DOCSLIB.ORG

Relationship Between Ganglioside Expression and Anti-Cancer Effects of the Monoclonal Antibody Against Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Colon Cancer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Relationship Between Ganglioside Expression and Anti-Cancer Effects of the Monoclonal Antibody Against Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Colon Cancer EXPERIMENTAL and MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Vol. 43, No. 12, 693-701, December 2011 Relationship between ganglioside expression and anti-cancer effects of the monoclonal antibody against epithelial cell adhesion molecule in colon cancer Dong Hoon Kwak1, Jae-Sung Ryu2, was investigated by high-performance thin-layer Chang-Hyun Kim3, Kisung Ko2, chromatography. The results demonstrated that ex- Jin Yeul Ma1, Kyung-A Hwang4 pression of GM1 and GD1a significantly increased in and Young-Kug Choo2,5 the ability of anti-EpCAM to inhibit cell growth in SW620 cells. Anti-EpCAM mAb treatment increased the ex- 1Center for Herbal Medicine Improvement Research pression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, but Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, TNF-α, Daejeon 305-811, Korea caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-8 2Department of Biological Science were unaltered. We observed that anti-EpCAM mAb College of Natural Sciences significantly inhibited the growth of colon tumors, as Institute of Biotechnology determined by a decrease in tumor volume and weight. Wonkwang University The expression of anti-apoptotic protein was inhibited Iksan 570-749, Korea by treatment with anti-EpCAM mAb, whereas the ex- 3Dong-guk University Research Institutes of Biotechnology pression of pro-apoptotic proteins was increased. Medical Science Research Center These results suggest that GD1a and GM1 were closely Goyang 410-773, Korea related to anticancer effects of anti-EpCAM mAb. In 4Department of Agrofood Resources light of these results, further clinical investigation National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA should be conducted on anti-EpCAM mAb to de- Suwon 441-853, Korea termine its possible chemopreventive and/or ther- 5Corresponding author: Tel, 82-63-850-6087; apeutic efficacy against human colon cancer. Fax, 82-63-857-8837; E-mail, [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.3858/emm.2011.43.12.080 Keywords: antibodies, monoclonal; apoptosis; colon neoplasms; EPCAM protein, human; gangliosides; Accepted 28 October 2011 macrophages Available Online 28 October 2011 Abbreviations: ATCC, American type culture collection; CNS, central nerve system; CRC, colorectal carcinoma; DNR, daunorubicin; Introduction EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule; HPTLC, high-performance thin-layer chromatography; PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; The use of mAbs as adjuvant in cancer chemotherapy TUNEL, TdT-mediated duTP nick and labeling has drawn considerable interest because of the success of several novel agents with a broad range of targets. Although several immunological Abstract agents have been discovered, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of action, the The human colorectal carcinoma-associated GA733 optimal dose, or administration timing is absent antigen epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was (Dyer, 1999; Sievers et al., 2001; Dillman, 2002). Models based on tumor destruction by antigen- initially described as a cell surface protein selectively dependent cell-mediated cytotoxity or by complement- expressed in some myeloid cancers. Gangliosides are dependent cytotoxicity and idiotypic networks have sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids involved in been developed to explain the effectiveness of inflammation and oncogenesis. We have demon- mAbs. A mAb directed against epithelial cell adhesion strated that treatment with anti-EpCAM mAb and molecule (EpCAM) is currently under development. RAW264.7 