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Another Penelope: Margaret Atwood's the Penelopiad
Monica Bottez ANOTHER PENELOPE: MARGARET ATWOOD’S THE PENELOPIAD Keywords: epic; quest; hybrid genre; indeterminacy; postmodernism Abstract: The paper sets out to present The Penelopiad as a rewriting of Homer’s Odyssey with Penelope as the narrator. Using the Homeric intertext as well as other Greek sources collected by Robert Graves in his book The Greek Myths and Tennyson‟s “Ulysses,” it evidences the additions that the new narrative perspective has stimulated Atwood to imagine. The Penelopiad is read as propounding a new genre, the female epic or romance where the heroine’s quest is analysed on analogy with the traditional romance pattern. The paper dwells on the contradictory and parody- like versions of events and characters embedded in the text: has Penelope been the perfect patient devoted wife, a cunning lustful pretender, or the High Priestess of an Artemis cult? In conclusion, the reader can never know the truth, being tied up in the utterly puzzling indeterminacy of meaning specific to postmodernism. The title of Margaret Atwood‟s novella makes the reader expect a rewriting of Homer‟s Odyssey, which is precisely what the author does in order to enrich it with new interpretations; since myths and legends are the repository of our collective desires, fears and longings, their actuality can never be exhausted: Atwood has used mythology in much the same way she has used other intertexts like folk tales, fairy tales, and legends, replaying the old stories in new contexts and from different perspectives – frequently from a woman‟s point of view – so that the stories shimmer with new meanings. -
Epistemic Truth and Excluded Middle* Cesare Cozzo Abstract
Penultimate draft of a paper published in in Theoria, a Swedish journal of philosophy, LXIV 2-3, Thales, Stockholm 1998, pp. 243-282. Epistemic truth and excluded middle* Cesare Cozzo Università di Roma ”La Sapienza” Dipartimento di studi filosofici ed epistemologici email: [email protected] Abstract: Can an epistemic conception of truth and an endorsement of the excluded middle (together with other principles of classical logic abandoned by the intuitionists) cohabit in a plausible philosophical view? In PART I I describe the general problem concerning the relation between the epistemic conception of truth and the principle of excluded middle. In PART II I give a historical overview of different attitudes regarding the problem. In PART III I sketch a possible holistic solution. Part I The Problem §1. The epistemic conception of truth. The epistemic conception of truth can be formulated in many ways. But the basic idea is that truth is explained in terms of epistemic notions, like experience, argument, proof, knowledge, etc. One way of formulating this idea is by saying that truth and knowability coincide, i.e. for every statement S i) it is true that S if, and only if, it is (in principle) possible to know that S. Knowledge that S can be equated with possession of a correct (or ideal) finite argument for S in an optimal (or ideal) epistemic situation. For example, mathematical knowledge can be equated with possession of a proof of a mathematical statement. But the notion of ideal argument should be wider than the notion of proof: for empirical statements like “strawberries contain sugar” an ideal argument should contain also some sensory evidence. -
The Penelopiad
THE PENELOPIAD Margaret Atwood EDINBURGH • NEW YORK • MELBOURNE For my family ‘… Shrewd Odysseus! … You are a fortunate man to have won a wife of such pre-eminent virtue! How faithful was your flawless Penelope, Icarius’ daughter! How loyally she kept the memory of the husband of her youth! The glory of her virtue will not fade with the years, but the deathless gods themselves will make a beautiful song for mortal ears in honour of the constant Penelope.’ – The Odyssey, Book 24 (191–194) … he took a cable which had seen service on a blue-bowed ship, made one end fast to a high column in the portico, and threw the other over the round-house, high up, so that their feet would not touch the ground. As when long-winged thrushes or doves get entangled in a snare … so the women’s heads were held fast in a row, with nooses round their necks, to bring them to the most pitiable end. For a little while their feet twitched, but not for very long. – The Odyssey, Book 22 (470–473) CONTENTS Introduction i A Low Art ii The Chorus Line: A Rope-Jumping Rhyme iii My Childhood iv The Chorus Line: Kiddie Mourn, A Lament by the Maids v Asphodel vi My Marriage vii The Scar viii The Chorus Line: If I Was a Princess, A Popular Tune ix The Trusted Cackle-Hen x The Chorus Line: The Birth of Telemachus, An Idyll xi Helen Ruins My Life xii Waiting xiii The Chorus Line: The Wily Sea Captain, A Sea Shanty xiv The Suitors Stuff Their Faces xv The Shroud xvi Bad Dreams xvii The Chorus Line: Dreamboats, A Ballad xviii News of Helen xix Yelp of Joy xx Slanderous Gossip xxi The Chorus Line: The Perils of Penelope, A Drama xxii Helen Takes a Bath xxiii Odysseus and Telemachus Snuff the Maids xxiv The Chorus Line: An Anthropology Lecture xxv Heart of Flint xxvi The Chorus Line: The Trial of Odysseus, as Videotaped by the Maids xxvii Home Life in Hades xxviii The Chorus Line: We’re Walking Behind You, A Love Song xxix Envoi Notes Acknowledgements Introduction The story of Odysseus’ return to his home kingdom of Ithaca following an absence of twenty years is best known from Homer’s Odyssey. -
"Then Said the Lady Circe: 'So: All Those Trials Are Over. Listen With
5 beauty to ! woe to th( He will nc in ioy, cro the Sirens on their s~ of dead m and flayec keep well with bees should he let the m~ and {oot, so you m shout as your crex and keep What th~ and you plan the tell you, and dart roars ar. the gods Not eve i 30 lies betx piercing dissolvi to sho~ 35 NO toOl as land so shee "Then said the Lady Circe: Midwa ’So: all those trials are over. 2-3 in Circe opens t Listen with care valuable ally, In tl 40 this in lines, she describes in your rr to this, now, and a god will arm your mind. danger that he a~ Square in your ship’s path are Sirens, crying meet on their way home, would UNIT SIX PART 1: THE ODYSSEY 5 beauty to bewitch men coasting by; woe to the innocent who hears that sound! He will not see his lady nor his children in joy, crowding about him~ home from sea; the Sirens will sing his mind away 10 on their sweet meadow lolling. There are bones of dead men rotting in a pile beside them and flayed skins shrivel around the spot. 12 flayed: torn off; stripped. Steer wide; keep well to seaward; plug your oarsmen’s ears with beeswax kneaded soft; none of the rest 14 kneaded (n~’dYd): squeezed and is should hear that song. pressed. But if you wish to listen, 15-21 Circe suggests a way for Odysseus to hear the Sirens safely. -
Heinrich Rommen, the Natural Law: a Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy (1936)
Rommen_0017 09/15/2005 09:46 AM THE ONLINE LIBRARY OF LIBERTY © Liberty Fund, Inc. 2005 http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/index.php HEINRICH ROMMEN, THE NATURAL LAW: A STUDY IN LEGAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY (1936) URL of this E-Book: http://oll.libertyfund.org/EBooks/Rommen_0017.pdf URL of original HTML file: http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0017 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Heinrich Rommen was a Catholic German lawyer who practised in Germany during the Weimar Republic before fleeing to the United States in 1938. He taught in Germany and England before concluding his distinguished scholarly career at Georgetown University. ABOUT THE BOOK Originally published in German in 1936, The Natural Law is the first work to clarify the differences between traditional natural law as represented in the writings of Cicero, Aquinas, and Hooker and the revolutionary doctrines of natural rights espoused by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. Beginning with the legacies of Greek and Roman life and thought, Rommen traces the natural law tradition to its displacement by legal positivism and concludes with what the author calls "the reappearance" of natural law thought in more recent times. In seven chapters each Rommen explores "The History of the Idea of Natural Law" and "The Philosophy and Content of the Natural Law." In his introduction, Russell Hittinger places Rommen’s work in the context of contemporary debate on the relevance of natural law to philosophical inquiry and constitutional interpretation. THE EDITION USED The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy, trans. Thomas R. -
