Cairo 2030 La Visione Urbanistica Della Capitale Secondo Le Élite Egiziane

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Cairo 2030 La Visione Urbanistica Della Capitale Secondo Le Élite Egiziane Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue, economie e istituzioni dell’Asia e dell’Africa mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Cairo 2030 La visione urbanistica della capitale secondo le élite egiziane Relatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Maria Cristina Paciello Correlatore Ch. Prof. Marco Salati Laureanda Maria Roberta Sgaramella Matricola 843491 Anno Accademico 2019 / 2020 1 INDICE 3 ................................................................................................................................................ مقدمة INTRODUZIONE……………………………………………………………………….5 CAPITOLO I LE POLITICHE URBANISTICHE IN EGITTO (1952-2011) ....................................................... 10 1.1. Introduzione ............................................................................................................................11 1.2. La natura dello Stato e del regime: La rivoluzione socialista (1952-1970) ............................. 12 1.3. Il Cairo e le Infitah sotto il regime di Sādāt (1970-1981) ........................................................ 21 1.4. Il Cairo secondo Mubārak (1981-2011) .................................................................................. 27 1.5.Le Gated Communities ............................................................................................................ 30 1.6 Conclusione ............................................................................................................................ 34 CAPITOLO II LE ASHAWAYYAT: SONO DA TEMERE? .................................................................................... 36 2.1 Introduzione ............................................................................................................................ 37 2.2 Urbanizzazione e bassifondi .................................................................................................... 40 2.3 Il Cairo e le politiche urbanistiche ........................................................................................... 41 2.4. Nāser al potere………………………………………………………………..…….42 2.5 Sādāt al potere ......................................................................................................................... 43 2.6 Mubārak al potere ................................................................................................................... 44 2.7 Tipi di baraccopoli .................................................................................................................. 45 2.8 Strategie del governo egiziano per affrontare il problema delle baraccopoli ............................. 48 2.9 Approccio preventivo .............................................................................................................. 48 2.10 Approccio interventistico ....................................................................................................... 49 2.11 Baraccopoli del Cairo: Il quartiere di Masākin `Uthmān ........................................................ 51 2.12.Masākin `Uthmān e la sua gente ............................................................................................ 52 2.13 Quali sono i problemi a Masākin `Uthmān? ........................................................................... 53 2.14 Analisi di Masaken `Uthmān ................................................................................................. 55 2.15 Opportunità di sviluppo ......................................................................................................... 57 2.16 Conclusione .......................................................................................................................... 59 2 CAPITOLO III NAC: Nuova Capitale Amministrativa .......................................................................................... 62 3.1 Introduzione ............................................................................................................................ 63 3.1 Urbanistica neoliberista e il progetto Vision 2030 .................................................................... 65 3.2 La NAC e le tre linee di pensiero ............................................................................................. 66 3.3 Chi ha finanziato il progetto? .................................................................................................. 68 3.4 Chi ha accesso alla Nuova Capitale Amministrativa? ............................................................... 71 3.5 La New Administrative Capital come Dubai ............................................................................ 72 3.6 Il progetto: obiettivi e limiti ..................................................................................................... 