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Measurement of Verdet Constant for Some Materials by Pooja & S S Verma

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Measurement of Verdet Constant for Some Materials by Pooja & S S Verma Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: A Physics and Space Science Volume 19 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2019 Type : Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896 Measurement of Verdet Constant for Some Materials By Pooja & S S Verma Abstract- Verdet constant describes the strength of Faraday Effect for a particular material. The objective of this work was to measure the Verdet constant for different materials. The Verdet constant is measured by using the Faraday Effect which is a magneto-optical phenomenon; mean it describes the rotation of the plane of polarization of light with in a medium when it is placed in an external magnetic field. So this experiment determines the rotation of the plane of polarization with respect to the wavelength and the magnetic field. Reading observed through this experiment depicts a linear relationship between the angle of rotation and the magnetic field. The Verdet constant is determined to be at constant laser wavelength λ = 632.8nm Keywords: magneto-optical effect, polarization, magnetic field, verdet constant. GJSFR-A Classification: FOR Code: 029999p MeasurementofVerdetConstantforSomeMaterials Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2019. Pooja & S S Verma. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Measurement of Verdet Constant for Some Materials α σ Pooja & S S Verma Abstract- Verdet constant describes the strength of Faraday placed in high magnetic fields. In magnetize medium, Effect for a particular material. The objective of this work was the refractive indices for right and left handed circularly to measure the Verdet constant for different materials. The polarized light are different. The effect in rotation of Verdet constant is measured by using the Faraday Effect plane of polarization of linearly polarized light, this which is a magneto-optical phenomenon; mean it describes 2019 observable fact is called magneto-optic effect. The r the rotation of the plane of polarization of light with in a Faraday Effect is caused by left and right circularly ea medium when it is placed in an external magnetic field. So this Y experiment determines the rotation of the plane of polarization polarized wave propagating at slightly at different with respect to the wavelength and the magnetic field. speed, a property known as circular birefringence. It 451 Reading observed through this experiment depicts a linear occurs as an internal property of material when placed relationship between the angle of rotation and the magnetic in external magnetic field. The direction of polarization, field. The Verdet constant is determined to be at constant laser rotation depends on the properties of material through wavelength λ = 632.8nm which the light is passed. This effect is widely used in V Keywords: magneto-optical effect, polarization, magnetic optical isolators, phase modulators, spin dynamics, etc. V field, verdet constant. Faraday rotation is also observed in astronomy and ue ersion I s I. Introduction used to measure magnetic field in space. Faraday Effect s is given by the relationship. I he phenomenon of Faraday Effect was first XIX discovered Michael Faraday in 1845. He ϴ = V.B.L…………………… (1) discovered for the concrete evidence for the T relation between the branch of Optics, magnetism and Where ϴ is the angle by which the plane of atomic Physics. He found out that when a block of glass polarization of light rotates in radians, B is the uniform is subjected to a strong magnetic field, it becomes external magnetic field in Tesla, L is the length of sample ) A optically active which we cannot observe with naked material in meters, V is the Verdet constant. Verdet ( eyes. The effect occurs when a plane polarized light constant is characteristic of the medium and is defined passes through a thickness of a transparent medium. as the rotation of the plane of polarization per unit This effect is not only limited to optically active materials, magnetic field (Figure 1). Research Volume but also included some optically inactive materials Frontier Science of Journal Global Fig. 1: Rotation of plane of polarization of light within a medium due to external magnetic field and the direction of the electric field rotates at the The linear light is seen to rotate in the Faraday effect can be seen as consisting of a right and left beam frequency of the other direction. The direction of rotation depends on the properties of the material through which Author α σ: Department of Physics, S.L.I.E.T., Longowal, Distt.