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Appendix A Ratings Tables for Properties

See Tables A.1 and A.2.

Table A.1 Ratings for soil chemical properties after L. C. Blakemore, P. L. Searle, and B. K. Daly 1987. Methods for chemical analysis of . NZ Soil Bureau Scientific Report 80. 103p. ISSN 03041735. Reproduced with permission of Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Rating Very high High Medium Low Very low A1: Ratings for soil pH, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus pH >9.0 7.1–7.5 6.0–6.5 4.5–5.2 <4.5 (1:2.5 soil: water) (extremely (slightly (slightly (strongly (extremely alkaline) alkaline) acid) acid) acid) 8.4–9.0 6.6–7.0 (near 5.3–5.9 (strongly neutral) (moderately alkaline) acid) 7.6–8.3 (moderately alkaline) Organic matter Organic carbon (%) >20 10–20 4–10 2–4<2 Total nitrogen (%) >1.0 0.6–1.0 0.3–0.6 0.1–0.3 <0.1 C/N >24 16–24 12–16 10–12 <10 Phosphorus Truog (lg/g) >50 30–50 20–30 10–20 <10 Olsen (lg/g) >50 30–50 20–30 10–20 <10 (+) −1 0.5M H2SO4 (cmol kg ) >40 20–40 10–20 5–10 <5 Inorganic (cmol(+) kg−1) >50 30–50 20–30 10–20 <10 Organic (cmol(+) kg−1) >70 50–70 20–50 10–20 <10 Total (cmol(+) kg−1) >120 80–120 40–80 20–40 <20 P retention (%) 90–100 60–90 30–60 10–30 0–10 A2: Ratings for cation exchange related properties Cation exchange CEC (cmol(+) kg−1) >40 25–40 12–25 6–12 <6 (+) −1 properties (NH4OAc, R Bases (cmol kg ) >25 15–25 7–15 3–7<3 pH7) BS (%) 80–100 60–80 40–60 20–40 <20 Ca (cmol(+) kg−1) >20 10–20 5–10 2–5<2 Mg (cmol(+) kg−1)>73–71–3 0.5–1 <0.5 K (cmol(+) kg−1) >1.2 0.8–1.2 0.5–0.8 0.3–0.5 <0.3 Na (cmol(+) kg−1) >2 0.7–2 0.3–0.7 0.1–0.3 <0.1 KCl—extract >5 2–5 0.5–2.0 0.1–0.5 <0.1 Al (cmol(+) kg−1) Exchange Acidity (pH 8.2) (cmol(+) kg−1) >60 30–60 15–30 5–15 <5

Reserve Kc >0.5 0.35–0.5 0.20–0.35 0.10–0.20 <0.10

Mgr >30 15–30 7–15 3–7<3 (continued)

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 315 A. E. Hewitt et al., The Soils of Aotearoa New Zealand, World Soils Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64763-6 316 Appendix A: Ratings Tables for New Zealand Soil Properties

Table A.1 (continued) Rating Very high High Medium Low Very low A3: Ratings for aluminium, iron, silica and sulphur contents, and soluble salts Acid oxalate— Al (%) >3.0 1.0–3.0 0.5–1.0 0.2–0.5 <0.2 extractable Fe (%) >2.0 1.0–2.0 0.5–1.0 0.2–0.5 <0.2 Si (%) >0.5 0.15–0.5 0.05–0.15 <0.05 Pyrophosphate— Al (%) >2.0 0.8–2.0 0.4–0.8 0.1–0.4 <0.1 extractable Fe (%) >1.2 0.6–1.2 0.3–0.6 0.1–0.3 <0.1 Dithionate-citrate— Al (%) >2.0 1.0–2.0 0.5–1.0 0.2–0.5 <0.2 extractable Fe (%) >4.0 2.0–4.0 1.0–2.0 0.5–1.0 <0.5 Phosphate—extractable >150 50–150 15–50 5–15 <5 sulphur or sulphate (µg S/g) Soluble salts Conductivity (millimho/cm) >2 0.8–2 0.4–0.8 0.15–0.4 <0.15 1:5 extract at 25 °C Salts (%) >0.7 0.3–0.7 0.15–0.3 0.05–0.15 <0.05

Table A.2 Ratings for soil physical properties Physical parameter Very low Low Medium High Very high Potential rooting deptha (cm) <20 20–40 40–80 80–120 >120 v. shallow shallow mod. deep deep v. deep Soil dry bulk density (g cm−3) <0.6 0.6–0.9 0.9–1.5 1.5–1.8 >1.8 Total porosity (%v/v) <35 35–45 45–60 65–75 >75 Macroporosity (%v/v) <5 5–10 10–20 20–25 >25 Penetration resistanceb (kPa) <1000 1000– 1500–2200 2200–3000 >3000 1500 Degree of packingc (kPa) <500 500–1000 1000–2200 2200–3000 >3000 loose very friable firm very friable firm Permabilityd (mm h−1) <0.4 0.4–4 4–18 18–72 >72 extremely slow moderately moderate rapid slow slow Profile readily available watera (mm) over potential rooting depth <25 25–50 50–100 100–130 >130 or 1.5 m depth Soil depthd (cm) <20 20–45 45–100 >100 very shallow moderately deep deep shallow aFrom A. D. Wilson and D. J. Giltrap 1984. Soil evaluation and classification system for orchard crop production. Soil Resources Report SR6. Soil Bureau, DSIR. 54p bAdapted from E. Griffiths 1984. Interpretation of for assessing moisture movement and storage. NZ Soil Bureau Scientific Report 74, 20p cDetermined using Singleton Blade and 6 mm tip penetrometer after E. Griffiths 1984. Interpretation of soil morphology for assessing moisture movement and storage. NZ Soil Bureau Scientific Report 74, 20p dAdapted from S-map ratings Appendix B Correlation of Orders of New Zealand Soil Classification with the Nearest Equivalent Taxa of Soil Taxonomy and World Reference Base

NZ Soil Soil Taxonomy World Reference NZ Soil Soil Taxonomy World Reference Classification Equivalent soil order (or Base Classification Equivalent soil order (or Base Soil order suborder/great group) Equivalent Soil order suborder/great group) Equivalent reference soil reference soil group group Allophanic (except Vitrands) Raw Soils Not-soil or , Soils Arenosols or Anthropic Entisols or unclassified or unclassified Soils Recent Soils Entisols (also ) , Brown Soils Inceptisols (also Entisols) Arenosols, Gley Soils Aquic suborders of , Inceptisols, Entisols, Cambisols, , etc. Regosols, or Granular Soils Semiarid Luvisols, Soils Cambisols, or Melanic Soils , Vertisols, , or Ultic Soils Ultisols a After Hewitt (2010), Staff (2014) and World Reference — Organic Soils Histosols Base (2015). The correlations given here are a guide only for accurate classifications of a specific soil the soil properties and details of the Oxidic Soils Oxisols Ferralsols particular classification documents should be consulted Pallic Soils Alfisols, Inceptisols Cambisols, Hewitt AE (2010) New Zealand Soil Classification. 3rd edn. Landcare Luvisols, or Research Science Series No. 1. Lincoln, Manaaki Whenua Press 136 p Planosols Soil Survey Staff (2014) Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th ed. USDA Soils Spodosols Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC 362 p Pumice Soils Andisols: mainly Andosols World Reference Base (2015) http://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en. Vitrands (also Vitricryands, pdf accessed on 2 March 2020 Vitraquands) (continued)

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 317 A. E. Hewitt et al., The Soils of Aotearoa New Zealand, World Soils Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64763-6 Index

A Animals, 2, 7, 8, 10, 31, 36, 38, 55, 62, 69, 82, 83, 99, 117, 128, 159, Abrasion, 4, 61, 154, 271, 272 192, 194–196, 199, 203, 212, 219, 228, 245, 283, 290, 292, 302 Acid sulphate soils, 212 , 2, 211, 267, 268, 270, 271, 275, 283, 284, 289, 291, 293, Active layer, 267–270, 276, 281, 282, 285, 286 298, 303 Adelaide , 125 Antarctic Treaty, 268, 284 Aeolian, 4, 61, 90, 136, 138, 164, 166, 169, 172, 203, 218, 235, 252, Anthropic, 1, 16, 41, 42, 44–47, 49, 50–55, 237, 293, 296 258 , 44, 52 Aerial photo, 221, 297, 300 Aokautere Ash, 151 Agriculture, 2, 9, 13, 17, 34, 69, 82, 83, 110, 117, 118, 127, 129, 158, Apedal, 12, 24, 38, 58, 61, 191 159, 194, 199, 212, 220, 231, 249, 262, 291, 294, 296, 297, 299, Apple, 1, 141, 263 301, 302, 307 Apricot, 231 A horizon, 10, 11, 16, 22, 25, 41, 98, 101, 102, 110, 149, 180, 188, Arable, 111, 245, 294, 299, 301, 307 200, 205, 216, 218, 219, 253, 294 Arapuni, 49 Ahuriri, 150, 212 Arenosol, 68, 211, 227 Aislabie, 7, 284 Argillans, 250 Alaska, 34, 271 Argillic, 67, 75, 88, 89, 92, 95, 105, 106, 148, 149, 151, 155, 157–160, Alexandra, 232, 233, 258 231, 233–237, 239–241, 243, 250, 252, 253, 257, 292, 296 Alfisol, 158, 290 Argillic horizon, 89, 95, 148, 149, 151, 158, 159, 231, 234–236, 239, Alfredton, 78 241, 252, 253 Alkalinity, 12, 236, 241, 303 Argillisation, 253, 295 Allophane, 21–27, 29–31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 57, 58, 61, 65, 68, 90–92, Argilluviation, 96 139, 141, 167–169, 172, 173, 180, 188, 191, 238, 257, 291, 294, Aridic, 241 295 , 241, 244, 290 Allophanic, 1, 9, 14, 16, 17, 21–38, 57–59, 61, 63–65, 67, 68, 80, 92, Artefacts, 46 95, 99, 105, 137, 141, 153, 154, 157, 166, 168, 169, 174, 181, Ash, 4, 9, 21, 22, 26, 87, 89–92, 95, 136, 137, 140, 153, 166, 180, 183, 186–188, 191–193, 195, 203, 218, 223, 224, 256, 257, 289, 291, 185–187, 191, 201, 205, 253, 256, 257, 261, 263, 297 293–296, 305, 306, 309 Aspect, 2, 5, 18, 61–63, 81, 98, 194 Allophanic soil material, 21, 23–25, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38, 65, 67, 95, Assimilation, 117 137, 141, 174, 191–193 Aston, 194 Alluvium, 5, 9, 10, 22, 25, 28, 29, 31, 48, 57, 60, 64, 67, 76, 105, 114, Atiamuri, 194 118–121, 123, 145, 151, 153, 159, 171, 191, 193, 199, 200, 216, Auckland, 2, 4, 5, 17, 22, 34, 54, 87, 88, 90, 91, 95, 96, 134, 136, 137, 218, 223, 227, 231, 234, 236, 238, 243, 253, 254, 293–295 249–251, 253, 254, 262, 307 Almond, 61, 171, 245 Auckland Volcanic Field, 2, 4, 5, 137 Alpha-alpha′-dipyridyl, 76 , 3, 110, 125, 136, 154, 169, 195, 223, 235, 244, 258, 290, 293 Alpine, 4, 5, 27, 61, 63, 154, 158, 199, 200, 203, 212–214, 242, 244, Australian plate, 2–4, 182 246, 290 Avocado, 35, 134, 141 Alpine Fault, 2, 3, 61 Awatere , 148 Aluminium toxicity, 67, 68, 93, 108, 139, 140, 173, 174, 176, 240, 260 Aluminosilicate, 21, 24, 57 Amorphous, 29, 191, 238 B Anaerobic conditions, 17, 75, 76, 79, 80, 128, 129, 146, 151, 155, 196 Backslope, 154, 169, 250, 254, 255 Andept, 34 Backswamp, 28, 76, 78, 118, 121, 216, 220, 221 Andesite, 4, 22, 28, 68, 88, 105, 138, 182, 208, 291 Bacteria, 7–9, 80, 83, 212 Andesitic, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 87, 90, 91, 106, 129, 133, 136, Banana, 141 172, 180, 182, 188, 192, 205, 256, 291 Banks, 48, 83, 105, 118, 150–152, 154, 200, 205, 209, 210, 218, 221, , 22, 34, 193, 290, 291, 293, 296 222, 227 , 35, 193, 194 Banks Peninsula, 105, 150, 151, 154 Anhyorthel, 269, 273–275 Bannockburn, 52, 242, 243

