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330241 1 En Bookbackmatter 315..332 Appendix A Ratings Tables for New Zealand Soil Properties See Tables A.1 and A.2. Table A.1 Ratings for soil chemical properties after L. C. Blakemore, P. L. Searle, and B. K. Daly 1987. Methods for chemical analysis of soils. NZ Soil Bureau Scientific Report 80. 103p. ISSN 03041735. Reproduced with permission of Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Rating Very high High Medium Low Very low A1: Ratings for soil pH, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus pH >9.0 7.1–7.5 6.0–6.5 4.5–5.2 <4.5 (1:2.5 soil: water) (extremely (slightly (slightly (strongly (extremely alkaline) alkaline) acid) acid) acid) 8.4–9.0 6.6–7.0 (near 5.3–5.9 (strongly neutral) (moderately alkaline) acid) 7.6–8.3 (moderately alkaline) Organic matter Organic carbon (%) >20 10–20 4–10 2–4<2 Total nitrogen (%) >1.0 0.6–1.0 0.3–0.6 0.1–0.3 <0.1 C/N >24 16–24 12–16 10–12 <10 Phosphorus Truog (lg/g) >50 30–50 20–30 10–20 <10 Olsen (lg/g) >50 30–50 20–30 10–20 <10 (+) −1 0.5M H2SO4 (cmol kg ) >40 20–40 10–20 5–10 <5 Inorganic (cmol(+) kg−1) >50 30–50 20–30 10–20 <10 Organic (cmol(+) kg−1) >70 50–70 20–50 10–20 <10 Total (cmol(+) kg−1) >120 80–120 40–80 20–40 <20 P retention (%) 90–100 60–90 30–60 10–30 0–10 A2: Ratings for cation exchange related properties Cation exchange CEC (cmol(+) kg−1) >40 25–40 12–25 6–12 <6 (+) −1 properties (NH4OAc, R Bases (cmol kg ) >25 15–25 7–15 3–7<3 pH7) BS (%) 80–100 60–80 40–60 20–40 <20 Ca (cmol(+) kg−1) >20 10–20 5–10 2–5<2 Mg (cmol(+) kg−1)>73–71–3 0.5–1 <0.5 K (cmol(+) kg−1) >1.2 0.8–1.2 0.5–0.8 0.3–0.5 <0.3 Na (cmol(+) kg−1) >2 0.7–2 0.3–0.7 0.1–0.3 <0.1 KCl—extract >5 2–5 0.5–2.0 0.1–0.5 <0.1 Al (cmol(+) kg−1) Exchange Acidity (pH 8.2) (cmol(+) kg−1) >60 30–60 15–30 5–15 <5 Reserve Kc >0.5 0.35–0.5 0.20–0.35 0.10–0.20 <0.10 Mgr >30 15–30 7–15 3–7<3 (continued) © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 315 A. E. Hewitt et al., The Soils of Aotearoa New Zealand, World Soils Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64763-6 316 Appendix A: Ratings Tables for New Zealand Soil Properties Table A.1 (continued) Rating Very high High Medium Low Very low A3: Ratings for aluminium, iron, silica and sulphur contents, and soluble salts Acid oxalate— Al (%) >3.0 1.0–3.0 0.5–1.0 0.2–0.5 <0.2 extractable Fe (%) >2.0 1.0–2.0 0.5–1.0 0.2–0.5 <0.2 Si (%) >0.5 0.15–0.5 0.05–0.15 <0.05 Pyrophosphate— Al (%) >2.0 0.8–2.0 0.4–0.8 0.1–0.4 <0.1 extractable Fe (%) >1.2 0.6–1.2 0.3–0.6 0.1–0.3 <0.1 Dithionate-citrate— Al (%) >2.0 1.0–2.0 0.5–1.0 0.2–0.5 <0.2 extractable Fe (%) >4.0 2.0–4.0 1.0–2.0 0.5–1.0 <0.5 Phosphate—extractable >150 50–150 15–50 5–15 <5 sulphur or sulphate (µg S/g) Soluble salts Conductivity (millimho/cm) >2 0.8–2 0.4–0.8 0.15–0.4 <0.15 1:5 extract at 25 °C Salts (%) >0.7 0.3–0.7 0.15–0.3 0.05–0.15 <0.05 Table A.2 Ratings for soil physical properties Physical parameter Very low Low Medium High Very high Potential rooting deptha (cm) <20 20–40 40–80 80–120 >120 v. shallow shallow mod. deep deep v. deep Soil dry bulk density (g cm−3) <0.6 0.6–0.9 0.9–1.5 1.5–1.8 >1.8 Total porosity (%v/v) <35 35–45 45–60 65–75 >75 Macroporosity (%v/v) <5 5–10 10–20 20–25 >25 Penetration resistanceb (kPa) <1000 1000– 1500–2200 2200–3000 >3000 1500 Degree of packingc (kPa) <500 