AN EDUCATOR’S GUIDE TO Celebrating Pennsylvania Bald Eagle and Elk Reintroductions Pennsylvania Game Commission: Managing wild birds, wild mammals and their habitats for current and future generaƟ ons. www.pgc.state.pa.us Additional Resources to Accompany this Guide Correlations to Pennsylvania State Education Standards, photographs enhancing these activities, and a digital copy of this document can be found on the Pennsylvania Game Commission’s website, ww.pgc.state.pa.us, under the Education section. Special Thanks To: Theresa Alberici, Dan Lynch, Cheryl Trewella, Doug Gross, Patti Barber, Dan Brauning, Jeremy Banfield, Tracy Graziano, Mark Anderson, Hal Korber, Gisele Klimovsky, Brittany Howell, and Lori Neely-Mitchell. Pennsylvania Game Commission: Managing wild birds, wild mammals and their habitats for current and future generations. www.pgc.state.pa.us. May 2014 1 2 Table of Contents Pennsylvania Bald Eagles 5 FAST FACTS: Bald Eagles. .5 Pennsylvania Bald Eagles film: Guiding Questions. 7 Bald eagle student activity sheets. 12 Toxic Connections. .15 Raptor Artistry. 19 Bald Eagle Wildlife Note. 27 Pennsylvania Elk 31 FAST FACTS: Elk. .31 Pennsylvania Elk film: Guiding Questions. 33 Elk student activity sheet. .39 A Time for Elk . 41 Elk Through the Seasons. 47 How Many Elk Can Live Here?. .53 Let’s Ruminate. 55 Elk Wildlife Note . 61 Wildlife Reintroduction 63 Vocabulary 69 Pennsylvania Game Commission: Managing wild birds, wild mammals and their habitats for current and future generations. www.pgc.state.pa.us. May 2014 3 4 GUIDING QUESTIONS & ACTIVITIES Pennsylvania Bald Eagles FAST FACTS: Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Size: Adult male and female eagle: 30 to 40 inches in length, weigh 8 to 14 pounds, wingspan of 6 to 8 feet, stand about 2 feet tall, female is larger than the male Color: Adults: white head and tail, dark brown body, yellow beak and feet Juveniles: brown, mottled with white on the wings and body, yellow beak and feet, acquire mature coloration by their 5th year Habitat: forest and woodland areas around rivers, lakes, and reservoirs Food: wide variety of fish, small mammal, amphibians, reptiles, and small birds; will scavenge for food and eat carrion Nest: huge nests called eyries, 5 to 6 feet in diameter, 2 to 3 feet tall; typically in a large tree Eggs: one to three dull white eggs History: Once common along waterways throughout the state, the eagle population was drastically reduced due to bounties, water pollution, habitat loss, and DDT. During the 1960s and 1970s, only two to three active bald eagle nests remained in our state. Endangered and Threatened Species Listing: Currently delisted. Federally listed in 1973; upgraded to threatened in 1995 and delisted in 2007. Delisted from the Pennsylvania Endangered and Threatened Species list in 2014. Range in Pennsylvania: Historical: along waterways throughout the state Current: restored to waterways throughout the state Reintroduced into Pennsylvania between 1983 and 1989. Pennsylvania Game Commission: Managing wild birds, wild mammals and their habitats for current and future generations. www.pgc.state.pa.us 5 Pennsylvania Game Commission: Managing wild birds, wild mammals and 6 their habitats for current and future generations. www.pgc.state.pa.us. Pennsylvania Bald Eagles Celebrating 30 Years of Restoration Guiding questions to the film: These questions and answers are designed as an aid to teachers as they discuss key information provided in the Pennsylvania Bald Eagles: Celebrating 30 Years of Restoration film. The film focuses on four major topics: • eagle biology • population decline and recovery • eagle monitoring and protection • eagle rehabilitation Eagle Biology (4 questions) 1. What makes an eagle, an eagle? Eagles are very large birds of prey and are grouped in the same family as hawks, the Accipitridae family. Like other members of this family, eagles have hooked beaks, curved talons and are most active during the day. However, with a wingspan of 6 to 8 feet, eagles are much larger than hawks. Bald eagles are often confused with turkey vultures and osprey, especially in flight. When looking up at a large bird of prey in flight, look for the turkey vulture’s two-toned underwings — dark with a pale gray color and the slight “V” shape to the outstretched wings. An Osprey has a dramatic white pattern on the underwings and an angular “M” shape to the wings. Eagles have dark wings and fly with their wings flat and horizontal, forming a straight line out from their body. Although, eagles are found throughout the world, the bald eagle can only be found in North America. Both the golden eagle and the bald eagle can be seen in Pennsylvania. The golden eagle migrates through Pennsylvania and may stay through the winter. The bald eagle is a resident bird and now nests throughout the state. 