cells significant inhibited the cell growth in The human colorectal carcinoma (CRC)-associated SW620 cancer cells, but neither anti-EpCAM mAb nor antigen GA733, also named CO17-1A/EpCAM/ RAW264.7 cells alone induced cytotoxicity. The rela- KSA/KS1-4, is highly expressed in human CRCs tionship between ganglioside expression and the an- and is a useful passive immunotherapy target in ti-cancer effects of anti-EpCAM mAb and RAW264.7 CRC patients (Koprowski et al., 1979; Zaloudik et 694 Exp. Mol. Med. Vol. 43(12), 693-701, 2011 Figure 1. Morphological changes in and cell viability of SW620 human colon cancer cells treated with EpCAM mAb and RAW264.7 cells. (A) SW620 colon cancer cells morphology. (B) Viability of SW620 human co- lon cancer cells were treated with EpCAM mAb (10 μM) and RAW 264.7 cells for 24 h. Treatment ratio of SW620 cells and RAW264.7 cells is 1:10. Values are the mean (SD) of 3 experiments, each performed in triplicate. *P ＜ 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference from the control. Figure 2. HPTLC profiles of Gangliosides in SW620 colon cancer cells al., 2002). The glycoprotein was originally defined treated with EpCAM mAb and RAW264.7 cells. (A) Qualitative analysis of by anti-GA733, anti-CO17-1A, and anti-EpCAM gangliosides in SW620 cells, and ganglioside extracts were resolved by HPTLC. Lanes 1 and 2, ganglioside standard markers (M1 and M2); lane mAbs, which bind to different epitopes on this 3, SW620 colon cancer cells (control); lane 4, SW620 colon cancer cells antigen (Herlyn et al., 1984; Ross et al., 1986). treated with RAW264.7 cells; lane 5, SW620 colon cancer cells treated EpCAM, a putative adhesion molecule, was initially with EpCAM mAb; lane 6, SW620 colon cancer cells treated with EpCAM described as a cell surface protein selectively mAb and RAW264.7 cells. (B) Quantitative analysis of gangliosides (GM1 and GD1a) expression in SW620 colon cancer cells treated with expressed by epithelial (Helyn et al., 1979; Howard EpCAM mAb and RAW264.7 cells. The Quantitative values from densi- et al., 1986) and some myeloid cancers (Bergsagel tometry program (Beta 4.0.3 of Scion Image, Frederick, MD). Similar ob- et al., 1992). Malignant epithelial-derived tumors servations were made in 3 separate experiments. significantly expressed to the EpCAM (Barzar et al., 1999). Recently, Maetzel et al. (2009) described proteolytic fragments of EpCAM that participate in carbohydrate determinants have been utilized as nuclear signaling in tumor cells. EpCAM is also tumor markers to diagnose colon cancer (Kannagi expressed by stem cells in colon cancers (Dalerba et et al., 2004). GD1a and GM1 are the 2 main al., 2007) and hepatocellular carcinomas (Yamashita gangliosides in many cell types (Kwak et al., 2011). et al., 2007). Developmental changes in ganglioside composition Cell membrane constituent, such as gangliosides, of the nervous system are characterized by an modulate these complex interactions by inhibiting increase in GM1 and GD1a during the transition receptor dimerization or through other allosteric from fetal to postnatal life (Svennerholm et al., interactions. Gangliosides, which are sialic acid- 1989). Decreased GM1 reduced the natural killer containing glycosphingolipids, are plasma membrane activity of hepatic mononuclear cells and increased constituents of all vertebrate cells and are particularly the number of hepatic metastases of colon abundant in the CNS (Svennerholm, 1980). In carcinoma (Shiratori et al., 1992). Previous study vitro, exogenously applied gangliosides are rapidly has described the inhibitory effect of GM1 in incorporated into the plasma membrane and are animal models of colon cancer metastasis (Vogel responsible for numerous biological effects, such as et al., 1996). GD1a is also known to suppress the development, differentiation, and cell-cell interaction, metastasis of cancer cells (Hyuga et al., 1999). In inflammation and oncogenesis (Laine and Hakomori, this study, we demonstrated