The Campaign and Battle of Culblean, A.D. 1335. by W
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IV. THE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF CULBLEAN, A.D. 1335. BDOUGLAYW S SIMPSON, M.A., D.LiTT., P.S.A.ScoT. t alwayno s i s t I realised, eve y professeb n d student f Britiso s h history, how long the cause of Scotland's independence remained in jeopardy durin e fourteentth g h century. Popularlo doubn s i t t i y supposed tha e questioth t s decidedwa n e fiel,f th onco d r all n o fo e, Bannockburn in 1314; but the Treaty of Northampton, which closed f Independenceo e Firsr th t signeWa t no s d wa ,unti l 1328 whad an ; t t usuallino s y understoo s thae greadi e deat th th tf to h King Robert a year later was the prelude to a second bitter struggle with unrest- ing Plantagenet imperialism, in the course of which EdAvard III. achieve time on mucea t da h greater measur f controeo l over Scotland than his grandfather had ever enjoyed. In 1336 the English king penetrated as far as Lochindorb; his puppet, Edward Balliol, had been crowned in due form at Scone as Edward I. of Scotland, and had sworn fealt hio yt s English namesak moste th n eo degradin g conditions; mean- time young King Davi beed dha n removed f safelharm'o t o t y you wa s Chateau Graillar Normandyn di . Non t childreebu thein ni r games, says Wyntoun, dared call David Bruce their king. The same chronicler de- scribes how completely the English had the country in their administrative 133n i Cros e t Andre5S th w f sho o grip d w an ,stil l flew ove moro rn e than five place f strengto s l Scotlandal n hi , namel castlee yth f Dumbartonso , Lochleven, Kildrummy Urquhartd an ,peee Locf th o l d h,an Doon: "Thai maide bailzeis, schirraffis iustid an , s officiarid An syndrn o s y wisse. Throw al Scotland brad wided ean , All worthit Inglis men in that tyde, Outtaiie foure castellis and a peyl." * 1 Original Chronicle, . AmoursJ . F . Accordined 17 , . volp . .vi Bishoo gt p John Lesliee ,D Origine, Moribus, et Rebus Gestis Scotorum, 1578, p. 253, the defenders of the four castles enjoyed pecuniary aid from Prance. 202 PROCEEDING SE SOCIETYOTH F , FEBRUAR , 1930Y10 . All these castles were in a state either of active siege or of more or less continuous blockade. Kildrummy in particular was hotly assaulte y Davib d e Strathbogied d , Ear f Athollo l o likwh e, many other Scottish nobles had thrown in his lot with Balliol—from his mother, a Comyn, he inherited that ill-used family's mortal quarrel with the House of Bruce. The Donside castle, however, was gallantly maintained by its captain, John of the Craig, the defenders being greatly heartened by the heroic demeanour of King Robert's sister, Dame Christian Bruce, who at that time was resident in the castle. Animate r spiritehe y db d example, Wyntou e ngarriso th tell , sus n "Maid stout and manly resistens And wichtly set for hir defens And oftare chasit thaim without Than thai did thaim within, but dout."1 At the headquarters of the Regent, the gallant and capable Sir Andrew de Moray, who at that time was in Lothian, the danger to Kildrummy Castle was regarded as so serious that it was determined o makt a especia l effor o relievt t . it Shoule t i falldl Scotlan al , d e Mountnort th e G-rea f th d easo h f imaginey an ho tt ma Glen e w ,, would be lost to the national cause. Moreover, the lady besieged in Kildrummy was the Regent's -wife, so that knightly honour and con- jugal duty went han n hani d d with high consideration f stratego s y in pointing the need for a bold intervention benorth the Mounth. And so the Regent, accompanied by the Earl of March and the famous "Knight of Liddesdale," Sir William de Douglas, gathered around him the chivalry of the country south of the " Scottis Se"—that is, the Firt f Forth—ando h o doubn , t also drawin e locath n li g levief o s Strathmore as he marched, passed with the speed of life and death across the Mounth into Cromar. We are not told which of the2 Mounth passe e fac th e usedt h t s thas marcbu e , hi tth o ht toom hi k east end of Loch Davan makes it reasonably certain that he crossed from Glenes r Mounth Fi e Tarfsidd th e kan y th b ,y e b epassin De e gth well-known ford and ferry of Cobleheugh at Dinnet3 (see map, fig. 1). This f courseo , , e moswoulth e t db direc t armn routa a hurr r n yi efo y wishing to reach Kildrummy from Strathmore, and having in view the possibility of requiring to intercept a retreat of its besiegers 1 Wyntoun's accoun siege th Kildrummf f eo to campaige th d battlyd an nan Culbleaf eo n will be . cit.,foun . 