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 319 A. E. Hewitt et al., The Soils of Aotearoa New Zealand, World Soils Book Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64763-6 320 Index

Barhill, 150 Brown or friable , 141 Basalt, 4, 17, 26, 64, 68, 88, 91, 101, 105, 106, 137, 138, 140, 182, Bruce, 49, 64, 119, 128, 158, 202, 256 194, 261, 273, 280, 291 Brunification, 60, 67, 188, 219, 295, 296 Basaltic, 4, 22, 26, 31, 36, 87, 90, 91, 102, 105, 133, 136, 137, 141, Bruntwood, 29, 30, 35 172, 180, 182, 186, 194, 195, 202, 205, 208, 280 Bs horizon, 80, 163, 166, 167, 169, 174, 188 Basher, 12, 36, 97 Building, 2, 4, 24, 46–48, 54, 96, 127, 129, 130, 152, 153, 209, 210, Bat, 50, 290 212, 213, 227, 228, 276, 284, 305, 307 Baumea, 119 Bulls, 83 Bauxite, 134 Bünemann, 302 Bay of Islands, 134, 137 Buol, 137 Bay of Plenty, 5, 17, 21, 22, 27, 28, 31, 35, 36, 38, 84, 169, 180, 186, Burgham, 153 187, 190, 216, 219, 220, 228 Burning, 51, 128, 158, 242, 245 Beach, 18, 47, 191, 199, 200, 205, 271, 273 Bush sickness, 36, 179, 194, 195, 297 Beacon Heights, 269 Butchers Dam, 258, 259 Beacon Sandstone, 269, 280 Buttercup, 80 Beacon Valley, 273 Bypass flow, 66, 142, 161, 243, 296 Beardmore , 275–278 , 275 Bearing strength, 38, 123, 129, 212 Bedload, 28, 153 Beech, 4, 9, 17, 18, 61, 107, 122, 140, 158, 163, 166, 253, 296 C Beecroft, 46, 243 Cabbage, 80, 96, 110, 125 Beef, 57, 81, 158, 262 Cabbage tree, 80, 125 Beidellite, 106 Cadmium, 98, 284 Best, 11, 14, 34, 44, 46, 49, 50, 54, 55, 69, 70, 80, 82, 83, 128, 129, Cake Tin, 51 136, 176, 227, 249, 297, 300, 304 , 110 Bh horizon, 163, 164, 167 Calcium carbonate, 63, 64, 101, 136, 149–151, 154, 155, 232, 235, B horizon, 10, 24, 33, 34, 58, 60, 67, 68, 80, 93, 102, 109, 138, 139, 236, 238, 240, 284, 289, 291, 292, 296 146, 155, 158, 163, 167, 168, 173, 174, 180, 188, 199, 205, 215, Caldera, 4, 28, 179, 181, 182, 190 219, 224, 226, 232, 249, 250, 252, 253, 260, 294 , 67, 68, 158, 227, 241 Biodegradation, 9, 10, 78, 81, 88, 113, 116, 117, 123, 128, 129, 240 Cambridge, 28, 49, 125, 306 Biodiversity, 7, 9, 33, 63, 69, 81, 83, 84, 121, 126, 128, 175, 225, 305, Campbell, 119, 123, 127, 128, 268, 303 309 Canterbury, 4, 5, 28, 50, 62, 64, 67, 102, 105, 146, 151, 153, 154, 159, Bioturbation, 136, 216, 253, 296 216, 221, 231, 233, 237, 238, 258, 280, 302 Birnessite, 76 Canterbury Plains, 67, 159, 216, 221 Blackberry, 84 Capability, 33, 68, 70, 296, 299, 303, 306, 307 Black soil, 110, 294 Cape Adare, 284 Blanket bog, 117 Cape Hallett, 281, 283–285 Blenheim, 5, 160, 227 Cape Royds, 282 Blueberry, 113 Capillarity, 150 Blum, 304 Capital, 303, 304, 306, 307 Bockheim, 276 Carbon date, 189 Bog, 10, 28, 84, 113, 114, 116–125, 127, 128, 235, 240, 253 Caribbean, 169 Bombay, 87, 88, 90, 91, 96, 137, 140 Carrick, 300, 301 Borchgrevik, 284 Carrot, 35, 36 Border dyke, 244 Castle Point, 18 Borrow pit, 47, 49 Catena, 151, 153, 154 Botany Bay, 282 Cattle, 36, 84, 93, 160, 179, 180, 194, 262, 297, 307 Bracken, 2, 11, 188, 240 Cedar, 9 Braided river, 28, 62, 120, 148, 152, 199, 200, 202, 220 Cenozoic, 258 Brash, 46, 243 Central Otago, 5, 7, 9, 16, 46, 49, 50, 63, 64, 122, 151, 231, 233–237, Brassica, 87, 96 240, 242, 244, 246, 291, 296, 297, 301 , 59, 293 , 49, 159 Breakout flood, 187, 191 Champaign pool, 204 Britannia Range, 275, 276, 278–280 Charcoal, 47, 76, 128, 158, 185, 191 Broadleaf, 9, 140, 290 Chatham Islands, 119, 125 Broadleaf-podocarp, 158, 291 Chelate complex, 167 Broken River, 258 , 110, 294 Brown, 1, 11, 14, 16–18, 21, 23, 27, 31, 35, 50, 57–61, 63–69, 73–76, Cherry, 231, 242 87, 88, 90–92, 95, 96, 98, 105, 108, 110, 114, 135, 137, 140, Childs, 65, 76 141, 146, 151, 153, 154, 157, 164, 168, 169, 171, 174, 188, 193, Childs’ test, 76 194, 205, 207, 216, 219, 220, 223, 224, 231, 234, 237, 241, 242, Chinn, 62 249, 250, 252, 256, 258, 261, 262, 269, 271, 275, 279, 289, C-horizon, 10, 57, 180 292–296 Chroma, 12, 23, 74, 76, 97, 108, 141, 163, 243, 253 Brown granular clays, 88, 96 Citrus, 35, 133, 134, 141 Brown granular and clays, 88, 96, 110 Claremont, 151, 153, 154 Brown-grey earth, 241, 242 Claridge, 268, 281, 298, 303 Index 321