2. How do bald eagles meet their basic needs for survival? Bald eagles live in wooded areas by rivers, lakes, and other large bodies of water where they find trees for shelter and nesting and plenty of food. Eagles spend a lot of time alone or with their mate and have a home range (area they typically travel to find their needs) of about 13 miles. In winter, however, eagles will often congregate in areas of plentiful food. Fish make up the majority of their diet but they also eat small mammals, amphibians, reptiles, small birds, and invertebrates. Although they can catch their own prey, bald eagles will also scavenge off of dead animals or pirate prey from another bird, such as an osprey. While hunting, eagles soar Pennsylvania Game Commission: Managing wild birds, wild mammals and 7 their habitats for current and future generations. www.pgc.state.pa.us 7 above the water or perch on tall trees where they can easily scan a lake or river for food. Eagles obtain water from their food and will also drink, scooping their beaks into the water of lakes and rivers. Their large nests, called eyries, are typically built on tall trees near water, away from highly developed areas and other eagle nests. However, bald eagles are adapting to people and nests have been found on a telephone pole, on an island in the Delaware River right outside of Philadelphia, and even in a tree overlooking a busy highway. 3. What adaptations help bald eagles survive in their habitat? Bald eagles have long, wide wings that help them soar through the air as they search for food. Their exceptional eyesight helps them scan an area and focus on a fish, small mammal, or other prey species far below. Strong, hooked beaks, powerful feet, and curved talons help eagles catch and then eat their food. 4. What is the typical life history of a bald eagle? After hatching, eaglets will spend 2 to 3 months in and around the nest. During this time the eaglets are growing, gaining their feathers, and learning to walk and fly. Both parents bring food to the nest and feed the eaglets until they are old enough to start feeding themselves. By fall, juvenile eagles are excellent flyers and can take prey on their own. Now is the time they separate from their parents. Like adult eagles, males are smaller than females however juveniles have brown head and tale feathers. For the next 4 years, these juvenile eagles explore their surroundings, travelling hundreds of miles from their birth site. By year 5, juveniles are fully mature and have white head and tail feathers. Most return to the area where they were born to search for a mate and begin nesting. Bald eagles are monogamous and mate for life. If their mate dies or is injured, the remaining eagle will find a new mate. Both males and females build the nest and add to the same nest each year. The female will lay two to three eggs and both male and female will take turns incubating the eggs for 35 days until they hatch. Bald eagles have a long life in comparison to many wild species. Eagles living in the wild have been know to reach at least 28 years of age, while captive eagles have lived to be 36 years old. Population Decline & Recovery (3 questions) 1. How and why did the eagle population in Pennsylvania change from the time Europeans arrived in our state to the present, 21st century? Historical descriptions of Pennsylvania indicate that eagles and ospreys were commonly seen along the rivers in the 17th and 18th centuries. As settlers expanded west across Pennsylvania and beyond, bald eagle populations began to decline; habitat was destroyed by logging and development; rivers were polluted; and wildlife was exploited for food, clothing and sport. Throughout the 1700s and 1800s, there was little to no protection for wildlife and the environment. By the end of the 19th century, bald eagle populations were on the decline. In 1895, the Pennsylvania Game Commission was established to conserve wildlife. There was interest on the state and national levels to protect most wildlife. However, eagles continued to decline due to loss of habitat, pollution, and shootings for sport and predator control. In 1940, the federal Bald Eagle Protection Act was passed just in time for eagles to face a new threat, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). This new pesticide caused a catastrophic decline in bald eagle populations. In the 20 years DDT was heavily used, the eagle population plummeted and the bald eagle was almost gone from the lower 48 states. Throughout the 1960s and ‘70s, only two to three bald eagle nests were active in our state. During the 1970s an environmental conservation movement swept throughout our country due, in part, to Rachel Carson’s book entitled Silent Spring. In 1972, DDT was banned from use in the United States.