the relationship 1973; Feizi, 1985; Hakomori, 1996). Subsequent between GM1 and GD1a expression and the studies have indicated the functional significance of anticancer effects of anti-EpCAM mAb on SW620 tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens in cancer colorectal cancer cells and tumors. malignancy (Fukuda, 1996). Tumor-associated Gangliosides and anticancer effects of EpCAM 695 Figure 3. Effect of EpCAM mAb on the expression of gangliosides in colon cancer cells analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Ganglioside ex- pression in SW620 cancer cells was determined by DAPI staining and FITC (green) assay. Treatment with anti-EpCAM mAb (10 μM) for 24 h. (A) The FITC-positive (green) cells are a ganglioside GD1a expressed cells (200× magnification). (B) The FITC-positive (green) cells are a ganglioside GM1 ex- pressed cells (200× magnification). The values represent mean (SD) of 3 experiments, each performed in triplicate. *P ＜ 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference from the control group. Results However, these studies could not completely exclude possible side effects induced by the chemicals Anti-EpCAM mAb inhibited the growth of human used; hence, the specific roles of gangliosides in colorectal cancer cells treated with RAW264.7 cells cancer cells remain unclear. Therefore, the relationship between gangliosides expression and To determine whether the immunoreaction of the anticancer effects of treatment with anti-EpCAM anti-EpCAM mAb with RAW264.7 cells is inhibited mAb and RAW264.7 cells was investigated by to cancer cell growth, the inhibitory effect of HPTLC analysis. The results from the analysis anti-EpCAM mAb on SW620 cancer cell growth suggest that GM1 and GD1a were closely related was analyzed by direct counting. Morphological in anti-EpCAM mAb-mediated growth inhibition of observation revealed that the cells gradually SW620 cells (Figure 2). Figure 3 shows immuno- reduced in size and adopted a round shape in fluoresces stain result that the expression of GM1 response to anti-EpCAM mAb treatment (Figure and GD1a were significantly
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Attenuation of Ganglioside GM1 Accumulation in the Brain of GM1 Gangliosidosis Mice by Neonatal Intravenous Gene Transfer
    Gene Therapy (2003) 10, 1487–1493 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0969-7128/03 $25.00 www.nature.com/gt RESEARCH ARTICLE Attenuation of ganglioside GM1 accumulation in the brain of GM1 gangliosidosis mice by neonatal intravenous gene transfer N Takaura1, T Yagi2, M Maeda2, E Nanba3, A Oshima4, Y Suzuki5, T Yamano1 and A Tanaka1 1Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; 2Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; 3Gene Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan; 4Department of Pediatrics, Takagi Hospital, Saitama, Japan; and 5Pediatrics, Clinical Research Center, Nasu Institute for Developmental Disabilities, International University of Health and Welfare, Ohtawara, Japan A single intravenous injection with 4 Â 107 PFU of recombi- ganglioside GM1 was above the normal range in all treated nant adenovirus encoding mouse b-galactosidase cDNA to mice, which was speculated to be the result of reaccumula- newborn mice provided widespread increases of b-galacto- tion. However, the values were still definitely lower in most of sidase activity, and attenuated the development of the the treated mice than those in untreated mice. In the disease including the brain at least for 60 days. The b- histopathological study, X-gal-positive cells, which showed galactosidase activity showed 2–4 times as high a normal the expression of exogenous b-galactosidase gene, were activity in the liver and lung, and 50 times in the heart. In the observed in the brain. It is noteworthy that neonatal brain, while the activity was only 10–20% of normal, the administration via blood vessels provided access to the efficacy of the treatment was distinct.
