Circuit View: Attention and Control Processes and Dynamic Circuits Orchestrating Mathematical Learning 310 Basic Organization 310 Heterogeneity in Typical and Atypical Development 312 Plasticity in Multiple Brain Systems: Relation to Learning 314 Basic Organization 314 Heterogeneity in Typical and Atypical Development 315 Conclusions and Future Directions 320 References 324 INTRODUCTION Mathematical skill acquisition is hierarchical in nature, and each iteration of increased proficiency builds on knowledge of a lower-level primitive. For example, learning to solve arithmetical operations such as “3 + 4” requires first an understanding of what numbers mean and rep- resent (e.g., the symbol “3” refers to the quantity of three items, which derives from the ability to attend to discrete items in the environment). -
A Meta-Analysis of Functional MRI Results
RESEARCH Cooperating yet distinct brain networks engaged during naturalistic paradigms: A meta-analysis of functional MRI results 1 1 1 2 Katherine L. Bottenhorn , Jessica S. Flannery , Emily R. Boeving , Michael C. Riedel , 3,4 1 2 Simon B. Eickhoff , Matthew T. Sutherland , and Angela R. Laird 1Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA 2Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA 3Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Downloaded from http://direct.mit.edu/netn/article-pdf/3/1/27/1092290/netn_a_00050.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 4Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany an open access journal Keywords: Neuroimaging meta-analysis, Naturalistic paradigms, Clustering analysis, Neuro- informatics ABSTRACT Cognitive processes do not occur by pure insertion and instead depend on the full complement of co-occurring mental processes, including perceptual and motor functions. As such, there is limited ecological validity to human neuroimaging experiments that use Citation: Bottenhorn, K. L., Flannery, highly controlled tasks to isolate mental processes of interest. However, a growing literature J. S., Boeving, E. R., Riedel, M. C., Eickhoff, S. B., Sutherland, M. T., & shows how dynamic, interactive tasks have allowed researchers to study cognition as it more Laird, A. R. (2019). Cooperating yet naturally occurs. Collective analysis across such neuroimaging experiments may answer distinct brain networks engaged during naturalistic paradigms: broader questions regarding how naturalistic cognition is biologically distributed throughout A meta-analysis of functional MRI k results. Network Neuroscience, the brain. We applied an unbiased, data-driven, meta-analytic approach that uses -means 3(1), 27–48. -
Europe's Biggest General Science Conference Concludes Successfully
SCIENCEScience PagesPAGES Special Report - ESOF 2016 Europe’s biggest generalSpecial Report science conference concludes successfully ESOF 2016, Europe's biggest general science conference concludes successfully in Manchester,in Manchester,UK UK Theme: Science as Revolution Theme: Science as Revolution - Veena Patwardhan rom 23rd to 27th July, 2016, FManchester flaunted its City of Science status as the host city of the seventh edition of EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF 2016). A bi- ennial event held in a different European city every two years, this time it was Manchester's turn to host this globally reputed science conference. Around 4500 delegates – scien- tists, innovators, academics, young researchers, journalists, policy makers, industry representatives and others – converged on the world's first industrial city to dis- cover and have discussions about the latest advancements in scien- rd th Manchester Central, venue of ESOF 2016 tific and technological researchFrom 23 to 27 July, 2016, Manchester flaunted its City of Science status as the host city of the across Europe and beyond. The seventhmain theme edition this of EuroScienceyear Laureates Open Forumand distinguished (ESOF 2016). Ascientists biennial inevent the held packed in a different was 'Science as Revolution', indicatingEuropean that city the every focus two of years,Exchange this time Hall it wasof Manchester Manchester's Central, turn to hostthe venuethis globally of the reputed the conference would be on how sciencescience andconference. technology conference. could transform life on the planet, revolutionise econo- The proceedings began with a string quartet render- mies, and help in overcoming challenges faced by global ing a piece of specially composed music. -
Science & Policy Meeting Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz Science in The
SUMMER 2014 ISSUE 27 encounters page 9 Science in the desert EMBO | EMBL Anniversary Science & Policy Meeting pageS 2 – 3 ANNIVERSARY TH page 8 Interview Jennifer E M B O 50 Lippincott-Schwartz H ©NI Membership expansion EMBO News New funding for senior postdoctoral In perspective Georgina Ferry’s enlarges its membership into evolution, researchers. EMBO Advanced Fellowships book tells the story of the growth and ecology and neurosciences on the offer an additional two years of financial expansion of EMBO since 1964. occasion of its 50th anniversary. support to former and current EMBO Fellows. PAGES 4 – 6 PAGE 11 PAGES 16 www.embo.org HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE EMBO|EMBL ANNIVERSARY SCIENCE AND POLICY MEETING transmissible cancer: the Tasmanian devil facial Science meets policy and politics tumour disease and the canine transmissible venereal tumour. After a ceremony to unveil the 2014 marks the 50th anniversary of EMBO, the 45th anniversary of the ScienceTree (see box), an oak tree planted in soil European Molecular Biology Conference (EMBC), the organization of obtained from countries throughout the European member states who fund EMBO, and the 40th anniversary of the European Union to symbolize the importance of European integration, representatives from the govern- Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). EMBO, EMBC, and EMBL recently ments of France, Luxembourg, Malta, Spain combined their efforts to put together a joint event at the EMBL Advanced and Switzerland took part in a panel discussion Training Centre in Heidelberg, Germany, on 2 and 3 July 2014. The moderated by Marja Makarow, Vice President for Research of the Academy of Finland. -