500–1000 1000–2200 2200–3000 >3000 loose very friable firm very friable firm Permabilityd (mm h−1) <0.4 0.4–4 4–18 18–72 >72 extremely slow moderately moderate rapid slow slow Profile readily available watera (mm) over potential rooting depth <25 25–50 50–100 100–130 >130 or 1.5 m depth Soil depthd (cm) <20 20–45 45–100 >100 very shallow moderately deep deep shallow aFrom A. D. Wilson and D. J. Giltrap 1984. Soil evaluation and classification system for orchard crop production. Soil Resources Report SR6. Soil Bureau, DSIR. 54p bAdapted from E. Griffiths 1984. Interpretation of soil morphology for assessing moisture movement and storage. NZ Soil Bureau Scientific Report 74, 20p cDetermined using Singleton Blade and 6 mm tip penetrometer after E. Griffiths 1984. Interpretation of soil morphology for assessing moisture movement and storage. NZ Soil Bureau Scientific Report 74, 20p dAdapted from S-map ratings Appendix B Correlation of Orders of New Zealand Soil Classification with the Nearest Equivalent Taxa of Soil Taxonomy and World Reference Base NZ Soil Soil Taxonomy World Reference NZ Soil Soil Taxonomy World Reference Classification Equivalent soil order (or Base Classification Equivalent soil order (or Base Soil order suborder/great group) Equivalent Soil order suborder/great group) Equivalent reference soil reference soil group group Allophanic Andisols (except Vitrands) Andosols Raw Soils Not-soil or Entisols Regosols, Soils Arenosols or Anthropic Entisols or unclassified Anthrosols or unclassified Soils Technosols Recent Soils Entisols (also Inceptisols) Fluvisols, Brown Soils Inceptisols (also Entisols) Cambisols Arenosols, Gley Soils Aquic suborders of Gleysols Leptosols, Inceptisols, Entisols, Cambisols, Oxisols, etc. Regosols, or Umbrisols Granular Ultisols Nitisols Soils Semiarid Aridisols Luvisols, Soils Cambisols, or Melanic Soils Mollisols, Vertisols Vertisols, Solonetz Calcisols, Chernozems or Ultic Soils Ultisols Planosols a Phaeozems After Hewitt (2010), Soil Survey Staff (2014) and World Reference — Organic Soils Histosols Histosols Base (2015). The correlations given here are a guide only for accurate classifications of a specific soil the soil properties and details of the Oxidic Soils Oxisols Ferralsols particular classification documents should be consulted Pallic Soils Alfisols, Inceptisols Cambisols, Hewitt AE (2010) New Zealand Soil Classification. 3rd edn. Landcare Luvisols, or Research Science Series No. 1. Lincoln, Manaaki Whenua Press 136 p Planosols Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. USDA Podzol Soils Spodosols Podzols Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC 362 p Pumice Soils Andisols: mainly Andosols World Reference Base (2015) http://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en. Vitrands (also Vitricryands, pdf accessed on 2 March 2020 Vitraquands) (continued) © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 317 A. E. Hewitt et al., The Soils of Aotearoa New Zealand, World Soils Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64763-6 Index A Animals, 2, 7, 8, 10, 31, 36, 38, 55, 62, 69, 82, 83, 99, 117, 128, 159, Abrasion, 4, 61, 154, 271, 272 192, 194–196, 199, 203, 212, 219, 228, 245, 283, 290, 292, 302 Acid sulphate soils, 212 Antarctica, 2, 211, 267, 268, 270, 271, 275, 283, 284, 289, 291, 293, Active