    [Show full text]
  • Improvement of Spontaneous Alternation Behavior Deficit by Activation Ofα4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling in the Ganglioside GM3-Deficient Mice
    Biomedical Research 34 (4) 189-195, 2013 Improvement of spontaneous alternation behavior deficit by activation of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling in the ganglioside GM3- deficient mice 1 1 2 1 2 1 Kimie NIIMI , Chieko NISHIOKA , Tomomi MIYAMOTO , Eiki TAKAHASHI , Ichiro MIYOSHI , Chitoshi ITAKURA , 3, 4 and Tadashi YAMASHITA 1 Riken Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; 2 Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467- 8601, Japan; 3 Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan; and 4 World Class University Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea (Received 13 May 2013; and accepted 17 June 2013) ABSTRACT We have reported that in ganglioside GM3-deficient (GM3−/−) mice, spontaneous alternation be- havior assessed by a Y-maze task was significantly lower, and total arm entries were significantly higher than in wild-type mice. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of nico- tinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signaling in impairment of spontaneous alternation behavior of GM3−/− mice. Nicotine treatment (0.3, 1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) dose dependently improved the sponta- neous alternation deficit without affecting total arm entries in GM3−/− mice. The nicotine-induced (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) improvement was significantly abolished by the nAChR antagonist mecamyla- mine (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.). The α4β2 nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (2.5, 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) dose dependently counteracted the nicotine-induced improvement of spontaneous alternation in GM3−/− mice, whereas the α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (2.5, 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) did not.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling in Neuroprotection
    Akinori Akaike · Shun Shimohama Yoshimi Misu Editors Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling in Neuroprotection Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling in Neuroprotection Akinori Akaike • Shun Shimohama Yoshimi Misu Editors Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling in Neuroprotection Editors Akinori Akaike Shun Shimohama Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Department of Neurology, School of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Medicine Kyoto University Sapporo Medical University Kyoto, Japan Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Wakayama Medical University Wakayama, Japan Yoshimi Misu Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama City University Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan ISBN 978-981-10-8487-4 ISBN 978-981-10-8488-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8488-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018936753 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Framework for the Development of Structured Cancer Pathology Reporting Protocols
    Standards for Pathology Informatics in Australia (SPIA) Reporting Terminology and Codes Immunopathology (v3.0) Superseding and incorporating the Australian Pathology Units and Terminology Standards and Guidelines (APUTS) ISBN: Pending State Health Publication Number (SHPN): Pending Online copyright © RCPA 2017 This work (Standards and Guidelines) is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce the Standards and Guidelines for your personal, non- commercial use or use within your organisation subject to the following terms and conditions: 1. The Standards and Guidelines may not be copied, reproduced, communicated or displayed, in whole or in part, for profit or commercial gain. 2. Any copy, reproduction or communication must include this RCPA copyright notice in full. 3. No changes may be made to the wording of the Standards and Guidelines including commentary, tables or diagrams. Excerpts from the Standards and Guidelines may be used. References and acknowledgments must be maintained in any reproduction or copy in full or part of the Standards and Guidelines. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 or as set out above, all other rights are reserved. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to RCPA, 207 Albion St, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia. This material contains content from LOINC® (http://loinc.org). The LOINC table, LOINC codes, LOINC panels and forms file, LOINC linguistic variants file, LOINC/RSNA Radiology Playbook, and LOINC/IEEE Medical Device Code Mapping Table are copyright © 1995-2016, Regenstrief Institute, Inc. and the Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Committee and is available at no cost under the license at http://loinc.org/terms-of-use.” This material includes SNOMED Clinical Terms® (SNOMED CT®) which is used by permission of the International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO®).