Systems Processes and Pathologies: Creating an Integrated Framework for Systems Science
IS13-SysProc&Path-Troncale.docx Page 1 of 24 Systems Processes and Pathologies: Creating An Integrated Framework for Systems Science Dr. Len Troncale Professor Emeritus and Past Chair, Biological Sciences Director, Institute for Advanced Systems Science California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, 91711 [email protected] Copyright © 2013 by Len Troncale. Published and used by INCOSE with permission Abstract. Among the several official projects of the INCOSE Systems Science Working Group, one focuses on integrating the plethora of systems theories, sources, approaches, and tools developed over the past half-century with the purpose of enabling a new and unified “science” of systems as a fundamental basis for SE. Another seeks to develop a much more SE-usable Systems Pathology also grounded in a “science” of systems. This paper introduces the wider SE community to the current status of this unique knowledge base produced over the past three years by an INCOSE-ISSS alliance summarizing the current output of 7 Workshops, 12 Papers, >24 Presentations or Webinars, and 5 Reports. It describes the need for integration of systems knowledge by demonstrating the extensive fragmentation of numerous contributing fields. It presents the current 12-step “protocol” used by the current group to guide its efforts at synthesis across systems domains, disciplines, tools, and scales asking for feedback to improve the approach. It introduces 15 Working Assumptions or Hypotheses that form the foundation for this attempt at unification citing why these could be used as working principles but why it may be undesirable to call them “principles” as others often do. The paper presents working frameworks for integration and criteria used to judge whether results are a “science” of systems or not with reminders that these early guidelines are being subjected to constant testing and revision. -
February 199
i nieiilii rT7r ... a ScietyPiologic Magazie February 199 No12~ History of the Physiological Society during its First Fifty Years 1876-1926 By SIR EDWARD SHARPEY-SCHAFER, F.A.Sg h.m.dby U.. BSy .,. b CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSY PRESS WNDON, F lE LASS. H.C.. P.o. FVW SAuOis0 d. Above: a facsimie edition of Sharpet-Schafer's Historyj ofthe Physiological Society during its First Fifty Years 1876-1920 is available (price: £6),from the Society's Administration Office. Right and below: the first three covers of The Journal of Physiology in its new formal. II I IIz Physiology at Bristol - David A rmstrong........................................................................................................ 1 Annual Review Prize Lecturer: Claus Wollheim - Ole Petersen .......................................................... 3 Physiology in the Holy City of Jerusalem - Shlomo Samueloff ............................................................. 3 Committee News Strategic Plan - Richard Boyd .......................................................................................................................... 6 Letters and Reports No special consideration for women - Geoffrey Burnstock....................................................................... 9 The British Psychological Society and the Media - Stephen White ........................................................ 9 ZENECA: Collaborative research with academia- Norman F Elmore ................................................. 10 Views An Anniversary Celebration of the Contribution of Women -
SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE (FALL 2018) [Neurobio 208 and Anat 210]
SYSTEMS NEUROSCIENCE (FALL 2018) [Neurobio 208 and Anat 210] Neurbio 208 is required for 1st year graduate students in Neurobiology and Behavior and serves as “S” area core courses for the INP. Anat 210 is open to all graduate students in Anatomy and Neurobiology. Graduate students from other departments may enroll in either Neurbio 208 or Anat 210 with permission from the course director, Dr. Ron Frostig. Time/place: 9:00-10:20AM, MWF in MH 2246 Text: Neuroscience, 6th Edition, Purves, D. et al. (Eds.) Sinauer, 2017. The instructors will distribute other readings. Exams and grading: The final grade will be based on performance on the midterm exams. The instructor for that section will announce the format of each exam. Exams will be predominately essay. There will be no cumulative final exam, and grades will be normalized to the number of lectures leading to the midterm. Final grade will be based on averaging of all midterms. Participating Faculty: Neurobiology & Behavior Anatomy & Neurobiology Ron Frostig, director Steve Cramer Steve Mahler Fall 2018 Date Topic Instructor Readings (in text unless noted) Fri Principles of Mahler https://my.rocketmix.com/enrollcourse.aspx?courseid=3087 9/28 Brain --Please enroll in this and look at it BEFORE CLASS Organization Other helpful resources: http://zoomablebrain.bio.uci.edu/ http://www.exploratorium.edu/memory/braindissection/ Mon Neuroanatomy- Mahler William James, 1890, chapter 2 (http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/ 10/1 Dissection James/Principles/prin2.htm) Wed Introduction to Frostig 10/3 sensory systems Fri The eye: Frostig Ch.11 10/5 structure and function Mon The eye: Frostig Ch.11 10/8 structure and function Wed Central visual Frostig Ch.12 10/10 pathways I Fri Central visual Frostig Ch. -