-Sangrur the light is shown. A full treatment would have to take (Punjab)-148106, India. e-mail: [email protected] into account the effect of the external and radiation- ©2019 Global Journals Measurement of Verdet Constant for Some Materials caused fields on the wave function of the electrons, and of light ,and are basis of optical isolators and optical then calculate the effect of this change on the refractive circulators; such components are required in optical index of the material for, to see whether the right or left is telecommunications and other laser applications. slowed down more. The Faraday effect has been used to measure optical rotator power and for sensing of II. Experimental Setup magnetic fields (such as fiber optic current sensors).The The experiment setup (figure 2) used to Faraday effect is used in spintronics research to study accurately measure the Verdet constant and this the polarization of electron spins in semiconductors. apparatus set was purchased from INDOSAW. Faraday rotators can be used for amplitude modulation 2019 r ea Y 461 V V ue ersion I s s I XIX Fig. 2: Experimental setup ) A a) Apparatus parts ( III. Experimental Procedure He- Ne Laser a) Optical Bench Setup 1 U-core • Arrange the He-Ne laser on the optical bench. 1 photometer Research Volume • Position a polarizer close to the laser. Digital Gauss Meter with hall probe • Place the U-core of the demountable transformer 1 Rider base for electromagnet with the two coils on the rider base with thread and 1 Polarization filters fix it with the holder for the transparent sheet square. Frontier 1 Analyzer filter • Place the bored pole pieces on the U core in such a 1 Sample material with holder manner that the transparent sheet can be placed on the holder. Science 2 Coil with 300 turns 1 Photometer • Use the clamps to fix the bored pole pieces on U- of Power Supply 30V, 10 Amp for Electromagnet core. 1 stand rod, 25cm • Position the analyzer close to U core on bench. • Position the photometer opposite to the analyzer. Journal 1 stand base • Separate angular scale with the degree divisions 1 Optical bench setup which is attached to the translucent screen 1 Pair cables 100cm, red/black photometer. All analyzer settings can be read off Global from this angular scale easily. b) Test materials For performing experiment with flint glass, one b) Electrical setup requires a very strong magnetic field to rotate the plane • Connect the coils in series to the variable. of polarization of light. However, for weak magnetic • Connect the Laser to mains 230V AC supply. fields as were available in laboratory, another type of • The maximum coils current under permanent use is transparent material have been used. The materials 6amp, however the current can be increased up to 8 used in present investigations are: Glycerin, Olive Oil, to 10Amp for few minutes without the risk of Water, Salty water and Potassium bromide (KBr). damaging the coils by overheating. ©2019 Global Journals Measurement of Verdet Constant for Some Materials c) Optical Adjustment d) Calibration of the magnetic field • Switch on laser and form an image of analyzer cross • Remove the sample. wire on the photometer. • Connect the digital gauss meter to main switch. • Align the light source and the bored pole pieces in • Place the hall probe between the pole pieces. such a manner that maximum light passes through • Use the standard material to hold the magnetic the bores in pole pieces (with no transparent sheet). probe between the bored pole pieces. • To project an image of thread cross on the analyzer • Record the magnetic field B as function of the onto the photometer, shift the lens toward the current I through coils. analyzer until a sharp image is observed. Current Magnetic Magnetic field Vs Current (in Amps) field,B (in Gauss) 400 2019 r 1 233 350 352 ea 340 Y 322 2 245 300 304 286 3 267 267 471 250 4 286 233 245 5 304 200 6 322 150 7 340 V 100 8 352 50 V ue ersion I s 0 s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I XIX Magnetic field,B (in Gauss) Fig. 3: Current along x-axis (in ampere) Vs Magnetic field along y- axis(in gauss) ) A ( It shows that current is directly proportional to Note the values of intensity at different angle by magnetic field. Due to the limitation of setup in the lab, rotating the analyzer. the maximum coils current under permanent use is Note the value of intensity by using photometer or 6amp, however current can be increased up to 8 to photodiode. Research Volume 10amp for a few minutes without risk of damage to the Repeat these steps for various magnetic fields by coils by over-heating. Since electromagnets are used to varying the magnetic current. generate the magnetic field for the experiment, a Frontier correlation between the current supplied to the electromagnets and the measured magnetic field in the space between the poles needed to be deduced.
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