58-71op n pp voldi . .vi . 2 "Diris cruciatibus plebei pessumdatce cordeex compatientes, magis elegerunt moriin bello quam videre mala gentis suce ; atque uno consensu concupiscentiet animo, redemptionepro servitutis, dantesse periculo, quasi ursi leonesvel raptis catulis scevientes, prceliaad propera- bant."—Joannis Forduni Scotichronicon, . GoodallW . ed ,. 321 volp . .ii . 3 See G. M. Fraser, The Old Deeside Road, pp. 167-96. What I have written on the subject of Atholl's route in Proceedings, vol. Ixiii. p. 130, must of course be corrected. THE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF CULBLEAN, A.D. 1335. 203 towards e eveninAthollth n f O 29tgo . h November e Regent133th 5 , says Wyntoun, pitched his camp at the "Hall of Logy Rothwayne." To Mr Gr. M. Fraser, the Aberdeen City Librarian, belongs the credit of identifying this place wit e mediaevahth l moated homestead sitn eo the north-east shore of Loch Davan. "This ancient fort," he writes, •* /' \\ V. lGV)E KIRK fw • £; CASTLE. V.® \tCOLOSTON* C KlCfC. MO WE ?• OF CJ2OMAR, SKETCH MAP TO/ILLUSTCATE -rf THE OPEeA.TlO.N3 IN CBOMATZ *-' AND BATTL CL11.BLEANF O E . o"2ii '-^. \£ MOVC. 3OTT- A.D . LIA*-. 1335^ J. MH.L OF CAJT. Campaige Th Fig. 1 . Culbleanf no . " is situated in the old parish of Logie (conjoined in 1618 with the more northerly parish of Coldstone to form the existing parish of Logie Coldstone). The Mains of Logie and Mill of Logie are in the neighbourhood of the fortress, on the same side of the Dinnet- Strathdon road, while Ruthven (Nethe d Upperan e r th s alsi ) n i o neighbourhood oppositthe on , eroad." the sid eof 1 1 " Loch Davan and its Moated Fort," in Aberdeen Press and Journal, 9th September 1925. 204 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , FEBRUAR , 1930Y10 . Learnin e Regent'th f o g s approach, Athol d hastilha l y brokep u n the siege of Kildrummy and marched south. On the same day, apparently, when Moray reached Loch Davan, Atholl pitched his camp in the highway at the east end of Culblean, so Wyntoun tells us explicitly. Evidently Earl David was making for his own country of Atholl: from Kildrumm s mosyhi t speed thithey ywa r would takm ehi by the Boltinstone pass into Cromar, thence by Coldstone and Blelack woule h d strike inte well-knowoth drovd nol e road which leads from Tarland along the north shore of Loch Davan, and so over the shoulde f Culbleao r d througan n e overfloth h w channel between Culblean and Cnoc Dubh * to Tomnakiest and Tullich,2 where the important ford and ferry over the Dee at Cobletown3—or still farther west, the bridge at Invermuick4—would offer him immediate access to the Capel Mounth Pass leading directly into Atholl. Wyntoun tell s thau s t Earl David's cam thin po s Culblean roas pitchedwa d at s easit t endd thaan ,t "right before" him, i.e. right oppositee th y la , Regen t Logia t e Ruthven. Atholl's position must therefore have been near the west shore of Loch Davan; and the ford where Sir William de Douglas made his frontal attack during the battle, and where Sir Robert Brady was killed, will have been on the little burn that flows into Loch Davan at Marchnear, rather than a ford on the Burn of t farthee south-westVa th o t r , which must have bee Atholl'n i n s rear. A site on the north side of the Burn of Vat was indicated as the "supposed battlefield e 187th 0n i "editioe Ordnanc th f o n e Survep yMa (6 inch, Aberdeenshire, Sheet LXXXL, S.W.) t thi,bu s identification seems to have had no more valid authority behind it than the group of prehistoric tumuli on the hillslope to the north. In the revised (1902) issue of the Ordnance Survey it is satisfactory to note that the "supposed site of the Battle of Culblean" has been transferred to a position west of Marchnear, in harmony with Wyntoun's explicit statement. e fourteentth n I h century d untian , l very much later e hillsidth , e of Culbleann opea nw no moo, s denselrwa (fig, 2) y. covered with forest. Such being the situation on the evening of 29th November, a modern strategist will doubtless comment that it was still perfectly possible for Earl David, with Loch Davan between him and his enemy, to out- 1 For this remarkable geological feature see A.