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PDF ( Founders, and Developers at Europe’S Iconic Startup Event DELPHI – INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEW 2019 | VOLUME 2 | NUMBER 2 OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES CYBERWARFARE Cyberwar and Mediation Theory Nolen Gertz, Peter-Paul Verbeek and David M. Douglas AI AND DEMOCRACY The Impact of Disinformation, Social Bots and Political Targeting Maja Brkan DIGITAL PLATFORMS Why Europe Needs Public Funding for Platform Development Paul Nemitz and Arndt Kwiatkowksi BERLIN December 11–12 Arena Berlin Join thousands of investors, Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) www.lexxion.eu founders, and developers at Europe’s iconic startup event. TechCrunch.com/DisruptBerlin Get 15% OFF Disrupt Berlin Passes DELPHI Delphi 2|2019 Contents I Contents Editorial 63 Cees Zweistra Articles Artificial Intelligence and Democracy: 66 The Impact of Disinformation, Social Bots and Political Targeting Maja Brkan Cyberwar and Mediation Theory 72 Nolen Gertz, Peter-Paul Verbeek and David M. Douglas Steps to Designing AI-Empowered Nanotechnology: 79 A Value Sensitive Design Approach Steven Umbrello OutlOOk What Is the Business Value of Ethical Tech? 84 Contributions by Steffen Augsberg, Siri Beerends, Ida Rust, Paul Nemitz, Nicholas Borsotto and Vuyiswa M’Cwabeni repOrt Understanding ‘AI Made in Germany’: 87 A Report on the German Startup Landscape Jessica Schmeiss and Nicolas Friederici OpiniOn Why Europe Needs Public Funding for Platform Development 95 Paul Nemitz and Arndt Kwiatkowksi stArtup Digest How Ethical Debates Can Enrich Data Science and Artificial Intelligence 99 Interviews with Elena Poughia and Zara Nanu Anna Laesser BOOk reviews Towards a Code of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence by Paula Boddington 105 Laurens Naudts The Bioethics of Enhancement: Transhumanism, Disability, and Biopolitics 107 by Melinda C Hall Caio Weber Abramo MiscellAneOus Imprint III Masthead III II Imprint Delphi 2|2019 Publisher For further information please contact Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH [email protected] Güntzelstraße 63 · 10717 Berlin · Germany Tel.: +49 30/81 45 06-0 · Fax: +49 30/81 45 06-22 Phone: +49 30/81 45 06-0 · Fax: +49 30/81 45 06-22 www.lexxion.eu Contributions are welcome and should be submitted according to the Delphi Typeset author guidelines. Any such contribution is accepted on the Automatic typesetting by metiTEC-software understanding that the author is responsible for the opinions me-ti GmbH, Berlin expressed in it. More informations available at delphi.lexxion.eu. Delphi annual subscription* rates 2019 (4 issues) Regular Price Photocopying printed version only 417,00 € All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced in printed version + online edition (incl. archive)** 471,00 € any form whatsoever, e.g. by photo print, microfilm, or any online edition only (incl. archive)** 410,00 € other means, without prior permission of the publisher. This journal was carefully produced in all its parts. Nevertheless, Startups authors, editors and publisher do not warrant the information printed version only 165,00 € contained therein to be free of errors. Readers are advised to printed version + online edition (incl. archive)** 198,00 € keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural online edition only (incl. archive)** 158,00 € details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Students printed version + online edition (incl. archive)*** 98,00 € online edition only (incl. archive)*** 72,00 € Ownership and shareholdings pursuant to Section 7 lit. a No. 2 and Section 2 No. 6 of the Berlin Press Act: Shareholder of * Prices include Postage and Handling. EU Member States: VAT will be added if applicable. Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH is Dr. Wolfgang Andreae, ** Multi-user online acess via IP authentication (IP-range). Publisher, Berlin. *** Single user online access via user name and password. This journal may be cited as [2019] Delphi. Delphi is supplied under our terms of sale and supply. Copies of our terms and conditions are available upon request. Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. VAT Reg.No. DE 209981990. ISSN (Print) 2626-3734 · ISSN (Online) 2626-3742 eDitOr-in-cHieF Woodrow Barfield Professor Emeritus, Chapel Hill, USA Ciano Aydin University of Twente, the Netherlands Aubrey de Grey SENS Research Foundation, USA AssOciAte eDitOrs William Echikson Centre for European Policy Studies, Belgium Francesca Bosco World Economic Forum, Switzerland Paul Nemitz European Commission, Belgium Florian Krausbeck ambrite AG, Switzerland Vuyiswa M’Cwabeni SAP SE, Germany Anna Laesser Impact Hub Berlin, Germany Nishant Shah ArtEZ University of the Arts, the Netherlands Matthias Lamping Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Stefan Lorenz Sorgner Competition, Germany John Cabot University, Italy