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-40603-1 — Reading in the Byzantine Empire and Beyond Edited by Teresa Shawcross, Ida Toth Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-40603-1 — Reading in the Byzantine Empire and Beyond Edited by Teresa Shawcross, Ida Toth Index More Information Index Page numbers in italics are figures; with ‘n’ are notes. Aaron (general) –, – Alexios III Angelos Aaron, Rodomir –, – Alexios III Komnenos (emperor of Trebizond) Abraham (Biblical figure) – Allatios, Leo , – Abul Aswar (emir) –, Allegoriai (Tzetzes) Acciaiuoli, Nerio I ‘Allegory of the Cave’ (Plato) – Acciaiuoli, Niccolò Amadi Achilleid, Tale of Achilles –, , – Amazons , , Achilles see Tale of Achilles Ambron (Prinzing) actors, in the theatron – Ampelites (Cyprus) , – Adam (biblical figure) , , , –, Amphion – Anastasios I –, –, – in First Ethical Discourse (Symeon the New Andronikos I Komnenos , Theologian) –, – Andronikos II Palaiologos (Anthony) , Admonitions and Anecdotes (Consilia et –, –, Narrationes)(Kekaumenos), – Anemodoulion –, Aemilius Buca, Lucius n Ani and Iberia – Aetherius (poet) Anjou, Robert d’ Africanus, Sextus Julius – anonymous texts Agallianos, Theodore –, , A–C – Agathias C – Agnès-Eirene historical context – Aimilianos (patriarch of Antioch) metre and style – Aithiopika (Heliodoros) Antapodosis (Liudprand of Cremona) , – Akathistos Hymn Antioch , – Akindynos, Gregory n antipodes – Aktouarios, John (Zacharias) n Apelates n Albert of Aachen Aphrodite , –, on John the Oxite Aphthonios –, , Alexander the Great , Apokaukos, Alexios Alexander Romance Apollonios of Tyana Alexiad (Anna Komnene) –, – apostasy – compared to the Gesta Roberti –, -
Orality, Fluid Textualization and Interweaving Themes
Orality,Fluid Textualization and Interweaving Themes. Some Remarks on the Doloneia: Magical Horses from Night to Light and Death to Life Anton Bierl * Introduction: Methodological Reflection The Doloneia, Book 10 of the Iliad, takes place during the night and its events have been long interpreted as unheroic exploits of ambush and cunning. First the desperate Greek leader Agamemnon cannot sleep and initiates a long series of wake-up calls as he seeks new information and counsel. When the Greeks finally send out Odysseus and Diomedes, the two heroes encounter the Trojan Dolon who intends to spy on the Achaeans. They hunt him down, and in his fear of death, Dolon betrays the whereabouts of Rhesus and his Thracian troops who have arrived on scene late. Accordingly, the focus shifts from the endeavor to obtain new knowledge to the massacre of enemies and the retrieval of won- drous horses through trickery and violence. * I would like to thank Antonios Rengakos for his kind invitation to Thessalo- niki, as well as the editors of this volume, Franco Montanari, Antonios Renga- kos and Christos Tsagalis. Besides the Conference Homer in the 21st Century,I gave other versions of the paper at Brown (2010) and Columbia University (CAM, 2011). I am grateful to the audiences for much useful criticism, partic- ularly to Casey Dué, Deborah Boedeker, Marco Fantuzzi, Pura Nieto Hernan- dez, David Konstan, Kurt Raaflaub and William Harris for stimulating conver- sations. Only after the final submission of this contribution, Donald E. Lavigne granted me insight into his not yet published manuscript “Bad Kharma: A ‘Fragment’ of the Iliad and Iambic Laughter” in which he detects iambic reso- nances in the Doloneia, and I received a reference to M.F. -
2RPP Contents