Clark, 141 Cutanic, 67, 88, 92, 158 Clarkson, 119, 202 Cutanoxidic, 88, 92 Clay, 9–13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24–26, 28–33, 38, 45, 46, 50, 51, 53, 54, 61, Cutler, 296, 298 65, 67, 68, 75, 77–79, 83, 87–90, 92, 93, 95–99, 101, 103–110, Cyclone, 5, 69, 200, 209 123, 124, 133, 134, 136–139, 141, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154–157, Cyclone Bola, 69, 200, 209 159, 168, 169, 172, 173, 179, 180, 188, 190–192, 203, 207–210, 216, 219, 220, 223–225, 231, 233–240, 243, 249, 250, 253, 255–262, 268, 271, 280–283, 289, 291, 292, 295–297, 305 D Clay coatings, 89, 95, 146, 148, 158, 250 Dacite, 137 Clay illuviation, 87 Dairy, 1, 18, 35, 45, 81, 96, 114, 123, 127, 129, 141, 158, 176, 180, Claypan, 234, 235 195, 196, 215, 296, 305 Clay skins, 89, 92, 151, 257 Daly, 188 Clay synthesis, 219, 253 Daniels, 209 , 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 14, 16–18, 28, 49, 57, 67, 87, 88, 96, 117, Danum, 277, 279, 280 119, 126, 129, 134, 136, 141, 142, 149, 152, 153, 169, 188, 203, Dargaville, 91, 227, 262 217, 219, 220, 223, 224, 229, 233, 234, 240, 242, 243, 249, 251, Darwin, 141, 268, 275–277 253, 254, 268, 271, 290–294, 296, 300, 301, 305, 306 Darwin , 268, 277 Clover, 69, 194 Dashing Rocks, 149, 150 CLUES, 301, 302 Davoren, 122 Clutha, 46, 50, 234, 242, 244, 246 Decomposition, 111, 114, 116, 117, 166, 167, 172, 174, 219, 294 Clyde, 46, 63 Deer, 245 Cobalt deficiency, 194, 195 De Lange, 119, 123, 137, 202 Cobb Valley, 3 Denitrification, 36, 129, 196, 304 Codification, 307 Densipan, 80, 163, 164, 169, 173, 174, 176, 250–252, 259, 262, 289, Cold desert, 267, 268, 273, 280, 293 291 Colenso, 48 Derrick Peak, 278–280 Colin Maiden Park, 50 Desert pavement, 267–269, 271–274, 276–278, 285 Collembola, 284 Desert Road, 191, 192, 200 Collins, 130, 304 Desert varnish, 271, 272 Colluvium, 9, 16, 25, 48, 57, 60, 64–66, 91, 159, 223, 224, 231, 234, Desilication, 22, 23, 26, 57, 65, 169, 257 253, 254, 295 Developmental upbuilding, 25, 28, 62, 89, 90, 149, 171, 175, 216, 219, Compaction, 36, 50, 53, 54, 66, 68, 73, 75, 82, 83, 88, 93, 98, 141, 196, 257, 291, 294 212, 243, 249, 262–264, 303 Diagnostic horizon, 46, 51, 52, 77 Composite tephras, 9 Diatom, 125 Concretion, 11, 17, 73, 74, 76, 78, 134, 136, 142, 250, 253, 257 Digital elevation model, 298 Condition, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 17, 24–27, 31, 50–54, 73–76, 78, 80–82, 91, Digital , 18, 298, 299 93, 113, 115–118, 121–123, 125, 128, 133–136, 140, 148, 149, Digital soil morphometry, 299 157, 159, 166–168, 174, 175, 187, 188, 194, 202, 209, 213, 233, Dirt, 211 238, 240, 243, 246, 252, 253, 258, 260, 263, 268, 270, 281, 283, Disperse, 133, 140, 149, 159, 236 290, 293–297, 300, 302, 306, 307 DNA, 9, 30, 33, 190, 195 Conifer, 4, 9, 83, 166, 242, 253, 290 Dock, 80 Connectivity, 307 Dokuchiaev, 12 Conroy, 301 Dolerite, 106, 133, 136, 138, 269, 273, 278–280 Control section, 51, 140 Dominati, 304, 305 Cook, 47, 48, 290 Dominion Range, 277 Corn, 307 Don Juan Pond, 271, 282 Coromandel, 5, 47, 88, 90, 92, 169, 216 Douglas fir, 175, 195 Country rock, 191 Downland, 61, 64, 105, 145, 146, 151 Cover-bed, 91, 92, 105, 256, 257 Drainage, 2, 14, 17, 18, 21, 24, 26, 29, 31, 34–36, 42, 44–47, 51, 52, Cowie, 151, 152, 205 54, 58, 60, 63, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81–84, 93, 108, 109, 113, 116, Crater Lake, 26, 206 118, 120–123, 128, 129, 141, 142, 145, 163, 164, 166, 172, 176, Craters of the Moon, 203, 212 189, 191, 205, 208, 212, 221, 222, 224, 225, 231, 237, 243, 244, Cretaceous, 3, 235, 258 250, 255, 257, 262, 273, 296, 299, 302, 303, 305 Cricket pitch, 46, 50, 101 Dredging, 42, 49, 50, 237 Cromwell, 46, 63, 238, 242, 243 Drip irrigation, 244, 245 Cromwell Gorge, 46, 63 Drought, 16, 18, 33, 36, 58, 67, 69, 142, 145, 149, 157–159, 192, 233, Cropp River, 7 245, 253, 260, 262, 263, 296, 302 Crozier, 223 Drowning, 78, 222 Cryosol, 267, 269, 270, 289 Dry permafrost, 267–269, 273, 274, 276, 278, 282, 289, 293 Cryosolic, 271 Dry Valleys, 267, 268, 271, 273–275, 277, 282, 284, 289, 293 Cryoturbation, 269 Dubris Valley, 279 Cryptotephra, 23, 62, 245 Dunedin, 68, 105 137Cs, 97, 245 Dung, 8, 10, 219 Cultivation, 34, 92, 96–98, 110, 111, 129, 141, 243, 294 Dunite, 17, 101, 106 Cust, 150 Dun , 102, 106, 107 Cutan, 89 Dunstan Range, 63, 64 322 Index

Duripan, 146, 148, 155, 158 Fertiliser, 1, 2, 9, 18, 21, 31, 36, 45, 51–53, 66–69, 84, 88, 93, 96, 98, Dynamic-rate model, 252 99, 113, 117, 129, 133, 134, 139–141, 155, 175, 176, 179, 200, Dystrudept, 68 214, 227, 239, 244, 249, 259, 260, 262, 302, 307, 309 Fibric, 10, 114, 117, 118, 121, 124, 125, 127, 296 Fibrous, 114 E Fieldes-Perrot test, 34 Earnscleugh, 49, 50, 242, 243 Filmer, 195 Earthflow, 223, 262 Fiordland, 3, 105, 164 , 38, 62, 63, 69, 70, 202, 212, 223, 228 Fire, 2, 46, 123, 128, 140, 166, 194, 240, 242, 245, 296 Earthworm, 95, 149, 155, 157, 192, 216, 240 Firth of Thames, 209, 210 East Cape, 69, 146, 205, 223, 229 , 4, 5 Ecological succession, 52, 212, 294 Flax, 18, 80, 121, 125 Ecosystem service, 289, 303–305, 307 Flipping, 42, 44, 45, 176, 296 Eden Park, 50 Flood, 9, 10, 16, 18, 27, 28, 42, 49, 63, 64, 69, 73, 76, 78, 81, 83, 84, Edgecumbe, 215, 227 114, 118, 121, 123, 127, 128, 151–153, 175, 187, 191, 199, 200, Eel, 128 205, 210, 215–217, 219–223, 227, 232, 234, 237, 241, 243, 244, Effluent, 9, 21, 35, 129, 161, 196, 262 275, 294, 298, 305 Eger, 61, 171 Flood detention, 69 Egg-cup podzol, 169, 170 Flood plain, 4, 9, 16, 18, 27, 28, 42, 49, 63, 64, 73, 76, 78, 118, 145, Egmont, 4 148, 151–153, 191, 200, 205, 210, 215, 217, 219, 220, 221, 223, E horizon, 44, 80, 96, 136, 163, 167–170, 172–176, 249, 250, 253, 260, 224, 227, 234, 237, 275 262, 289, 295 Fluorine, 36, 98 Eketahuna, 18 Fluorosis, 99 Elite soil, 306 , 227 Elliot, 301 Food, 1, 2, 8, 54, 70, 97, 195, 211, 273, 283, 294, 296–298, 301, Emerald Lakes, 208 304–307, 309, 310 Empodisma, 119, 122, 125 Foot-slope, 27, 69, 74, 77, 105, 117, 154, 169, 223, 236, 224, 273, 275, England, 81, 169 282 , 218, 226, 290, 293 Forestry, 1, 53, 54, 57, 68, 69, 141, 175, 176, 179, 192, 195, 196, 228, Enzootic marasmus, 195 229, 249, 254, 262, 263, 299, 301, 307 Epigleyic, 141, 158, 262 vegetation, 4, 9, 28, 69, 158, 163, 168, 242, 291, 292, 296 , 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 16–18, 27, 28, 36–38, 53, 54, 61–63, 68, Foxton, 18, 68, 205, 227 69, 83, 87, 88, 90, 91, 96–98, 105, 110, 116, 121, 137, 140, 142, Fragipan, 80, 145, 146, 148–151, 154, 155, 158, 159, 173, 241, 252, 150–154, 159, 160, 175, 176, 179, 191, 196, 199–203, 205, 206, 289, 292 209, 212–215, 217, 218, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226–229, 233, 237, Fragmental, 4, 17, 21, 118, 140, 168, 179, 183, 203, 218 242, 243, 245, 246, 254, 258, 259, 262, 263, 267, 269, 271, 275, Franz Josef, 171, 172 276, 278, 290, 296, 298–300, 302, 306, 307 Freeze-thaw, 4, 61, 154, 203, 233, 269, 273 Estuary, 205 Frost fighting, 243–245 Eswaran, 137 Frost-free, 87, 96, 301 , 34, 35, 52, 68, 81, 96, 110, 127, 141, 158, 168, 174, 194, 211, Fuel, 8, 284–286 227, 235, 241, 262, 292, 293 Functional horizon, 14 European, 1, 2, 61, 158, 194, 240, 242, 290, 308 European settlement, 61, 222, 240 Evapotranspiration, 5, 58, 60, 63, 119, 142, 233, 253, 306 G Exchangeable sodium percent, 236 Galaxy Road, 168 Exfoliation, 271 Galway Tarn, 125 Exhumed , 90, 91 Garlick, 184 Gehrels, 119 , 211, 269–271, 289–291 F Genesis, 2, 12, 22, 24, 44, 60, 75, 88, 102, 105, 115, 135, 148, 166, Family, 14, 52, 114, 293 169, 181, 202, 207, 218, 234, 252, 271, 295 Fan, 28, 29, 50, 60, 62, 105, 148, 171, 191, 217, 224, 228, 231, 234, Geographic Information System (GIS), 18, 298, 300 235, 237–239, 242–245, 274–276, 296 Geological, 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 16–18, 22, 24, 25, 90, 105, 118, 175, 182, Farewell Spit, 200, 205 202, 203, 211, 212, 216, 218, 234, 236, 237, 267, 290, 294, 295, Feldspar, 238, 249, 252 297, 300 Felsic, 188, 191 Geomorphic, 5, 202, 203, 215, 218, 219, 271 Fen, 84, 117–119, 122, 125 Geostatistics, 298 Fern, 2, 11, 194 Geothermal, 4, 199, 202–204, 213, 218 Ferralsol, 141 German soil, 52 Ferrar, 233, 269, 275, 278–280, 297 Germany, 59, 149 Ferrar Dolerite, 269, 275, 278–280 , 204, 213 Ferricrete, 137 Gibbs, 61, 91, 175, 298 Ferrihydrite, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 34, 57, 60, 65, 76, 83, 133, 136, 138, Gibbsite, 90–93, 133, 134, 136, 138, 188 167–169, 172, 173, 188, 191 Gibbs-Raeside line, 61, 298 Index 323

