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Virus Reviews and Research a BRIEF HISTORY of White Spot Syndrome Virus and ITS EPIDEMIOLOGY in BRAZIL

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Virus Reviews and Research a BRIEF HISTORY of White Spot Syndrome Virus and ITS EPIDEMIOLOGY in BRAZIL See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281439431 Virus Reviews and Research A BRIEF HISTORY OF White spot syndrome virus AND ITS EPIDEMIOLOGY IN BRAZIL ARTICLE · DECEMBER 2013 READS 44 12 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Raíssa Nunes Dos Santos Fernando Rosado Spilki Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Universidade Feevale 3 PUBLICATIONS 3 CITATIONS 165 PUBLICATIONS 646 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Paulo Michel Roehe Lissandra Cavalli Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária 179 PUBLICATIONS 1,369 CITATIONS 20 PUBLICATIONS 27 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Raíssa Nunes Dos Santos Retrieved on: 10 February 2016 Virus Reviews and Research Sociedade Brasileira de Virologia journal homepage: www.sbv.org.br/vrr/ Research Article A BRIEF HISTORY OF White spot syndrome virus AND ITS EPIDEMIOLOGY IN BRAZIL Raíssa N. Santos1, Ana Paula M. Varela1, Samuel Paulo Cibulski1, Francisco Esmaile S. Lima1, Fernando R. Spilki2, Larissa Schemes Heinzelmann2, Roger Bordin da Luz2, Paulo César Abreu3, Paulo M. Roehe1, Lissandra S. Cavalli1* 1. Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinários Desidério Finamor, Fepagro Saúde Animal, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 2. Universidade Feevale, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 3. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ABSTRACT White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is considered the most threatening infectious agent in shrimp aquaculture. Since its fi rst occurrence in 1992, this pathogen has caused economic losses approach one billion US dollars per year. WSSV is a tailed, rod-shaped nucleocapsid, double stranded DNA virus, which belongs to Nimaviridae family. In this report, it is presented a concise overview on WSSV fi rst occurrence and the diff erent features of the virus. Besides, it is reported an update on epidemiology with special attention to its occurrence in Brazil. Keywords: White spot syndrome virus, Brazil, epidemiology, virus disease Received in August 8, 2013 - Accepted in December 17, 2013 - Published ahead of print in December 20, 2013 A Brief history Th ere are reports since 1992 demonstrating the occurrence of outbreaks by this virus in P. japonicus Th e fi rst record of the disease caused by White in Taiwan (Chou et al. 1995). Th ere the disease was spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was made in Japan between characterized by causing 100% of mortality in shrimp march and october 1993, when farms with the kuruma farming, displaying lethargy and great similarity with shrimps (Marsupenaeus japonicus) presented 80% the outbreak in Japan. In 1993, a white spot syndrome of mortality and shrimps displayed clinical signs as was observed in Penaeus monodon e Fenneropenaeus abnormal red discolouration and small white spots on penicillatus in Taiwan as well, with negative impacts on the body. Th is event took place aft er the importation of the shrimp farming industry (Chou et al. 1995). juvenile shrimps from China to japanese farming systems Also there, experiments confi rmed that this was a rod- (Nakano et al. 1994). Aft er experimental inoculations shaped (baciliform) double-stranded DNA virus with using fi ltered extracts of homogenized lymphoid organs approximately 330 X 87 nm in diameter (Chou et al. from sickened specimens, it was possible to trigger the 1995; Wang et al. 1995). Due to the presence of white disease in healthy animals, suggesting that the responsible spots on the shrimp carapaces and appendage, some agent was a virus (Nakano et al. 1994). Furthermore, authors have suggested the name “white spot syndrome”. histopathological comparison of this disease with other Besides, the main feature on the morphology of this well-known diseases aff ecting penaeid shrimp suggested virus is the presence of tail-like appendix at one end that this is a new infectious disease, in penaeid shrimp of the virion (Wang et al. 1995). Based on genetic and where the aetiological agent might be a virus (Momoyama morphological features, the virus was described within et al. 1994). Further, electron microscopy revealed the the Nudibaculoviridae family, genus Baculovirus (Non- presence of a baciliform, enveloped and large (84 x 226 occluded Baculovirus – NOB). Th e name Baculovirus nm) virus, similar to various baculovirus species. Th is associated with white spot syndrome (WSBV) was new virus was temporarily named RV-PJ (Rod-shaped proposed for the isolate PmNOBIII (Penaeues monodon nuclear virus of P. japonicus), although its taxonomical non-occluded baculovirus III) to indicate PmNOBIII position was ascertained by analyzing the structure of the related agents (Wang et al. 1995). genomic DNA (Inouye et al. 1994). During experimental infections of P. monodon with Yellow head virus (YHV), it was observed that a batch