2RPP The Best of the Grammarians: Aristarchus of Samothrace on the Iliad Francesca Schironi https://www.press.umich.edu/8769399/best_of_the_grammarians University of Michigan Press, 2018 Contents Preface xvii 1. Main Sources and Method Followed in This Study xix 2. Other Primary Sources and Secondary Literature Used in This Study xx 3. Content, Goals, and Limitations of This Study xxiii Part 1. Aristarchus: Contexts and Sources 1.1. Aristarchus: Life, Sources, and Selection of Fragments 3 1. Aristarchus at Alexandria 3 2. The Aristarchean Tradition and the Venetus A 6 3. The Scholia Maiora to the Iliad and Erbse’s Edition 11 4. Aristarchus in the Scholia 14 4.1. Aristonicus at Work 15 4.2. Didymus at Work 18 4.3. Aristonicus versus Didymus 23 5. Selecting Aristarchus’ Fragments for This Study 26 6. Words and Content in Aristarchus’ Fragments 27 1.2. Aristarchus on Homer: Monographs, Editions, and Commentaries 30 1. Homeric Monographs 31 2. Editions (Ekdoseis) and Commentaries (Hypomnemata): The Evidence 35 2.1. Ammonius and the Homeric Ekdosis of Aristarchus 36 2.2. Ekdoseis and Hypomnemata: Different Reconstructions 38 3. The Impact of Aristarchus’ Recension on the Text of Homer 41 4. Ekdoseis and Hypomnemata: Some Tentative Conclusions 44 Part 2. Aristarchus at Work 2.1. Critical Signs: The Bridge between Edition and Commentary 49 1. The Critical Signs (σημεῖα) Used by the Alexandrians 49 2RPP The Best of the Grammarians: Aristarchus of Samothrace on the Iliad Francesca Schironi https://www.press.umich.edu/8769399/best_of_the_grammarians viiiUniversity of Michigan Press, 2018contents 2. Ekdosis, Hypomnema, and Critical Signs 52 3. -
Deciding the Undecidable: Wrestling with Hilbert's Problems
Deciding the Undecidable: Wrestling with Hilbert’s Problems Solomon Feferman∗ In the year 1900, the German mathematician David Hilbert gave a dramatic address in Paris, at the meeting of the 2nd International Congress of Mathematicians—an address which was to have lasting fame and importance. Hilbert was at that point a rapidly rising star, if not superstar, in mathematics, and before long he was to be ranked with Henri Poincar´eas one of the two greatest and most influential mathematicians of the era. Like Poincar´e, Hilbert worked in an exceptional variety of areas. He had already made fundamental contributions to algebra, number theory, geometry and analysis. After 1900 he would expand his researches further in analysis, then move on to mathematical physics and finally turn to mathematical logic. In his work, Hilbert demonstrated an unusual combination of direct intuition and concern for absolute rigor. With exceptional technical power at his command, he would tackle outstanding problems, usually with great originality of approach. The title of Hilbert’s lecture in Paris was simply, “Mathematical Problems”. In it he emphasized the importance of taking on challenging problems for maintaining the progress and vitality of mathematics. And with this, he expressed a remarkable conviction in the solvability of all mathematical problems, which he even called an axiom. To quote from his lecture: Is the axiom of the solvability of every problem a peculiar characteristic of math- ematical thought alone, or is it possibly a general law inherent in the nature of the mind, that all questions which it asks must be answerable?...This convic- tion of the solvability of every mathematical problem is a powerful incentive to the worker. -
A Character Analysis of Penelope in the Penelopiad
Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® English 100 & 200 Conference English Student Writing Spring 2017 A Heroine in Her Own Right: A Character Analysis of Penelope in The eP nelopiad Ar’Meishia Burrow Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/eng_100_200_conf Part of the American Literature Commons, Classics Commons, Comparative Literature Commons, and the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Burrow, Ar’Meishia, "A Heroine in Her Own Right: A Character Analysis of Penelope in The eP nelopiad" (2017). English 100 & 200 Conference. Paper 5. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/eng_100_200_conf/5 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in English 100 & 200 Conference by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Burrow 1 Ar’Meishia Burrow Dr.Wes Berry English 200 2 December 2016 A Heroine in Her Own Right: A Character Analysis of Penelope in The Penelopiad When reading or viewing a text one must always keep in mind the perspective. It is amazing how much the point of view of the text impacts the interpretation of the story. Through our study of connections between Ancient and Contemporary Literature I have seen this direct relationship demonstrated clearly in Homer’s Odyssey and The Penelopiad, written by Margaret Atwood. In studying the latter novel I have developed a deeper appreciation and respect for the character Penelope, wife of Odysseus, for her resilience, endurance, and intelligence. With those three characteristics Penelope becomes the captain of her own ship and uses her strengths to outwit her oppressors. -
The Classical Mythology of Milton's English Poems
YALE STUDIES IN ENGLISH ALBERT S. COOK, Editor VIII THE CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY OF Milton's English poems CHARLES GROSVENOR OSGOOD, Ph.D. NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY igoo Ss9a Copyright, igoo, BY CHARLES GROSVENOR OSGOOD, Ph.D. J^ 7/SS TO PROFESSQR ALBERT S. COOK AND PROFESSOR THOMAS D. SEYMOUR — PREFACE The student who diligently peruses the lines of a great poem may go far toward a realization of its char- acter. He may appreciate, in a degree, its loveliness, strength, and direct hold upon the catholic truth of life. But he will be more sensitive to these appeals, and receive gifts that are richer and less perishable, accord- ing as he comprehends the forces by whose interaction the poem was produced. These are of two kinds the innate forces of the poet's character, and certain more external forces, such as, in the case of Milton, are represented by Hellenism and Hebraism. Their activ- ity is greatest where they meet and touch, and at this point their nature and measure are most easily dis- cerned. From a contemplation of the poem in its gene- sis one returns to a deeper understanding and enjoyment of it as a completed whole. The present study, though it deals with but one of the important cultural influ- ences affecting Milton, and with it but in part, endeav- ors by this method to deepen and clarify the apprecia- tion of his art and teaching. My interest in the present work has found support and encouragement in the opinions of Mr. Churton Collins, as expressed in his valuable book. -
¿Ignoramus Et Ignorabimus?
¿Ignoramus et ignorabimus? Carlos TORRES ALC A R A Z En agosto de 1900 David Hilbert dictó una conferencia ante el pleno del Segundo Congreso Internacional de Matemáticas celebrado en la ciudad de París. El título de la misma era muy simple: “Problemas matemáticos”, un tema apropiado para el cambio de siglo.1 En ella, Hilbert emprendió la defensa de una convicción que le acompañó durante toda su vida: que todo problema matemático es susceptible de una solución exacta. Éste fue el punto de partida de sus subsecuentes reflexiones acerca del futuro de las matemáticas. Hilbert había pensado en esta cuestión durante mucho tiempo. Antes del Congre- so dudó entre abordar este tema o la relación entre las matemáticas y la física, un pun- to que Poincaré había contemplado tres años atrás. Su decisión final la tomó con base en una sugerencia de Minkowski: “sería más atractivo mirar hacia el futuro, enumerando una lista de problemas en los que los matemáticos habrían de ponerse a prueba durante el siglo venidero”.2 Se trata quizá de la conferencia más renombrada en la historia de las matemáticas. Tras precisar las exigencias que toda buena solución debe satisfacer, en la parte final presentó y analizó su famosa lista de 23 problemas individuales cuya resolución, pensaba, contribuiría al avance de las matemáticas en el siglo XX .3 La convicción de Hilbert En un encendido pasaje, Hilbert parte de la sugerencia de Minkowski para adentrarse en nuestro anhelo por anticipar el futuro: 1 David Hilbert, “Mathematical Problems” (trad. de Mary Winston Newson), en Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, vol.