Vince Madai Rob van den Hoven van Genderen Charité Berlin, Germany VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands Ida Rust University of Twente, the Netherlands Anna Zeiter eBay Inc., Switzerland Yueh-Hsuan Weng Tohoku University, Japan Cees Zweistra eXecutive eDitOrs Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands Clara Hausin Lexxion Publisher, Germany eDitOriAl BOArD [email protected] Steffen Augsberg Jakob McKernan Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, German Ethics Lexxion Publisher, Germany Council, Germany [email protected] Delphi 2|2019 Editorial 63 Editorial In 2018, Delphi was launched with the objective to encourage and foster interdisci- plinary debate and discussion on technological progress. The focus of Delphi is specif- ically dedicated to stimulating exchange around the potential gains, challenges and questions that are provoked by emerging technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), autonomous weapons and robotics. The previous issue saw a variety of constructive-critical perspectives regarding emerg- ing technologies, such as automated weapons, applications of AI in music therapy and online social networking sites. This issue welcomes interdisciplinary contributions from the fields of law, the philosophy of technology as well as from industry representatives and policymakers. Moreover, this issue covers perspectives on a variety of technolo- gies and related questions. From the potential dangers of cyber warfare technology, to the potential gains of AI, this issue covers the full range of Delphi’s central objective. This issue also welcomes a new section: Outlook. In the Outlook section, experts from wide ranging technology-related fields are requested to express their views re- garding a central theme connected to emerging technology. For this issue we asked our contributors to examine the business value of ethical tech. The concept is as hard to define as it is interesting to investigate which makes interdisciplinary analysis par- ticularly fruitful. Providing an ethicist’s viewpoint, Steffen Augsberg argues that ethical technology can be seen as technologies which are developed with an anticipation of ethical con- cerns. Examples include the growing awareness of the impact of climate change and concerns about our increasingly data-driven environment and connected debates around privacy. Clearly, as he argues, there is a business model for manufacturers who incorporate such values into their technologies or develop technologies that tackle those issues. As Ida Rust puts it, it is well imaginable that products will have a tag in future that says ‘ethically approved’. This view is also reflected in Paul Nemitz’s analy- sis of Apple’s success in the stock markets. According to Nemitz, Apple has gained a competitive advantage by heeding the ethical concerns of its customers and users in its design process. But ethical technology cannot be reduced to products which antic- ipate societal attitudes towards the big ethical questions of the day. As Siri Beerends remarks, it may also be useful to ask whether or not technologies, such as advanced AIs, can themselves be ethical in the way humans are. That is, could AI-systems en- gage in the complex and multi-layered ethical situations we find ourselves in? And perhaps more crucially, could they do so in a ‘human’ way? A part of the answer could be found in the Startup Digest of this volume, which fea- tures two businesses explicitly aiming to make a positive impact on society through the application of emerging technologies. Aiming to promote the ‘art of making data useful’, Dataconomy advocates for a better understanding of data science and looks to enhance ‘data literacy’. Meanwhile, Gapsquare’s goal is to eradicate unfair payment DOI: 10.21552/delphi/2019/2/3 64 Editorial Delphi 2|2019 structures by utilising AI and in that sense aligns with Augsberg’s definition of ethical tech. This because it identifies payment structures in business, which are unequal be- cause they are based on, for example, gender or race. In short, it is a technology that anticipates developments in ethical attitudes. However, it is also an ethical technolo- gy in the sense that it does engender biases itself. It is not a neutral technology but re- flects certain ethical dispositions and engages in ethical questions. For example, it needs to decide what equal payment is and what it is not. Gapsquare argues that it has found a way of tackling potential issues by constantly reviewing their systems. As such, and as Siri Beerends suggests, it is ultimately up to humans to make decisions on these crucial questions. The debate regarding AI and the ethical questions it provokes, continues in the Re- view section. What AI is, what ethical questions it provokes and how experts should deal with them, is the theme for discussion in Paula Boddington’s book, Towards a Code of Ethics for
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