Gisborne, 5, 54, 63, 69, 190, 209, 215, 219, 220, 227 Hard rocks, 65, 185, 202, 218, 223, 286 Glacial, 4, 61, 62, 64, 91, 95, 120, 140, 145, 151–154, 171, 233, 235, Hardwood, 9 238, 241, 253, 258, 271, 273, 278, 280, 290, 291 , 276, 279 Glaciation, 4, 61, 153 Hauraki, 28, 29, 46, 114, 118, 120, 122, 129 Glacier, 4, 63, 171, 203, 258, 268, 273–279, 281, 282, 284, 290 Hawea, 245 Glazovskaya, 157 Hawke’s Bay, 4, 5, 29, 46, 101, 102, 148, 153, 156, 159, 180, 182, 183, Glenhope ailment, 194 222 Gley, 1, 16, 17, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 35, 36, 44, 45, 59, 61, 63, 64, 67, Hawkweed, 212 73–84, 88, 96, 97, 102, 108, 110, 111, 114, 117, 118, 121–123, Heaphy, 229 125, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 153–155, 157–159, Hewitt, 14, 19, 80, 148, 245, 252, 290, 301 163, 164, 169, 171, 174–176, 180, 191, 194, 196, 200–202, 205, Hicks, 205 207, 211, 212, 222, 224, 226, 237, 239, 241, 243, 252, 254, 255, Hieracium, 212, 240 258, 261, 262, 289, 292–294, 302, 305 High-class soil, 289, 298, 301, 306–308 Gleying, 77, 78, 80, 81, 108, 145, 146, 154, 158, 159, 173, 239, 250, High value for food production, 306 252, 295, 304 Hikurangi, 4 Gley profile form, 80, 82, 252 Hill, 2–5, 14, 16–18, 27, 36, 37, 53, 57, 58, 60–64, 66, 68–70, 74, 75, , 81, 110 77, 87, 91, 92, 96, 102, 105, 106, 118, 120, 127, 146, 150, 159, Gneiss, 273, 280 160, 169, 205, 206, 214, 215, 217, 218, 223, 224, 228, 229, 231, Goethite, 27, 76, 90, 92, 133, 136, 138, 194, 219, 258, 259 234, 236, 237, 240–242, 246, 249, 251, 254, 256, 262, 263, 273, Gold, 42, 49, 50, 52, 237, 242, 244 281, 293, 301, 303 Gold dredging, 42, 49, 50 Hillslope, 18, 36, 69, 175, 206, 214, 223, 226, 256, 263 Golf, 54 Hinuera, 28–30, 48, 118, 120, 185 Gondwana, 3 Hinuera Formation, 48, 118, 120 Goodrich, 119 Hinuera surface, 28, 30 Goodspeed, 274 Hinuera Valley, 28, 29, 185 Gore, 49 Hiroshima, 186 GPS, 69 , 115, 126, 127, 290 Grange, 13, 136, 168, 185, 194, 297, 298 Hodder, 123 Granite, 3, 64, 254, 273, 280, 282 Hofstee, 270, 284 Granular, 1, 16, 17, 28, 34, 50, 68, 75, 80, 87–99, 109, 110, 133, 137, Hogg, 189 140, 151, 188, 203, 207, 223, 249, 252, 254, 256, 257, 261, 263, Hokianga Harbour, 83, 137 291, 293, 296 Hokitika, 7, 215, 227 Grapes, 133, 141, 231, 243 Hokonui, 29, 106, 254 Grassland, 2, 4, 7, 9, 61, 91, 95, 110, 121, 158, 194, 196, 219, 240, Holocene, 4, 36, 45, 62, 95, 118–120, 158, 169, 216, 220, 235, 240, 242, 253, 291, 292 291 Green, 18, 45, 51, 87, 96, 98, 107, 116, 232 Horotiu, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 305 Greenmount, 54 Horticulture, 17, 34, 35, 87, 93, 95, 96, 98, 134, 141, 142, 195, 215, Greymouth, 227 227, 231, 263, 299, 300, 302 Greywacke, 3, 4, 9, 16, 17, 22, 23, 26, 29, 31, 37, 38, 58, 60, 61, 64, Hosken, 164, 255 65, 68, 91, 101, 105, 106, 154, 172, 216, 223, 231, 234, 238, Hue, 11, 12, 148, 164, 167, 174 241, 249, 253, 256, 258 Humic, 113, 114, 117, 121, 127, 166, 167, 176, 296 Grimmett, 194 Humification, 174, 219, 224, 253 Ground penetrating radar, 119 Humified, 10, 226, 295 Groundwater, 23, 54, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 99, 129, 164, 169, 176, Humping and hollowing, 42, 44, 176 212, 224, 227, 235, 243, 302, 304, 306 Humus, 9, 24, 26, 30, 34, 44, 101, 117, 158, 163, 164, 167, 174–176, Groundwater-gley, 77 219, 249, 250, 252, 253, 291, 295 Growing-degree days, 301 Humus pan, 44, 164, 173–176, 252 Gypsum, 240, 243, 280 Hut Point, 284 Hutt Valley, 65 Hydrolysis, 26, 65, 94, 167, 172, 188, 191, 203, 235, 236 H Hydrothermal, 199, 200, 203, 204, 209, 211, 212, 218, 219, 227 Haast, 151, 227 Haematite, 76, 90, 92, 133, 136, 138, 258, 259 Hakataramea, 233, 245 I Hall, 166 Ice cemented permafrost, 269, 273, 276, 281, 282 Halloysite, 24, 26, 30, 31, 38, 46, 50, 91, 92, 95, 136, 138, 191, Ice-free, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 283 257–259, 280, 295 , 34 Hamilton, 9, 28–30, 35, 37, 48, 50, 54, 84, 87–92, 95, 116, 118–120, Ice lens, 268, 271, 282 124, 127–130, 137, 140, 191, 250, 256, 257, 261, 263, 264, 306, Ice wedge, 268, 269, 271, 272, 282 309 Ignimbrite, 25, 118, 176, 183–189, 191, 192 Hamilton Ash, 9, 87, 89–92, 95, 137, 140, 256, 257, 261, 263 Illimerisation, 88, 148, 253, 295 Haplorthel, 269, 271, 275, 284 Illite, 65, 106, 154, 224, 238, 258, 280 Haploturbel, 269, 275 Immobilisation, 117 Hapuakohe Range, 88 Imogolite, 26, 30, 34, 167–169, 172, 173, 188, 191 Harakeke, 80, 125 , 67, 158, 227, 290 Hardcastle, 149, 151, 152 Inorganic theory, 167 324 Index

Insects, 7, 8, 128, 209 Kopouatai, 113, 114, 118, 119, 123, 128, 129 Interglacial, 140, 149, 233, 235, 253, 257 Kuirau, 213 Intergrades, 18, 24, 29, 57, 59, 75, 81, 140, 158, 164, 218, 241, 256 Kumara, 2, 47–49 Interstadial, 149, 152, 153 Kumarahou, 140 INTIMATE, 125, 297 Intraplate, 4 Invasive weeds, 84, 212, 240 L Invercargill, 78, 227 Lagoon, 199, 212 Iron pan, 24, 27, 73, 76, 80, 82, 155, 159, 176 Lahar, 22, 26, 27, 201, 206, 213 Ironstone, 23, 24, 75, 81, 134, 136, 142 Lake, 4, 5, 17, 26, 28, 64, 77, 116–118, 120, 121, 125, 128, 136, 179, Irrigation, 9, 35, 36, 46, 51, 68, 97, 129, 140–142, 159, 196, 231, 232, 181–183, 187, 189–191, 196, 201, 203, 205, 206, 212, 219–221, 236, 239, 240, 242–245, 297, 301, 302 243, 253, 268, 271, 273, 275, 280–282, 290, 302 Isca, 277, 279 Lake Dunstan, 64 Isopach, 183, 187 Lake Ohau, 125 Isostatic rebound, 273 Lake sediment, 28, 187, 253, 268 , 34 Lake Vanda, 271, 275 Lammerlaw, 117, 121 Land, 1–5, 8, 10, 16–18, 22, 24, 25, 28, 35–38, 41, 42, 44–47, 51–54, J 57, 60–63, 68–70, 73, 75, 77, 81–84, 88, 90–92, 94–96, 105, , 34, 213, 290, 291, 293 106, 109, 110, 114, 116, 117, 120–122, 127, 128, 136–138, 148, Jarosite, 83 149, 153–155, 158–160, 170, 171, 175, 182, 184, 185, 187–191, Jointed-rush, 113 194, 196, 199, 201–205, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217, 219, Jones, 254, 255, 257, 263, 264 220, 223, 226, 227, 229, 233–235, 237, 242–246, 249, 252, 253, Jongmans, 168, 257, 258 256–258, 262, 263, 267, 270, 271, 278, 289, 290, 292, 294–297, Joy, 279 299–309 Jurassic, 3 Landfill, 42, 46, 53, 54 Landform, 2, 4, 5, 9, 18, 42, 44, 51, 70, 91, 97, 121, 148, 153, 171, 193, 202–204, 220, 237, 243, 291, 294 K Land region, 290 Kaharoa, 25, 136, 179–183, 186–190, 194, 205, 253, 297 Land Resource Information System (LRIS), 299 Kahikatea, 80, 125 Land Resource Inventory, 299 Kaihiku, 106 Landscape, 1, 2, 4, 10, 16, 18, 22, 24–30, 36, 42, 44–46, 49, 58, 60–64, Kaikohe, 136, 137, 253, 263 67, 70, 74, 76, 77, 82, 90, 91, 102, 105–107, 114, 117–119, 122, Kaikoura, 5, 61, 291 123, 127, 134–137, 145, 146, 148, 151–154, 157–159, 164, 166, Kaimai, 88, 92 168, 169, 171, 174, 175, 180, 182, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189, 199, Kaimanawa, 4 200, 202–206, 212, 216, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 228, 229, Kaingaroa, 190, 194, 195 232–237, 242–244, 246, 250, 251, 253–256, 258, 262, 269, 271, Kainui, 91, 95, 249, 252, 253, 256, 257, 263, 264 273, 275–277, 286, 289–291, 294, 296, 298, 299, 301–305, Kaipaki, 118 307–309 Kaipo, 125 Landscape unit, 18, 273 Kairanga, 79 Landslide, 5, 9, 38, 63, 69, 70, 160, 199–201, 207, 213, 214, 216, 218, Kaitiakitanga, 289, 297, 308–310 223, 224, 229, 262 Kamahi, 166 Land system, 290, 301 Kamp, 278, 280 Land Use Capability (LUC), 299–301, 306–309 , 31, 65, 92, 106, 136, 138, 235, 238, 258 Land use suitability, 301, 303, 307 Kapiti, 146, 227 Land Use Type (LUT), 301, 306 Karaka, 95 Langohr, 149 Karapiro, 28, 196 Lapilli, 179, 180, 185, 187, 191, 192, 201, 205 Karikari Penisula, 137 Larch, 195 Katabatic, 273, 281 Larry, 304 Kauri, 9, 17, 42, 116, 118, 140, 163, 164, 166, 168–170, 172, 176, 251, Last glacial maximum, 91, 95, 120, 171 253, 291, 292, 307, 308 Last glaciation, 4, 5, 9, 18, 28, 140, 148, 152, 153, 237, 253, 254, 290 Kauroa, 90, 91 Last interglacial, 257 Kawakawa, 151, 153, 171, 182, 245 Lava, 4, 17, 26, 87, 88, 90, 91, 135–137, 140, 179, 182, 187, 199, 200, Kaweka, 4 202–204, 208 Kawerau, 227 , 276, 278 Kerikeri, 133, 134, 137, 141, 142 Leachate, 54, 129, 166, 169, 219 Kermadec Tonga Trench, 4 , 9, 10, 17, 22, 23, 26, 29, 31, 57, 58, 60–67, 81, 91, 99, 105, Ketetahi, 203 135, 136, 139, 149, 154, 155, 163, 166, 169, 172–174, 188, 195, Kim, 36, 99 196, 212, 219, 227, 234, 240, 244, 249, 252, 253, 260, 261, 271, King Country, 4, 17, 28, 106, 194, 297 292, 295, 296, 302, 306 Kirikiriroa, 48 Leaching threshold, 60 Kiwi, 95, 307 Leamy, 34, 231, 234, 235, 237, 245 Kiwifruit, 1, 31, 35, 81, 134 Leathwick, 233 Kokako Road, 187 Lee, 106 Kokowai, 78 Lepidium kirkii, 240 Index 325