layer, 267–270, 276, 281, 282, 285, 286 298, 303 Adelaide Tarn, 125 Antarctic Treaty, 268, 284 Aeolian, 4, 61, 90, 136, 138, 164, 166, 169, 172, 203, 218, 235, 252, Anthropic, 1, 16, 41, 42, 44–47, 49, 50–55, 237, 293, 296 258 Anthrosol, 44, 52 Aerial photo, 221, 297, 300 Aokautere Ash, 151 Agriculture, 2, 9, 13, 17, 34, 69, 82, 83, 110, 117, 118, 127, 129, 158, Apedal, 12, 24, 38, 58, 61, 191 159, 194, 199, 212, 220, 231, 249, 262, 291, 294, 296, 297, 299, Apple, 1, 141, 263 301, 302, 307 Apricot, 231 A horizon, 10, 11, 16, 22, 25, 41, 98, 101, 102, 110, 149, 180, 188, Arable, 111, 245, 294, 299, 301, 307 200, 205, 216, 218, 219, 253, 294 Arapuni, 49 Ahuriri, 150, 212 Arenosol, 68, 211, 227 Aislabie, 7, 284 Argillans, 250 Alaska, 34, 271 Argillic, 67, 75, 88, 89, 92, 95, 105, 106, 148, 149, 151, 155, 157–160, Alexandra, 232, 233, 258 231, 233–237, 239–241, 243, 250, 252, 253, 257, 292, 296 Alfisol, 158, 290 Argillic horizon, 89, 95, 148, 149, 151, 158, 159, 231, 234–236, 239, Alfredton, 78 241, 252, 253 Alkalinity, 12, 236, 241, 303 Argillisation, 253, 295 Allophane, 21–27, 29–31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 57, 58, 61, 65, 68, 90–92, Argilluviation, 96 139, 141, 167–169, 172, 173, 180, 188, 191, 238, 257, 291, 294, Aridic, 241 295 Aridisol, 241, 244, 290 Allophanic, 1, 9, 14, 16, 17, 21–38, 57–59, 61, 63–65, 67, 68, 80, 92, Artefacts, 46 95, 99, 105, 137, 141, 153, 154, 157, 166, 168, 169, 174, 181, Ash, 4, 9, 21, 22, 26, 87, 89–92, 95, 136, 137, 140, 153, 166, 180, 183, 186–188, 191–193, 195, 203, 218, 223, 224, 256, 257, 289, 291, 185–187, 191, 201, 205, 253, 256, 257, 261, 263, 297 293–296, 305, 306, 309 Aspect, 2, 5, 18, 61–63, 81, 98, 194 Allophanic soil material, 21, 23–25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 65, 67, 95, Assimilation, 117 137, 141, 174, 191–193 Aston, 194 Alluvium, 5, 9, 10, 22, 25, 28, 29, 31, 48, 57, 60, 64, 67, 76, 105, 114, Atiamuri, 194 118–121, 123, 145, 151, 153, 159, 171, 191, 193, 199, 200, 216, Auckland, 2, 4, 5, 17, 22, 34, 54, 87, 88, 90, 91, 95, 96, 134, 136, 137, 218, 223, 227, 231, 234, 236, 238, 243, 253, 254, 293–295 249–251, 253, 254, 262, 307 Almond, 61, 171, 245 Auckland Volcanic Field, 2, 4, 5, 137 Alpha-alpha′-dipyridyl, 76 Australia, 3, 110, 125, 136, 154, 169, 195, 223, 235, 244, 258, 290, 293 Alpine, 4, 5, 27, 61, 63, 154, 158, 199, 200, 203, 212–214, 242, 244, Australian plate, 2–4, 182 246, 290 Avocado, 35, 134, 141 Alpine Fault, 2, 3, 61 Awatere Valley, 148 Aluminium toxicity, 67, 68, 93, 108, 139, 140, 173, 174, 176, 240, 260 Aluminosilicate, 21, 24, 57 Amorphous, 29, 191, 238 B Anaerobic conditions, 17, 75, 76, 79, 80, 128, 129, 146, 151, 155, 196 Backslope, 154, 169, 250, 254, 255 Andept, 34 Backswamp, 28, 76, 78, 118, 121, 216, 220, 221 Andesite, 4, 22, 28, 68, 88, 105, 138, 182, 208, 291 Bacteria, 7–9, 80, 83, 212 Andesitic, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 87, 90, 91, 106, 129, 133, 136, Banana, 141 172, 180, 182, 188, 192, 205, 256, 291 Banks, 48, 83, 105, 118, 150–152, 154, 200, 205, 209, 210, 218, 221, Andisol, 22, 34, 193, 290, 291, 293, 296 222, 227 Andosol, 35, 193, 194 Banks Peninsula, 105, 150, 151, 154 Anhyorthel, 269, 273–275 Bannockburn, 52, 242, 243 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 319 A.
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