    [Show full text]
  • Autoantibodies and Anti-Microbial Antibodies
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403519; this version posted August 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Autoantibodies and anti-microbial antibodies: Homology of the protein sequences of human autoantigens and the microbes with implication of microbial etiology in autoimmune diseases Peilin Zhang, MD., Ph.D. PZM Diagnostics, LLC Charleston, WV 25301 Correspondence: Peilin Zhang, MD., Ph.D. PZM Diagnostics, LLC. 500 Donnally St., Suite 303 Charleston, WV 25301 Email: [email protected] Tel: 304 444 7505 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403519; this version posted August 29, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Abstract Autoimmune disease is a group of diverse clinical syndromes with defining autoantibodies within the circulation. The pathogenesis of autoantibodies in autoimmune disease is poorly understood. In this study, human autoantigens in all known autoimmune diseases were examined for the amino acid sequences in comparison to the microbial proteins including bacterial and fungal proteins by searching Genbank protein databases. Homologies between the human autoantigens and the microbial proteins were ranked high, medium, and low based on the default search parameters at the NCBI protein databases. Totally 64 human protein autoantigens important for a variety of autoimmune diseases were examined, and 26 autoantigens were ranked high, 19 ranked medium to bacterial proteins (69%) and 27 ranked high and 16 ranked medium to fungal proteins (66%) in their respective amino acid sequence homologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogenic Mechanisms Underlying X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy (CMTX6) in Patients with a Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 3Mutation
    Neurobiology of Disease 94 (2016) 237–244 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynbdi Pathogenic mechanisms underlying X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMTX6) in patients with a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3mutation Gonzalo Perez-Siles a,c,⁎,CarolynLya, Adrienne Grant a, Alexander P. Drew a, Eppie M. Yiu d,e,f, Monique M. Ryan d,e,f, David T. Chuang g, Shih-Chia Tso g, Garth A. Nicholson a,b,c,MarinaL.Kennersona,b,c,⁎ a Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia b Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia c Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia d Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, Australia e Neuroscience Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia f Department of Pediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia g Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA article info abstract Article history: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy. An X-linked form of Received 11 March 2016 CMT (CMTX6) is caused by a missense mutation (R158H) in the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 3 Revised 22 June 2016 (PDK3) gene. PDK3 is one of 4 isoenzymes that negatively regulate the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase Accepted 3 July 2016 complex (PDC) by reversible phosphorylation of its first catalytic component pyruvate dehydrogenase (designat- Available online 5 July 2016 ed as E1). Mitochondrial PDC catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and links glycol- ysis to the energy-producing Krebs cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • An Increased Plasma Level of Apociii-Rich Electronegative High-Density Lipoprotein May Contribute to Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’S Disease
    biomedicines Article An Increased Plasma Level of ApoCIII-Rich Electronegative High-Density Lipoprotein May Contribute to Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease 1, 1,2,3, 2 4 Hua-Chen Chan y , Liang-Yin Ke y , Hsiao-Ting Lu , Shih-Feng Weng , Hsiu-Chuan Chan 1, Shi-Hui Law 2, I-Ling Lin 2 , Chuan-Fa Chang 2,5 , Ye-Hsu Lu 1,6, Chu-Huang Chen 7 and Chih-Sheng Chu 1,6,8,* 1 Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; [email protected] (H.-C.C.); [email protected] (L.-Y.K.); [email protected] (H.-C.C.); [email protected] (Y.-H.L.) 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; [email protected] (H.-T.L.); [email protected] (S.-H.L.); [email protected] (I.-L.L.); aff[email protected] (C.-F.C.) 3 Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine & Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan 4 Department of Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; [email protected] 5 Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan 6 Division of Cardiology, Department of International Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan 7 Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; [email protected] 8 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext.