Lepidocrocite, 76, 258, 259 Marx, 235 , 227 Mass movement, 5, 70, 75, 206, 214, 218, 223, 224, 226, 250, 290 Leslie, 13, 136, 153, 185, 194, 297 Matagouri, 240 Levee, 28, 76, 78, 118, 121, 204, 205, 221, 224 Matamata, 28, 29, 88, 120 Levin, 83, 205 Matatā, 228 Lichen, 62, 188, 200, 202, 209, 273, 284 Mataura, 106 Lichfield, 187 McBratney, 307 Lifestyle, 96, 228, 307, 309 McBride, 301 Lifestyle blocks, 96, 228, 307, 309 McCraw, 122, 231, 234, 236, 244, 268, 298 Lime, 36, 52, 68, 69, 83, 84, 93, 101, 113, 117, 129, 136, 139–141, McDonald, 136 151, 175, 176, 192, 212, 235, 241, 249, 259, 262, 291, 296 McGlone, 240 Limestone, 4, 16, 17, 51, 63, 64, 101, 102, 105, 235, 291 McIntosh, 64, 106, 159, 191, 238 Limonite, 194, 195 McKenzie Basin, 5 Lines, 3, 51, 61, 63, 64, 110, 128, 129, 151, 195, 209, 305 McLeod, 123, 229 Lithics, 182, 183, 185, 191, 192, 211, 218, 227, 271, 275 McMurdo Dry Valleys, 267, 268, 271, 273–275, 284, 289, 293 Lithochromic, 238, 271 McMurdo Station, 269, 285, 286 Litter, 9, 10, 17, 46, 95, 105, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 123, 125–127, McNaught, 195 163, 164, 166, 168–170, 172, 174, 203, 240, 242, 245, 246 Meat, 1, 262 Liverwort, 202 Melanic, 1, 16, 17, 34, 51, 64, 75, 80, 88, 96, 101–111, 157, 254, 293 , 4, 5, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 31, 44, 57, 60–62, 64–67, 96, 105, 106, Melanisation, 60, 188, 219, 253, 295 136, 145–155, 157, 159, 160, 171, 175, 193, 231, 234, 235, 238, Merino, 231, 242 253, 254, 289, 292–294 Mesic, 114, 117, 118, 121, 127, 296 Low chroma, 23, 74, 76, 97, 108, 141, 243, 253 Mesozoic, 61 Lowe, 28, 33, 116, 119, 149, 170, 216, 257, 278, 280 Metal toxicity, 83 Lupin, 213 Meteorite, 278–280 Luvisol, 158, 241 Methane, 42, 54, 116, 128, 129 Lynn, 12, 299 Mica, 65, 154, 173, 238, 280 Microaggregate, 33, 34, 133, 134, 140 Microbes, 7–9, 17, 33, 73, 75, 79, 80, 116, 203, 209, 236, 282, 284, M 303 Mackay, 304 Microbial biomass, 33, 117 Macrofossils, 125, 126 Microclimate, 5, 202, 203, 273 Macronutrients, 291 Microcrustacea, 125 Madrid Protocol, 284 Micronutrients, 175, 291 Mafic, 16, 17, 22, 26, 58, 59, 64, 68, 87, 93, 101, 102, 105–111, 133, Micro-sprinkler, 244 135–138, 188, 191, 252, 254, 258, 261, 296 Microtopography, 18, 62 Mahurangi, 254, 255, 257, 263 Midden, 16, 41, 47, 49 Mairoa, 194 Midges, 125 , 35, 81, 96, 113, 114, 127, 129, 145, 159 Milne, 81, 151, 153, 229 Mamaku, 168, 172–174, 176, 188, 296 Mineralisation, 117, 170, 253 Manawatu, 18, 68, 83, 129, 146, 151–153, 159, 205, 206, 216, 220, Mining, 16, 44–46, 53, 54, 113, 237, 244, 258 224, 227, 300 Miocene, 137, 223, 258 Manawatu River, 18, 227 Mire, 116 Mangakino, 180 Miro, 95 Mangans, 89, 257 Mite, 284 Mangatepopo, 203 Moa, 242, 246 Mangawhero, 70 Moanatuatua, 113, 118–120, 127 Mangrove, 207, 209, 210 Mohaka, 191 Maniototo, 235 Mole drain, 159 Manorburn, 236 , 67, 109, 110, 290, 291, 294 Mantle, 4, 5, 26–29, 37, 63, 67, 89, 92, 95, 106, 151, 153, 182, 234, Molloy, 171, 301, 308 238, 256 Molyneux, 232, 243 Manuherikia, 234, 235 Monosilicic acid, 26 Manuka, 11, 119, 122, 125, 140, 158, 192, 229, 260 Monterey pine, 195 Manukau, 97 Montmorillonite, 50, 51, 101, 103, 106, 110, 258, 259 Manville, 191 Moon, 38, 203, 210–212, 262, 263 Māori, 1, 2, 16, 41, 47–49, 158, 297 Mor, 166, 174 Mapua, 260, 261, 263 Morgan, 209 Map unit, 18, 64, 300, 303 Morton Mains disease, 194, 195 Maratoto, 116, 120, 121 Mosgiel, 215, 221, 227, 228 Marble Point, 273, 281, 282, 284, 285 Moss, 113, 114, 117, 119, 122, 123, 125, 127, 199, 202, 209, 271, 273, Marlborough, 5, 9, 17, 65, 101, 106, 146, 148, 155, 227, 233, 249, 251, 282, 284 253, 258 Mottle, 11, 17, 73, 74, 76, 78, 81, 108, 141, 151, 241, 243, 250, 252, Mars, 83, 273 253, 258, 259 Marsden, 133, 141 Motuiti, 205 Marsh, 116, 117 Mt Acheron, 276 326 Index

Mt Arthur, 105 O Mt Cargill, 68 Oamaru, 102, 105, 110, 111 Mt Fleming, 281, 284 Ohakea, 153 fish, 128 Ohaupo, 118, 128 Mud-flat, 80, 117, 205, 212 O-horizon, 10, 114 Mudslide, 223, 262, 263 Okaihau, 134, 139, 140 Mudstone, 4, 5, 16, 27, 57, 60, 63, 64, 69, 105, 154, 160, 169, 205, Okarito, 175, 292 207, 214, 216, 220, 223, 235, 238, 258 Okataina Volcanic Centre, 182, 183, 186 Mull, 9 Old Man Range, 63, 235 Multi-layered, 24, 33, 187–189, 192, 219, 256, 294 Oligocene, 4 Murupara, 42, 45, 189, 190 Omapere, 136, 253 Mushroom, 38, 46, 127 Omarama, 61 Mycorrhiza, 109 Omokoroa, 38 O’Neill, 206 Ong Valley, 276 N Onion, 87, 96, 97 NaF test, 34, 238 Onnum Valley, 279 Naike, 88, 91, 93, 95 Onyx River, 274, 275 Naike clay, 50 Ophialite, 106 Nanoaggregate, 33, 34, 294 Orakei Korako, 203 Nanocrystalline, 22, 29–31, 60, 65, 167, 188, 238 Orewa, 250 Nanomineral, 22, 65, 167, 173 Organic, 1, 7–12, 16–18, 24, 26, 28, 30–33, 41, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, Napier, 212, 229 57, 59, 64–67, 73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84, 88, 94, 98, 99, Napier earthquake, 212 101–104, 108–111, 113–119, 121–130, 136, 138–141, 149, 151, Nelson, 3, 5, 17, 62, 101, 102, 105, 106, 125, 146, 164, 194, 195, 200, 156, 159, 160, 163, 166–169, 172–175, 188, 192, 193, 196, 199, 227, 249, 251, 254, 263, 297 203, 208–211, 216, 219, 222, 224–227, 233, 234, 236, 239, 240, Nematode, 209, 284 243, 246, 252, 260, 261, 267, 270, 271, 273, 282–284, 291, Netherlands, 207 293–296, 299, 305 Newnham, 119, 126, 253 Organic matter, 7–12, 17, 24, 26, 31, 33, 51, 52, 54, 57, 65, 66, 76, 78, New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (NZLRI), 299, 300 80, 81, 88, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 108, 110, 111, 113–117, 119, Ngapara, 159 121–123, 125, 129, 136, 138, 140, 141, 149–151, 159, 160, 167, Ngaruawahia, 48 172–174, 188, 192, 196, 199, 203, 208–211, 216, 219, 224, 227, Ngaruroro, 191 229, 233, 234, 236, 239, 240, 243, 246, 267, 271, 273, 282–284, Ngauruhoe, 21, 200, 203–205 293–296 Ninety Mile Beach, 200, 205 Organic soil material, 17, 41, 67, 113, 114, 125, 128, 270, 295 Nishiizumi, 279 Organic theory, 167 , 96 Organisms, 2, 4, 7, 8, 33, 67, 75, 80, 116, 140, 192, 203, 205, 209, 216, Nitrogen, 2, 9, 33, 36, 51, 66, 67, 69, 75, 79, 81, 84, 95, 99, 108, 113, 219, 271, 281, 284, 285, 305, 310 116, 123–125, 129, 138, 140, 156, 170, 174, 188, 192, 193, 195, Orthent, 211, 227 196, 199, 203, 209, 213, 226, 227, 229, 240, 261, 283, 284, 302, Ortstein, 44, 155, 163, 164, 173–176, 252 303 Ortstein pan or ortstein-pan, 44, 155, 163, 173–176, 252 Nodule, 73, 74, 76, 92, 133, 134, 136, 137, 141 Oruanui, 22, 23, 28, 120, 151, 171, 181, 182, 245 Non-arable soil, 300, 301 Otago, 5, 7, 9, 16, 17, 49, 50, 52, 60, 62–64, 101, 102, 105, 106, 114, Non-welded, 183–185, 188 117, 121–123, 125, 146, 151, 153, 154, 159, 164, 207, 222, 228, Northburn Station, 63, 64 231, 233–238, 240–242, 244–246, 249, 251, 254, 258, 291, 293, North Cape, 137 296, 297, 301 Northern yellow-brown earths, 261, 262 Otaki, 227 North Island, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 17, 18, 21–23, 27–29, 36, 42, 45, 57, 58, Otama, 159 62, 63, 68, 69, 88, 89, 92, 95, 116, 125, 127, 136, 137, 145, 146, Otokia, 153 151, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160, 163, 164, 168, 169, 176, 179, 180, Otway Massif, 275, 277 182, 183, 187, 188, 190, 191, 193, 195, 200, 203, 205, 207, 209, Overseer, 291, 307 212–214, 216, 222, 223, 249, 250, 253, 254, 291, 293, 297, 298 Oxidation, 11, 74, 76, 77, 83, 123, 203, 219, 224, 271, 280, 295 Northland, 4, 5, 7, 9, 17, 22, 34, 36, 46, 78, 87, 88, 90, 91, 102, 106, Oxidic, 1, 16, 17, 34, 58, 68, 75, 80, 81, 88, 90–96, 99, 109, 133–142, 117, 133–137, 140, 142, 163, 164, 166, 169, 170, 173, 176, 194, 194, 203, 249, 254, 261, 291, 293, 296 200, 205, 207, 222, 227, 249–251, 253–255, 257, 258, 262, 263, , 133–138, 141, 290 291, 292, 297 Oxyhydroxide, 92, 133 Nunatak, 268 Nutrient, 1, 2, 7–9, 11, 12, 33, 35, 48, 51, 66, 68, 69, 79, 81–84, 87, 88, 93, 94, 96, 99, 106, 108, 110, 113, 116–119, 122, 124, 125, 128, P 129, 133, 138, 140–142, 163, 170, 172, 174, 175, 179, 188, 192, Pa, 47, 49 195, 196, 199, 203, 209, 227, 243, 244, 253, 260, 262, 264, 273, Pacific, 1, 2, 22, 34, 120, 182, 183, 203, 221, 223, 298 294–296, 303–308, 310 Pacific Plate, 2–4 Nutrient deficiency, 69, 83, 124 Pacific rim, 34, 293 Index 327