of infected * Corresponding author. animals with a virus similar to NOB (Wongteerasupaya E-mail address: [email protected] 2 Santos et al. et al. 1995). Transmission electron microscopy analysis Thus, based on phylogenetic analysis, the revealed that those animals were infected with YHV International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and another unknown virus which generated basophilic (ICTV) included WSSV as the type species of the intranuclear inclusions (unlike YHV, which presents genus Whispovirus within the newly recognized family eosinophilic inclusions). Isolation and purification of the Nimaviridae (“nima” is the Latin name for “thread”) due nucleic acid from the so far new virus yielded double- to the physical feature of the virus, which is a tail-like stranded DNA of approximately 168 kbp. As this virus polar projection (Mayo 2002). caused ectodermal and mesodermal infection, it was Morphology convenient to name it as Systemic Ectodermal and Mesodermal Baculovirus (SEMBV) (Wongteerasupaya WSSV virions have an ovoid to bacillar et al. 1995). morphology with a long envelope extension at A nested-PCR protocol was designed in order one extremity (Chou et al. 1995; Wang et al. 1995; to identify this virus in penaeids (Lo et al. 1996a). These Wongteerasupaya et al. 1995). Enveloped particles have authors designated the virus as White spot baculovirus about 350 x 130 nm with size variations ranging from (WSBV). To date, this technique has been recommended 300 to 400 nm length and 110 to 140 nm in diameter. by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and The appendage at the extremity measures 270 to 310 widely used for detection of this infectious agent. From nm in length and about 30 nm in diameter (Durand et 1998, the virus was finally named as White spot syndrome al. 1996). The virion is surrounded by a 6-7 nm thick virus (WSSV) (Lightner et al. 1998). However, its previous loose-lifting outer lipid layer, with a trilaminar envelope classification, in the Baculoviridae Family, was no longer (Durand et al. 1997; Nadala et al. 1998; Wongteerasupaya accepted due to the lack of molecular data (Murphy et al. et al. 1995). The nucleocapsid is slightly striated and 1995). its dimensions are 180–420 in length and 54–85 nm in Afterwards, WSSV genomic segments containing diameter, indicating that it is tightly packed within the ribonucleotide redutase (RR) genes and repeated regions virion (Durand et al. 1997). were analyzed in order to investigate its taxonomic status Major viral proteins (van Hulten et al. 2000a). Thus, it was further established that the RRs from baculovirus and WSSV did not share Over the past decade, several studies have a common ancestor, showing that this vírus belongs to a been carried in order to identify viral proteins from new family. Later on, two major proteins of WSSV were WSSV. Major structural proteins on the envelope and identified: VP28 and VP26 associated to the envelope and capsid, as well as non-structural proteins have been nucleocapsid, respectively. The protein sequences were successfully identified. The structural proteins compose deposited in Genbank under the accession numbers: the viral particle, besides having an important role on AF173993 (VP28) e AF173992 (VP26) (van Hulten viral assembly and virus entry. On the other hand, non- et al. 2000b). Usually, viral proteins are well conserved structural proteins are involved in the process of viral among members from the same family. However, neither replication and inhibition of host cell function (Liu et al. VP28 nor VP26 shares significant homology with other 2006). known structural proteins from Baculovirus available The major structural proteins present on the on databases. These results indicated the possibility that envelope are: VP28, VP19 (van Hulten et al. 2000b), WSSV might belong to a new viral family, Whispoviridae VP466 (Huang et al. 2002a), VP76 (Huang et al. 2005), (van Hulten et al. 2000b; van Hulten et al. 2000c). VP124 (Zhu et al. 2005), VP281 (Huang et al. 2002b), The complete sequence of the double-stranded, VP110 (Li et al. 2006), VP22 (Zhang et al. 2002), VP31 circular DNA genome of WSSV was determined in 2001 (Li et al. 2006), VP76 (Huang et al. 2005), VP36B, VP38A, (van Hulten et al. 2001; Yang et al. 2001). Both authors VP51B, VP53A (Tsai et al. 2006), VP150, VP52A, VP52B, described a genome size ranging from 292 to 305 kb VP41A, VP41B (Xie et al. 2006). Proteins located on the and containing 181 to 184 major open reading frames viral envelope are mainly involved in the attachment to the (ORF) besides, a low similarity with available sequences host cell and entry. Several other proteins were identified in database. Only a few genes have shown some degree in the nucleocapsid, such as VP26, VP24 (van Hulten et of homology with herpesvirus genes (Yang et al. 2001). al. 2000b), VP15 (van Hulten et al. 2002), VP35 (Chen Together with phylogenetic analysis of the DNA et al. 2002), VP51, VP76 (Wu & Yang 2006), VP136A polymerase, these informations have confirmed previous (Tsai et al. 2006). Non-structural proteins like VP9 (Liu reports of a new viral family (van Hulten et al.
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