Medicine@Yale U
@ MedicineAdvancing Biomedical Science, Education and Health Care YaleVolume 4, Issue 3 July/August 2008 Leading scientist is appointed new chair of Cell Biology Membrane traffi c expert and chair of the School of Medicine’s to Yale’s recently protein-coding genes in the human Department of Cell Biology. Roth- opened West Cam- genome, providing fresh insights into will head a department man will come to Yale from Columbia pus in West Haven, disease and new molecular targets for that has shaped the fi eld University’s College of Physicians and Conn., where he will therapy. Under Rothman’s leadership Surgeons, where he is now a professor launch a Center for the Department of Cell Biology will James E. Rothman, F>:, one of the in the Department of Physiology and High-Throughput be signifi cantly expanded, and will be world’s foremost experts on mem- Biophysics, the Clyde and Helen Wu Cell Biology. At the co-located at the West Campus along brane traffi cking, the means by which Professor of Chemical Biology and new center, multi- with its present location at the main proteins and other materials are director of the Columbia Genome +BNFT3PUINBO disciplinary teams campus of the School of Medicine. transported within and between cells, Center. of scientists will develop tools and For his decades of seminal re- has been named the Fergus F. Wal- In addition to directing Cell techniques to rapidly decipher the cel- search on the transport of molecules lace Professor of Biomedical Sciences Biology, Rothman is the fi rst recruit lular functions of the -
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS for the Year Ended 31 July 2020 the UNIVERSITY of MANCHESTER
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS For the year ended 31 July 2020 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER OFFICERS VICE-PRESIDENTS AND Mr Michael Crick, BA (2021) OFFICERS DEANS OF FACULTIES Chancellor Mr Colin Gillespie, BSc (Hons), AND Mr Lemn Sissay, MBE Science and Engineering FCA (2022) Professor Martin Schröder, Mr Nick Hillman, MA (2022) ADVISERS Pro-Chancellor BSc, CChem, PhD, DIC, FRSE, Mrs Gillian Easson, MA,FRSA FRSC, MAE Mrs Caroline Johnstone, BA, CA (2023) Humanities President and Vice-Chancellor Professor Keith Brown, MA, Mrs Bridget Lea, BA Hons (2023) Professor Dame Nancy J CONTENTS PhD, FRHS, FRSE Dr Neil McArthur, MBE, CEng, Rothwell, DBE, DL, BSc, PhD, Biology, Medicine and Health FIMechE, FIET (2022) 1 Chair’s foreword DSc, FRS, FMedSci, FRSB, Professor Graham M Lord, FRCP(Hon), FRSA Mr Robin Phillips, BA (Hons)(2022) 2 Review of the year BA, MA, MB, BChir, PhD, FRSB, FRCP, FMedSci Mr Andrew Spinoza, BA, MCIPR by Professor Dame Deputy President Nancy Rothwell, (2021) and Deputy Vice-Chancellor President and Mr Richard Solomons, BA (Econ) Professor Luke Georghiou, BSc, CHAIRS OF COMMITTEES Vice-Chancellor PhD, MAE, FRSA OF THE BOARD OF (Hons) (2021) 5 Key performance indicators GOVERNORS Mrs Alice Webb M.Eng, Hon DA Chair of the Board of (2021) 6 The year in pictures Chair of Audit Committee Governors and Pro-Chancellor Mr Colin Gillespie, BSc (Hons), 12 Financial review by Mr Edward M Astle, MA, MBA Category 3, members FCA Robert Fraser of the Senate (6) Chair of Finance Committee Chief Financial Officer Deputy Chair of Professor Claire Alexander, -
Systems Neuroscience of Natural Behaviors in Rodents
The Journal of Neuroscience, February 3, 2021 • 41(5):911–919 • 911 Symposium/Mini-Symposium Systems Neuroscience of Natural Behaviors in Rodents Emily Jane Dennis,1 Ahmed El Hady,1 Angie Michaiel,2 Ann Clemens,3 Dougal R. Gowan Tervo,4 Jakob Voigts,5 and Sandeep Robert Datta6 1Princeton University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, 2University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1254, 3University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9JZ, 4Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, 20147, 5Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusets, 02139, and 6Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusets, 02115 Animals evolved in complex environments, producing a wide range of behaviors, including navigation, foraging, prey capture, and conspecific interactions, which vary over timescales ranging from milliseconds to days. Historically, these behaviors have been the focus of study for ecology and ethology, while systems neuroscience has largely focused on short timescale behaviors that can be repeated thousands of times and occur in highly artificial environments. Thanks to recent advances in machine learning, miniaturization, and computation, it is newly possible to study freely moving animals in more natural conditions while applying systems techniques: performing temporally specific perturbations, modeling behavioral strategies, and record- ing from large numbers of neurons while animals are freely moving. The authors of this review are a group of scientists with deep appreciation for the common aims of systems neuroscience, ecology, and ethology. We believe it is an extremely exciting time to be a neuroscientist, as we have an opportunity to grow as a field, to embrace interdisciplinary, open, collaborative research to provide new insights and allow researchers to link knowledge across disciplines, species, and scales.