Paeroa, 88, 215, 227 Phonolite, 64, 105 Pahau, 159 Phosphorus, 2, 21, 31, 33, 35, 36, 63, 69, 78, 93, 98, 99, 108, 124, 125, Pahiatua, 58 129, 141, 155, 156, 170–172, 174, 192, 195, 196, 199, 209, 219, Pākihi, 117, 122, 175 227, 229, 240, 260, 280, 284, 302, 309 Pakiri, 257, 258 Phytophthora, 243 Paleoclimate, 125 Piako, 88, 118, 129, 210 Paleoenvironment, 125 Piarere, 28, 29, 120 , 189 Pillans, 223 Paleosol, 4, 10, 24–26, 31, 33, 87, 88, 90–92, 137, 151, 180, 187, Pine, 68, 80, 116, 118, 168, 176, 180, 189, 192, 195, 209, 212, 255 190–192, 195, 216, 231, 249, 252, 256–258, 263, 294, 295 , 204 Pallic, 1, 14, 16–18, 57, 59, 63, 64, 66, 67, 80, 105, 110, 145–149, 151, Pinus contorta, 212 153–161, 164, 207, 218, 223, 224, 237, 240, 241, 249, 289, Pinus radiata, 118, 166, 175, 176, 179, 192, 195, 254 292–294 Piopio, 106 Palmer, 28, 37, 155, 168, 189, 256 Pisa, 63, 238 Palmer Mill Road, 185 Pisa Range, 63 Palmerston North, 215, 227 Placic, 44, 59, 75, 164, 173–175 Paludisation, 116, 295 Placic horizon, 44, 173, 175 Pampus, 212 , 158, 261, 262 Papa, 4, 5, 214, 223, 224 Plantation forest, 1, 57, 176, 179, 194–196, 229, 254, 263 Papamoa, 216 Pleistocene, 120 Papatuanuku, 1 Plinian, 184, 187 Paracrystalline, 167 , 137 Parent material, 2, 9, 10, 16–18, 24–27, 31, 34, 51, 57, 58, 60, 61, 64, Pliocene, 258 66, 73, 76, 78, 88, 90, 92–94, 101, 103, 107–109, 123, 133, Plough layer, 88, 93, 97, 98 136–138, 141, 146, 149, 151, 154, 155, 157, 164, 166, 167, 169, Podocarp, 9, 140, 158, 163, 166, 168, 170, 188, 240, 296 172, 173, 179, 181, 186–188, 191, 194, 199, 202, 203, 207, Podocarp-broadleaf, 140, 158, 291 215–220, 224, 225, 229, 231, 234, 236, 238, 249, 250, 252, 253, Podzol, 1, 14, 16–18, 23, 26, 34, 44, 45, 47, 57, 61, 80, 81, 106, 114, 255, 257, 258, 260, 263, 268, 271, 273, 290–292, 294–297 117, 122, 136, 146, 157, 163–176, 180, 188, 203, 207, 219, 223, Parfitt, 31, 65, 151 249, 252, 289, 291–294, 296 Parna, 61, 235 Podzolic-B, 34, 80, 163, 168, 174, 252 Parnell Grit, 258 Podzolization, 23, 96, 167–170, 172 Parshotam, 246 Pohangina, 224 Pasture, 2, 9, 36, 45, 51, 55, 67, 69, 70, 80–84, 95, 97, 98, 111, 113, Pohlen, 88 124, 125, 127, 129, 146, 151, 158, 160, 176, 192, 194–196, 214, Pohuehue, 255 224, 229, 232, 240, 242, 244, 245, 254, 262, 294, 296, 299, 301, Pohutu, 204, 205, 213 307 Pohutukawa, 202 Patterned ground, 242, 267, 269, 271–273, 276, 278, 279, 291 Polar Plateau, 268, 271, 273, 275–277 Patterson, 304 Pollen, 95, 125, 126, 158, 193, 240, 242, 246, 253, 305 Patumahoe, 50, 92, 99 Pollok, 149 Patumahoe clay, 46, 50 Polynesia, 2, 47 , 5, 10, 17, 23, 28, 46, 62, 81, 83, 92, 113, 114, 116–123, 125–130, Polynesian, 2, 140, 158, 194, 240, 242 189, 210, 216, 220, 235, 240, 253, 295 Polynesian impact, 2 Peat lake, 116, 118, 120, 121, 125, 128 Polynesian settlement, 2, 240 Peatland, 17, 117, 128, 129 Polypedon, 303 Pedality, 11, 17, 88, 110, 257 Polyphenol, 166, 167, 219 , 290 Pons, 207 , 10, 21, 22, 24, 25, 62, 89, 90, 149, 150, 153, 171, 187, Poplar, 69 188, 190, 202, 216, 219, 234, 238, 252, 253, 257, 258, 291, 294, Poporangi, 156, 159 295 Porewa, 153 Pedological, 24, 34, 154, 168, 289, 302 Porters Pass, 61 Pedologist, 18, 157, 207 Port Underwood, 253 Pedon, 210, 303, 304 Post-glacial, 95, 291 Pedotransfer functions, 298 Potato, 2, 18, 35, 47, 87, 96, 99, 110, 113, 127, 129, 307 Pedoturbation, 296 Poukawa, 125 Penguin, 270, 271, 283, 285 Poverty Bay, 220 Perched gley, 159, 250 P retention, 31–34, 65–67, 79, 94, 95, 108, 109, 125, 139, 140, 155, Perched water table, 26, 66, 73, 76–78, 80, 88, 93, 102, 134, 146, 151, 156, 158, 160, 173, 174, 193, 225, 226, 239, 240, 260, 261, 309 155, 159, 164, 239 Primary mineral, 133 Perch-gley features, 77 Prime soil, 306 Perching, 23, 76, 139, 159, 180, 257, 263 Privet, 84 Peridotite, 101, 106, 133, 136, 138 Pronger, 123 Periglacial, 63, 203, 233, 242, 291 Protocol on Environmental Protection, 284 Permafrost, 63, 203, 211, 267–271, 273, 274, 276, 278, 281, 282, 285, Proto-imogolite, 23, 29, 167 286, 289–291, 293 Pseudogley, 81 , 110 Pseudomorph, 150, 278 PH-dependant charge, 33 Pugging, 31, 36, 69, 73, 75, 78, 82, 83, 93, 129, 159, 249, 262 328 Index