    [Show full text]
  • Autoantibodies Diagnostic Tools for Autoimmune Disorders
    Autoantibodies Diagnostic tools for autoimmune disorders What are autoantibodies? Despite these limitations, autoantibodies are a valuable tool for the diagnosis (when considered with other clinical Autoantibodies bind non-foreign structures within us and have and laboratory information) and monitoring of many been found in most well-defined autoimmune disorders. They autoimmune disorders. also occur in other disorders with an inflammatory component and even in some malignant disorders as paraneoplastic phenomena. How is tissue injury caused in With a few important exceptions, autoantibodies have no direct autoimmune disorders? Are role in pathogenesis and their main value is as a ‘marker’ adding autoantibodies always pathological? weight to a clinical diagnoses. Much tissue damage in autoimmune diseases is probably Circulating forms of autoantibodies may be detected by mediated by T cells and their effector mechanisms, rather than assays on serum. Tissue-bound antibodies may also be by B cells and their products, autoantibodies. Systemic lupus detected by direct immunofluorescence studies of non-fixed erythematosus and other connective tissue disorders are biopsy specimens. characterised by polyclonal self-reactive B cell expansions. Normal immune system functions include the recognition of, and Do autoantibodies ever occur naturally, discrimination between, self and non-self targets and unleashing without clinical associations? of effector mechanisms, such as complement proteins, cytotoxic T cells, cytokines and other phagocytic cells onto non-self Low-level autoantibodies occur naturally and more commonly in targets. persons who are older, female, have chronic diseases and often a family history of autoimmune abnormalities. These natural Autoantibody production is a consequence of ongoing autoantibodies occur in low concentrations and have weak recognition of self targets by both T and B cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Figure S1. GO Analysis of Genes in Glioblastoma Cases That Showed Positive and Negative Correlations with TCIRG1 in the GSE16011 Cohort
    Figure S1. GO analysis of genes in glioblastoma cases that showed positive and negative correlations with TCIRG1 in the GSE16011 cohort. (A‑C) GO‑BP, GO‑CC and GO‑MF terms of genes that showed positive correlations with TCIRG1, respec‑ tively. (D‑F) GO‑BP, GO‑CC and GO‑MF terms of genes that showed negative correlations with TCIRG1. Red nodes represent gene counts, and black bars represent negative 1og10 P‑values. TCIRG1, T cell immune regulator 1; GO, Gene Ontology; BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; MF, molecular function. Table SI. Genes correlated with T cell immune regulator 1. Gene Name Pearson's r ARPC1B Actin‑related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B 0.756 IL4R Interleukin 4 receptor 0.695 PLAUR Plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor 0.693 IFI30 IFI30, lysosomal thiol reductase 0.675 TNFAIP3 TNF α‑induced protein 3 0.675 RBM47 RNA binding motif protein 47 0.666 TYMP Thymidine phosphorylase 0.665 CEBPB CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β 0.663 MVP Major vault protein 0.660 BCL3 B‑cell CLL/lymphoma 3 0.657 LILRB3 Leukocyte immunoglobulin‑like receptor B3 0.656 ELF4 E74 like ETS transcription factor 4 0.652 ITGA5 Integrin subunit α 5 0.651 SLAMF8 SLAM family member 8 0.647 PTPN6 Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non‑receptor type 6 0.641 RAB27A RAB27A, member RAS oncogene family 0.64 S100A11 S100 calcium binding protein A11 0.639 CAST Calpastatin 0.638 EHBP1L1 EH domain‑binding protein 1‑like 1 0.638 LILRB2 Leukocyte immunoglobulin‑like receptor B2 0.629 ALDH3B1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B1 0.626 GNA15 G protein
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction of Cholera Toxin and Membrane GM1 Ganglioside of Small Intestine
    Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 72, No. 7, pp. 2520-2524, July 1975 Biochemistry Interaction of cholera toxin and membrane GM1 ganglioside of small intestine (mucosal receptors/[3HJGMl ganglioside/ Vibrio cholerae sialidase/diarrhea) JAN HOLMGREN*, IVAR LONNROTH*, JAN-ERIC MANSSONt, AND LARS SVENNERHOLMt * Institute of Medical Microbiology and t Department of Neurochemistry, University of G~teborg, Goteborg, Sweden Communicated by Saul Roseman, March 31, 1975 ABSTRACT Ganglioside GM, was isolated from the ther evidence for the function of small intestinal mucosa of man, receptor GM, is indicated pig, and beef and amounted by the finding that incubation of fat cells with GM, in- to 0.1, 2.0, and 43 nmol per g fresh weight, respectively. creased These differences in GMI content were associated with a the toxin binding ability of the cells and also the li- quantitatively differing ability of the mucosal cells