73 3.7 Conclusione: tra realtà e progetti futuri .................................................................................... 77 CONCLUSIONE .......................................................................................................................... 79 BIBLIOGRAFIA……………………………………………………………………….85 Studi e fonti cartacee e online…………………………………………………………..86 3 مقذمت ٌهدف هذا البحث إلى اقتراح إعادة بناء نقدي للتخطٌط الحضري فً القاهرة من خﻻل تحلٌل عملٌات اﻹصﻻح .السٌاسً واﻻقتصادي التً أثرت على مصر منذ الخمسٌنٌات حتى ٌومنا هذا بهدف اقتراح قراءة واضحة لهذه الظاهرة، كان من الضروري تحلٌل تطور الدٌنامٌكٌات السٌاسٌة واﻻقتصادٌة وأهمٌتهما فى تحدٌد أولوٌات التنمٌة الحضرٌة فً القاهرة. فً هذا الصدد ، تم تكرٌس اهتمام خاص فى العقد اﻷخٌر من فترة رئاسة حسنً مبارك ، حٌث تم تنفٌذ مشارٌع التخطٌط الحضري ذات الطبٌعة النٌولٌبرالٌة فً سٌاق تخطٌط استراتٌجً أوسع ، مما أدى بعد ذلك إلى تصمٌم .عاصمة إدارٌة جدٌدة برئاسة السٌسً من أجل فهم اﻷسباب التً دفعت مدٌنة القاهرة إلى تحمل الخصائص الحضرٌة الحالٌة ، كان من الضروري .اﻻنتباه إلى التغٌٌرات السٌاسٌة التً تلت منذ صعود الرئٌس ناصر حتى رئاسة مبارك فً هذا السٌاق ، أثبت دلٌل "دونا ستٌوارت" أنه أداة مهمة لتدوٌن الموضوع تارٌخ ًٌا والحصول على معلومات .دقٌقة حول الترابط بٌن القوى السٌاسٌة واﻻقتصادٌة فً نظام السلطة المصرٌه وبد ًﻻ من ذلك ، أتاحت دراسة الصٌاد "القاهرة: تارٌخ المدٌنة" تحدٌد أهم التحوﻻت التً أحدثتها رئاسة السادات ، مثل موجة التحرٌر اﻻقتصادي ، واﻻنسحاب التدرٌجً للدولة لصالح القطاع الخاص ، والمصالح. السائدة السٌاسٌة .واﻻقتصادٌة وانفتاح مصر على المستثمرٌن اﻷجانب كانت دراسة هذه التغٌٌرات ضرورٌة لفهم الدٌنامٌكٌات الداخلٌة للفترة التالٌة ، بالنظر إلى اﻻستمرارٌة القوٌة بٌن .نظام العمٌل الذي بناه السادات والذي ظهر فً ظل نظام مبارك كانت اﻻستراتٌجٌات المعقدة فى تخطٌط مدٌنة القاهرة موضع اهتمام شدٌد من العدٌد من العلماء وعلى الرغم من أن هذا البحث قد استند إلى نصوص أكادٌمٌه ومجﻻت متخصصة ، فً حالة مدٌنة معقدة مثل القاهرة ، ﻻ ٌمكن .أن تكون البٌانات نهائٌة بحٌث تسمح بصٌاغة صورة دقٌقة عن تطوراتها المستقبلٌة تم تنفٌذ تخطٌط النمو الحضري فً القاهرة لعقود من خﻻل بناء مستوطنات جدٌدة فً الصحراء المحٌطة .بالعاصمة ، وعلى ضوء ذلك ، كان عمل "سٌمز" جوهر ًٌا وأكمل هذه الدراسة فً الواقع ، بمساعدة "فهم القاهرة: مدٌنة خارجة عن السٌطرة" ، كان من الممكن إعادة بناء التنمٌة الحضرٌة .للقاهرة منذ النظام الناصري حتى أوائل العقد اﻷول من القرن الحادي والعشرٌن فً هذا السٌاق ، هناك أٌ ًضا تحلٌل متعمق لﻷحٌاء الشعبٌة التً ولدت خﻻل النظام الناصري والتً جسدت .بمرور الوقت حالة من عدم اﻻستقرار وإهمال من قبل الحكومة تم تسلٌط الضوء على هذا الجانب ذي الصلة فً مدٌنة مثل القاهرة حٌث ٌصاحب اﻻنسحاب التدرٌجً للدولة من السٌاسات اﻻجتماعٌة تخصٌص الموارد لبناء مدن تابعة جدٌدة فً الصحراء ، وهو تعبٌر مباشر عن توزٌع .اﻻمتٌازات على شبكة العمﻻء 4 هذه الخطوة أدت إلى اتخاذ بعد حضري جدٌد فى القاهره ٌهٌمن علٌه اﻷحٌاء الحصرٌة التً كان سماتها هى الفخامة. فً الفصول التالٌة ، قمت أٌ ًضا بتحلٌل حقائق أخرى ، شك ًرا أٌ ًضا لعلماء مثل عبد الحمٌد حاتم تومان )3103( الذٌن ٌستكشفون هذه القضاٌا من خﻻل التركٌز على ظاهرة "المجتمعات المسورة" المستوحاة من أمرٌكا .، وعلى التأثٌر القوي الذي مارسه الخلٌج على المشهد الحضري للقاهرة .تصبح العاصمة المصرٌة بط ًﻻ لشكل جدٌد من التخطٌط الحضري المستوحى من العواصم اﻷوروبٌة الكبرى ٌبرز هذا المبدأ بقوة أكبر فً العقد اﻷخٌر من نظام مبارك الذي ٌتسارع فى تحوٌل الواقع الحضري من خﻻل .أجندة سٌاسٌة اقتصادٌة لٌبرالٌة جدٌدة تضم فاعلٌن سٌاسٌٌن مختلفٌن وتنقل مصالحها اﻻقتصادٌة ثم ظهرت مجموعة هذه العوامل خﻻل رئاسة السٌسً ، التً أعلنت فً عام 3102 عن بناء عاصمة إدارٌة جدٌدة "القاهرة 3131": مشروع حضري ٌتضمن بناء مساحات خضراء كبٌرة ، ونقل الوزارات والبرلمان وبناء مراكز .التسوق وأكثر حتى ٌمكن خلق فرص عمل جدٌدة لتوضٌح السبل التً حاولت بها النخب الرئاسٌة والمستثمرون اﻷجانب تنفٌذ القاهرة 3131 ، مما ٌؤكد تأثٌرها على المستوى اﻻجتماعً ، أو ًﻻ وقبل كل شًء ، تم اﻻعتماد على الوثائق الرسمٌة التً تنتجها السلطات المصرٌة 5 INTRODUZIONE 6 Il presente elaborato intende proporre una ricostruzione critica della pianificazione urbanistica della città del Cairo attraverso l‟analisi dei processi di riforma politico- economica che hanno interessato l‟Egitto dagli anni '50 fino ai giorni nostri. È stato dunque indispensabile analizzare lo sviluppo delle dinamiche politiche ed economiche e il peso che esse hanno avuto nel determinare le priorità dello sviluppo urbanistico del Cairo. A tal proposito, particolare riguardo è stato dedicato all‟ultimo decennio della presidenza di Hosni Mubārak, durante il quale sono stati realizzati progetti urbanistici di stampo neoliberista nel quadro di una più ampia pianificazione strategica, che poi hanno condotto alla progettazione di una nuova capitale amministrativa sotto la presidenza di Al Sisi. Per poter capire le motivazioni che hanno portato la città del Cairo ad assumere le caratteristiche urbanistiche attuali è stato necessario prestare attenzione ai cambiamenti politici succedutisi dall‟ascesa del presidente Nasser fino alla presidenza Mubārak. Per tale scopo, il manuale di
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