Puhoi, 254, 255, 257 184–186, 188, 192, 193, 200, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 211, 212, Pukatea, 80 215–229, 234, 237, 241, 253, 271, 277, 284, 290, 293–296, 306 Pukeatea, 125 Recontour, 16, 35, 41, 44, 46, 47, 53, 94, 160, 244, 262, 284 Pukekohe, 87, 89–91, 94, 96–99, 137, 140, 306 Red and Brown loam, 137 Pullar, 189, 219 Red Crater, 208 Pumice, 1, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24–28, 34, 36, 42, 45, 48, 67, 68, 81, Red Hills, 106 114, 157, 166, 168, 169, 172–176, 179–196, 201, 203, 205, 218, Redox concentrations, 74, 76, 78, 141 220, 289–291, 293–297 Redox conditions, 17, 136 Pumiceous, 25, 27, 76, 168, 176, 179, 185, 188, 191, 193, 297 Redox depletions, 74, 76 Pupuke, 125 Redox mottled horizon, 77 Pureora, 189 Redox potential, 77 Puriri, 96 Redox segregations, 76, 154, 241 Putaruru, 194 Reductimorphic, 74, 76, 77, 80, 253 Pyroclastic, 4, 16, 17, 22, 28, 38, 118, 120, 179, 182–189, 191, 201, Reductimorphic features, 74, 253 203, 205, 206, 213 Reductimorphic horizon, 76, 77, 80 Pyroclastic flow, 183–185, 187–189, 191, 205, 213 Reduction, 11, 36, 75–77, 80, 136, 141, 151, 173, 196, 203, 264, 295, Pyrolusite, 76 304 Pyroxene, 106, 258 Red-weathered, 235, 250, 253, 255, 257, 258 Reed sweet grass, 128, 212 Regional council, 127–129, 196, 210, 228, 298, 300, 302 Q , 211, 227 QE II National Trust, 120 Rehabilitate, 55, 214 Q-map, 3 Relict, 89, 221, 231, 242, 249, 257, 258, 291 Quarter acre section, 94 Remote sensing, 298 Quartzofeldspathic, 16, 23, 105, 166, 249 Rendzina, 109, 110 Quaternary, 91, 137, 138, 149, 256, 258, 291 Resource Management Act (RMA), 46, 82, 298, 306, 309 Quincunx, 48 Respiration, 75, 188, 236 Restiad, 113, 117, 119, 122–125, 128, 293 Restionaceae, 114, 293 R Restoration, 46, 53, 54, 81, 246 Rabbit, 240, 242, 245 Retardant upbuilding, 21, 25, 187, 190, 294, 295 Radiocarbon, 116, 126, 189, 277, 283 R horizon, 101 Radiocarbon dating, 116, 189, 277 Rhyolite, 4, 28, 57, 64, 137, 182, 186 Raeside, 61, 298 Rhyolitic, 21, 22, 26–28, 31, 34, 76, 87, 129, 136, 137, 169, 179, 181, Raetihi, 63 182, 186–188, 191, 192, 253, 256, 291 Rafter, 235 Ridge, 26–29, 36, 61, 63, 64, 91, 105, 106, 121, 185, 191, 221, 223, Raglan, 88, 256 253–255, 273, 279 Raindays, 123 Rijkse, 186, 188, 192, 254 Rainfall, 5, 7, 16–18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 36, 38, 57, 58, 60–65, Rill, 36, 97, 98, 110, 142, 183, 212 67–70, 73, 74, 76, 78, 82, 84, 96–98, 105, 108, 113, 114, Rimu, 17, 18, 95, 166, 292 117–120, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 136, 142, 145, 146, 154, 157, , 22 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 171, 175, 180, 188, 195, 196, 203, Ring plain, 22, 26 222–225, 227, 231, 233, 235, 237, 238, 241–243, 246, 253, 262, Riparian, 69, 82, 141, 205, 262 263, 291, 292, 296, 305, 306 Ripening, 159, 207, 242 Rainfall gradient, 5 Ripping, 53, 82, 98, 141, 159, 175, 176, 296, 302 Rain garden, 41, 46, 119 Road, 2, 12, 38, 41, 46, 47, 49, 78, 92, 94, 96, 129, 130, 141, 151, 168, Raised bog, 116–118 185, 186, 191, 192, 196, 200, 213, 222, 223, 227, 257, 269, 284, Rakaia, 150 307 Ramage, 195 Rock-eating fungi, 168 Ranfurly, 5, 233, 239, 240 Rock glacier, 63, 290 Ranginui, 1 Root channels, 73, 76, 151 Rangitaiki, 5, 28, 191, 193, 216, 219, 220, 227 Root penetration, 34, 36, 101, 108, 139, 145, 155, 164, 176, 192, 301 Rangitaiki Plains, 5, 28, 216, 219, 220, 227 Ross, 2, 36, 44, 97, 98, 229, 267–271, 273, 275, 280–285, 291, 293 Rangitawa, 89, 91, 153 Ross Dependency, 268, 293 Rangitikei, 4, 5, 60, 69, 151–153, 205, 223, 234 Rosser, 229 Rangitoto, 12, 195, 202, 203, 205 Ross Ice Shelf, 273, 275 Rata, 153 Ross Island, 269, 273, 280, 284, 285 Ratcliffe, 127, 129 Ross Sea, 2, 267–271, 280–284, 291 Raupo, 125 Rotoehu, 22, 89, 136, 153, 253, 256 Raw, 1, 16, 18, 25–27, 32, 51, 52, 60, 61, 63–65, 67, 80, 81, 107, 117, Rotoehu Ash, 22, 89, 136, 153, 253, 256 121, 172, 186, 188, 199–216, 218, 219, 223–226, 228, 229, 234, Rotoma, 33, 126 239, 241, 254, 255, 270, 293–296 Rotomahana, 25, 180, 186, 187, 205, 219, 220, 224, 225 Reactive-aluminium field test for allophane, 34 Rotomahana Mud, 25, 180, 186, 187, 219, 220, 225 Reakes, 194 Rotongaio, 183 Recent, 1, 2, 9, 16, 18, 25–27, 38, 50–52, 59, 61–64, 67, 75, 81, 117, Rotoroa, 120 121, 123, 125, 153, 154, 157, 159, 172, 175, 179, 181, 182, Rotowaro, 53 Index 329

Ruahihi, 38 Shepherd, 303 Ruahine, 4 Shorland, 194 Ruapehu, 4, 21, 22, 26, 27, 35, 182–184, 200, 205, 206, 208, 214 Short-range order, 29, 30 Rukuhia, 114, 118–121, 124, 125, 128 Shoulder, 154, 175, 205, 223, 263 Rushes, 74, 78, 80, 113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 122, 125, 224, 242, 244, Shrink, 50, 51, 101–103, 106, 108, 110, 111, 123 293 Shrubland, 4, 91, 95, 158, 240, 242, 253 , 12, 59 Sibling, 14 Silica, 4, 26, 31, 36, 65, 91, 92, 136, 137, 146, 155, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 179–181, 195, 205, 253, 291 S Silicon, 23, 24, 26, 29, 61, 65, 136, 163, 167, 169, 188, 191, 238 Sahetapy-Engel, 183 Silicon-leaching model, 26 Saline, 75, 83, 117, 201, 205, 207, 209, 210, 212, 218, 234–236, 240 , 3, 4, 11–13, 18, 28, 29, 31, 32, 61, 65, 76, 93, 105, 107, 123, 139, Saline-sodic, 236 145, 146, 148–154, 156, 159, 164, 171, 172, 175, 180, 191, 192, Salinisation, 231, 244 208, 210, 216, 219, 220, 223–225, 227, 237–239, 252, 258, 260, Saltmarsh, 117 281 Salts, 206, 212, 231, 233–241, 243, 244, 267, 269, 271, 273–275, 278, Siltstone, 3, 64, 149, 241, 255, 257, 258 280–286 Silverstream, 221 , 3, 4, 11–13, 16, 18, 28, 31, 32, 47–49, 51, 57, 58, 60, 61, 65, 68, SINDI, 302, 303 75, 78, 83, 93, 107, 120, 123, 139, 148, 150–152, 154, 156, 159, Singleton, 30, 49 164, 166, 167, 169, 171–173, 179, 180, 191–193, 199, 200, Sinter, 204, 205 205–208, 210, 213, 216–221, 223–225, 227, 228, 235, 237–239, Skeletal soil, 227 241, 243, 252, 253, 260, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273–276, 278, 279, Skippers Canyon, 63 281, 282, 296 Skua, 283 Sand dune, 16, 18, 57, 60, 68, 83, 169, 173, 199, 205, 206, 215–217, Slake, 133, 140, 149, 252 227, 228, 267, 270, 271 Slickenside, 103, 104, 108, 110 Sandflat, 83, 206 Slip, 2, 209, 223, 224, 229, 237 Sandstone, 3, 22, 61, 63, 64, 101, 102, 105, 169, 172, 249, 252, 255, Sluicing, 52, 237, 242, 244 257, 258, 269, 273, 279, 280 Smale, 229 Saprolite, 58, 65, 136, 137, 252, 253, 257, 258 S-map, 14, 18, 137, 298, 299, 302, 307 Sattler, 291 Smectite, 51, 101, 103, 105, 106, 108–110, 173, 258, 259, 280 Saturation, 38, 44, 66, 67, 74–76, 80–82, 88, 93, 96, 101, 108, 139, Snow, 5, 7, 122, 242, 267–269, 271–273, 275, 281, 282, 284, 285 140, 145, 148, 154, 155, 167, 174, 233, 240, 243, 250, 259, 260, Soft rocks, 5, 63, 69, 214, 223, 224, 229 282, 283, 303 Soil aggregate, 8, 11, 13, 68, 92, 108–111, 133, 140, 151, 236, 239 Scale, 2, 18, 29, 34, 43, 47, 61–63, 69, 74, 104, 115, 136, 150, 158, Soil association, 18, 26, 29, 148 169, 182, 184, 191, 195, 196, 203, 208, 218, 220, 221, 229, 236, , 9, 12, 33, 98, 108, 127, 140, 192, 289, 294 271, 273, 274, 276, 284, 290, 291, 297, 298, 300, 302, 303 Soil class, 96, 255, 298 Scale of mapping, 297 Soil classification, 1, 2, 9, 12–14, 16, 17, 19, 23, 34, 35, 51, 52, 59, 62, Scale of visualisation, 298, 300 67, 68, 75, 77, 80–82, 88, 95, 96, 102, 110, 114, 117, 122, 123, Schipper, 110, 119, 123, 127 125–127, 133, 134, 141, 148, 157, 158, 164, 166, 174, 180, 194, Schist, 3, 16, 26, 31, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 106, 154, 172, 223, 231, 200, 211, 227, 241, 242, 262, 293, 297, 301, 309 233–235, 237, 238, 241, 243, 249, 253, 258, 259 Soil colour, 11, 12, 17, 73, 76, 77, 82, 141, 155, 158, 271, 297 Schreibersite, 279 Soil complex, 18, 29, 137 Schwertmanite, 83 Soil consistence, 227 Scoria, 22, 26, 31, 36, 133, 137, 180, 186, 195, 200–202, 205, 208, , 9, 69, 97, 110, 159, 160, 195, 215, 242, 245, 298, 302 220, 273 Soil evolution, 207 Scott, 268, 281, 284 Soil fabric, 87, 149–151, 257 Scott Base, 281 Soil family, 14 Scrub, 2, 140, 158, 192, 196, 240 Soil formation, 2, 4, 7, 24, 25, 58, 60, 64, 89, 94, 105, 136, 154, 157, Scrubland, 158, 194 173, 187, 190, 202, 205, 215, 216, 218, 252, 294–296 Sea level, 3–5, 83, 119, 123, 129, 205, 220, 221, 253, 276, 281 Soil-forming factors, 234, 295 Seals, 283 Soil group, 14, 23, 24, 44, 58, 59, 64, 67, 68, 75, 80, 88, 102, 104, 110, Secondary mineral, 136, 164, 224 111, 114, 127, 134, 146, 148, 158, 159, 164, 166, 169, 174, 175, Seddon Park, 50 180, 181, 193, 200–202, 207, 211, 212, 217, 218, 233, 234, 242, Sedge, 114, 121–123 251, 252 Seelye, 194 , 4, 10–12, 16, 22, 24, 25, 42, 45, 51, 76, 87, 92, 149, 153, Selby, 196, 223, 256, 276, 280 168, 169, 171, 179, 188, 202, 207, 219, 220, 235, 252, 257, 294, Semiarid, 1, 16, 17, 49, 57, 63, 67, 119, 151, 157, 164, 224, 231–246, 298, 304, 306 249, 258, 270, 291, 293, 296 Soil indicators, 302, 303 Sensitive soils, 38 Soil individual, 303 Sesquioxide, 34, 95, 167 regime, 42, 81, 158, 241 Shackleton, 268 Soil morphology, 49, 158, 278 Shale, 280 Soil natural capital, 303, 304, 306, 307 Shannon, 18 Soil order, 1, 2, 14–19, 21–24, 34, 41, 42, 44, 51, 57–60, 64, 67, 73, 75, , 18, 57, 68, 81, 84, 106, 158, 160, 179, 194, 195, 240, 242, 245, 78, 80, 87, 88, 90, 95, 101, 102, 104, 106, 109, 110, 113–116, 262, 297, 306, 307 118, 122, 125, 133–135, 140, 145, 146, 148, 157, 163, 164, 166, Sheet, 14, 29, 34, 36, 97, 110, 142, 151, 153, 185 174, 179–182, 192, 193, 199, 200, 202, 203, 211, 215–219, 226, 330 Index