to bind polytic response to the toxin, which suggested that the exog- cholera toxin. Human cells bound about 15,000 toxin mole- enous ganglioside was incorporated as functional receptor in cules when saturated with the toxin, porcine cells 120,000, the cell membrane and bovine (13). cells 2,600,000 molecules. The association con- In the present study, we investigate the binding properties stant (KA) of the cholera toxin binding was, for cells of all of cholera to three species, about 109 liters/mol. Exogenously added GM1 toxin intestinal mucosa cells of various species, ganglioside was incorporated in intestinal mucosal cells as including man, and examine how these properties relate to well as in intact rabbit small bowel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neuroprotective Role of the GM1 Oligosaccharide, Ii3neu5ac-Gg4, In
    Molecular Neurobiology (2019) 56:6673–6702 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1556-8 The Neuroprotective Role of the GM1 Oligosaccharide, 3 II Neu5Ac-Gg4, in Neuroblastoma Cells Elena Chiricozzi1 & Margherita Maggioni1 & Erika di Biase1 & Giulia Lunghi1 & Maria Fazzari1 & Nicoletta Loberto 1 & Maffioli Elisa2 & Francesca Grassi Scalvini2 & Gabriella Tedeschi 2,3 & Sandro Sonnino1 Received: 10 January 2019 /Accepted: 13 March 2019 /Published online: 26 March 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract 3 Recently, we demonstrated that the GM1 oligosaccharide, II Neu5Ac-Gg4 (OligoGM1), administered to cultured murine Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells interacts with the NGF receptor TrkA, leading to the activation of the ERK1/2 downstream pathway and to cell differentiation. To understand how the activation of the TrkA pathway is able to trigger key biochemical signaling, we performed a proteomic analysis on Neuro2a cells treated with 50 μM OligoGM1 for 24 h. Over 3000 proteins were identified. Among these, 324 proteins were exclusively expressed in OligoGM1-treated cells. Interestingly, several proteins expressed only in OligoGM1-treated cells are involved in biochemical mechanisms with a neuroprotective potential, reflecting the GM1 neuroprotective effect. In addition, we found that the exogenous administration of OligoGM1 reduced the cellular oxidative stress in Neuro2a cells and conferred protection against MPTP neurotoxicity. These results confirm and reinforce the idea that the molecular mechanisms underlying the GM1 neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects depend on its oligosaccharide chain, suggesting the activation of a positive signaling starting at plasma membrane level. Keywords GM1 ganglioside . GM1 oligosaccharide chain . TrkA neurotrophin receptor . Plasma membrane signaling . Neuroprotection .
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolism of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Differentiated Cells For
    Tanosaki et al. Inflammation and Regeneration (2021) 41:5 Inflammation and Regeneration https://doi.org/10.1186/s41232-021-00156-9 REVIEW Open Access Metabolism of human pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells for regenerative therapy: a focus on cardiomyocytes Sho Tanosaki1,2, Shugo Tohyama1* , Yoshikazu Kishino1, Jun Fujita1 and Keiichi Fukuda1 Abstract Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) exhibit promising application in regenerative therapy, drug discovery, and disease modeling. While several protocols for differentiating somatic cells from PSCs exist, their use is limited by contamination of residual undifferentiated PSCs and immaturity of differentiated somatic cells. The metabolism of PSCs differs greatly from that of somatic cells, and a distinct feature is required to sustain the distinct properties of PSCs. To date, several studies have reported on the importance of metabolism in PSCs and their derivative cells. Here, we detail advancements in the field, with a focus on cardiac regenerative therapy. Keywords: Metabolism, Pluripotent stem cells, Cardiomyocytes, Regenerative therapy Background review details the current metabolic understanding of Human PSCs (hPSCs) are capable of self-renewal, prolif- hPSCs and their derivatives, and compares them to eration, and differentiation into cells of the three germ mouse PSCs (mPSCs) and cancer cells to clarify similar- layers, and show promising application in drug discov- ities and differences among these cells. ery, disease modeling, and regenerative therapy for diseases resistant to conventional medical therapies. Effective regenerative therapy is contingent on certain Metabolism of undifferentiated hPSCs considerations, including the establishment of human- Glucose induced PSCs (hiPSCs) from somatic cells, expansion of Rapidly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells, show ac- hiPSCs, cell differentiation, removal of residual undiffer- tivated glycolysis even under sufficient oxygen.
    [Show full text]