231, 233, 234, 238, 241, 242, 249, 251, 252, 254, 261, 289–293, Storm-water, 46, 47, 54 296, 306, 309 Stormy Point, 153 Soil organisms, 7, 8, 33, 67, 80, 140, 281, 284, 285 Subsidence, 5, 54, 116, 117, 123, 129, 208, 273 Soil pH, 12, 32, 61, 63, 66, 67, 79, 93, 94, 101, 109, 124, 129, 139, Subtropical, 5, 47, 133, 134, 136, 141, 222 173, 192, 193, 212, 226, 239, 243, 261, 283, 284, 306 Sulfaquent, 81, 83, 212 Soil profile, 2, 9, 10, 18, 22, 24–26, 28, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 58, Summit, 36, 63, 151, 153, 154, 169, 175, 205, 254, 255, 263 60–62, 64, 75, 77, 81, 82, 88, 90, 95, 98, 102, 108, 113–116, Super-eruption, 28, 120, 151, 182, 245 123, 135, 136, 146, 148, 151, 157, 166, 167, 171, 174, 180, 181, Super-volcano, 182 189, 190, 196, 199, 200, 202, 206, 207, 211, 217–219, 228, 232, Surface-water gley, 77 234, 236, 241, 245, 252, 257, 259, 262, 268, 271, 273, 274, 278, Surville Cliffs, 137 281, 282, 291, 294–296, 298, 299, 303, 304, 306 Suspension, 10, 87, 157, 163, 167, 235, 236, 295 , 36, 246, 301–303, 307 Swale, 28, 29, 216 , 301, 306 Swamp, 18, 32, 33, 82, 84, 107, 116–119, 121, 124, 125, 222 Soil security, 307 Sweet briar rose, 240 , 14, 51, 106, 297 Sweet potato, 2, 47 Soil sibling, 14 Swell, 50, 51, 101, 103, 106, 108, 110, 111, 259 Soil solution, 26, 29, 103, 105, 136, 141, 168, 188, 191, 236 Syers, 171 Soil stocks, 303–306 Soil stratigraphy, 22 , 11, 31, 65, 66, 68, 88, 92, 93, 98, 101, 108–111, 151, T 236, 239, 243, 303 Taieri, 121, 216, 221, 222, 234 Soil subgroup, 114, 148, 164, 224, 234 Tailings, 42, 49, 50, 52, 83, 212, 213 Soil suborder, 242, 270, 293 Taita, 65 Soil Taxonomy, 9, 13, 14, 17, 22, 34, 35, 44, 52, 67, 68, 81, 83, 95, 96, Tamarillo, 134, 141 109, 110, 115, 126, 127, 135, 141, 158, 166, 169, 174, 175, 193, Tanekaha, 189 194, 210–212, 218, 226, 227, 241, 242, 252, 261, 262, 269–271, Taonga, 289, 307, 308, 310 289–293, 296 Taranaki, 2, 4, 5, 17, 21, 22, 24, 26–28, 31, 35, 36, 58, 92, 182, 200, Soil temperature regime, 96 205, 206, 213, 223, 293 , 11, 14, 224, 273, 297, 306 Tararua, 4, 18, 58 , 14, 194, 236, 297 Tarawera, 25, 33, 126, 179, 180, 182, 183, 186, 187, 189, 194, 195, Soil versatility, 289, 301 204, 205, 219, 220, 225 Soil vulnerability, 289, 301, 302, 307 Tasman, 3, 120, 227, 235, 254 balance, 241, 253 Tasman Sea, 3, 120, 235 Soil water deficit, 33, 68, 97, 141, 142, 146, 149, 155, 234, 244, 300, Taumarunui, 189 301 Taupiri, 28 Solar radiation, 5, 142, 253 Taupo, 2, 4, 17, 21, 23, 25–28, 42, 48, 62, 90, 114, 120, 126, 151, 168, Solifluction, 63, 106, 233, 291 169, 176, 179–194, 196, 206, 245, 253, 296, 297 Solonetzic, 231, 234, 236–245 Taupo Volcanic Centre, 182, 183 Solute, 58, 154, 188, 282, 295 (TVZ), 2, 4, 90, 182, 183 Southern Alps, 2–5, 7, 9, 61, 175, 200, 203, 222, 227, 258, 290, 291 Tauranga, 35, 38 , 2–4, 7, 14, 16, 23, 42, 44, 49, 50, 57, 58, 61, 62, 68, 73, Tawa, 95 78, 110, 113, 122, 128, 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 157, 158, 163, Tawharanui, 263 164, 166, 169, 175, 194, 205, 212, 222, 227, 228, 237, 289, 292, Taxonomic diversity, 255, 290 293 Taxonomy, 9, 13, 14, 17, 22, 34, 35, 44, 52, 67, 68, 81, 83, 95, 96, 109, Southland, 5, 17, 23, 29, 42, 49, 57, 60, 64, 68, 69, 102, 105, 106, 114, 110, 115, 119, 126, 127, 135, 141, 158, 166, 169, 174, 175, 193, 129, 146, 151, 154, 159, 164, 194, 195, 222, 249, 251, 253, 254, 194, 210–212, 218, 226, 227, 241, 242, 252, 261, 262, 269–271, 301 289–293, 296 South Pole, 268, 277, 281, 298 Taylor, 13, 36, 88, 99, 136, 137, 148, 168, 194, 297, 298 Sparling, 110 Taylor Valley, 282, 283 Sphagnum, 113, 114, 116, 118, 121–123, 125, 127 , 263, 264 Spodosol, 166, 169, 175, 290, 292 Tectonic plate, 1, 2, 182, 203, 223 Sporodanthus, 113, 119 Tectonism, 1, 106, 220, 290 Spring, 47, 57, 76, 82, 108, 117, 145, 146, 149, 154, 155, 159, 189, Te Horo, 227 203, 213, 224, 240, 243–245, 250, 252, 260, 262, 263, 281, 282 Te Kopuru, 164 Springtail, 284 Te Kowhai, 29, 30, 305 Stadial, 152, 237 Telfer, 196 Stand-off pads, 36, 82, 262 Te Maari Crater, 213 Stephens, 153, 171 Templeton, 159 Stewart, 125, 136, 258 Tennyson Inlet, 253 Stock adequacy, 305, 306 Te Parapara, 48 Stockpile, 53 Tephra, 4, 5, 9, 10, 16, 17, 21–29, 31, 34, 36, 37, 42, 45, 57, 58, 62, 63, Stonefields, 54 68, 75, 87, 89–92, 95, 96, 105, 106, 114, 116, 118, 119, 123, Stone-fruit, 1, 46, 231, 242, 243, 245 125–127, 129, 133, 136, 137, 140, 151, 153, 154, 157, 164, 168, Stop-bank, 83, 129, 200, 209, 210, 222, 227 169, 171, 172, 174, 176, 180, 182, 186–190, 192–195, 199, 200, Storm, 62, 63, 69, 83, 97, 160, 185, 203, 205, 210, 222, 228, 229, 235, 203, 205, 206, 208, 213, 215–220, 223, 225, 249, 252–254, 256, 263, 281 257, 261, 280, 291, 293–297, 305, 306 Index 331

Tephric loess, 22, 154, 193 U Tephrochronology, 89, 116, 216 Udic, 158 Tephrostratigraphy, 189 Ultic, 1, 16, 17, 28, 36, 57, 65, 75, 81, 91, 92, 95, 97, 133, 137, 140, Te Puke, 35, 48 141, 148, 169, 174, 207, 223, 224, 249–263, 289, 291, 293, 296 Te Puninga, 29 , 95, 252, 261, 290, 292 Te Rapa, 118 Ultramafic, 17, 101, 102, 105–107, 109, 133, 136–138, 140, 252 Terraces, 4, 5, 17, 18, 27, 28, 46, 48, 49, 62, 64, 73, 78, 87, 137, 146, , 67, 227 151–153, 166, 171, 182, 190, 191, 193, 204, 205, 231, 232, Unconsolidated deposits, 5, 164, 187, 201, 203, 205, 290 234–238, 241, 243, 251, 254, 274, 293, 296 Underwood, 195, 253 Terroir, 109 Upbuilding pedogenesis, 22, 24, 89, 90, 171, 202, 219, 234, 238, 253, Tertiary, 70, 102, 137, 138, 214, 237, 249, 255 294, 295 Te Toke, 184 Uplift, 2–5, 61, 153, 203, 220, 221, 223, 246, 253, 254, 258 Te Urewera, 125 Urban, 1, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 53, 54, 87, 94–96, 119, 215, 249, 262, Te Waimate, 141, 142 290, 298, 306, 307 Te Whanga, 229 Urbanisation, 307, 310 Thames, 82, 209, 210, 227 Urine, 8, 219 Thar, 245 USA, 34, 35, 52, 68, 81, 96, 110, 127, 141, 157, 158, 174, 194, 211, Thermic, 96 227, 241, 262, 276, 284, 291, 293, 298 Thixotropic, 22 Ustic, 158 Thyme, 240 Tihoi, 168 Tikanga, 297 V Tile, 44, 82, 159 Value, 11, 12, 36, 55, 60, 67, 76, 82, 84, 92, 94–96, 98, 108, 110, 128, Till, 158, 171, 271, 273, 275, 278, 280, 281 139, 154, 155, 167, 169, 174, 194, 208, 212, 225, 228, 236, 239, Tilth, 34, 90, 97, 110, 111 240, 242, 249, 250, 259, 260, 283, 284, 292, 293, 302–307 Timaru, 149–152, 154, 159 Van Breemen, 168 Tirau, 28 Vegetable, 1, 35, 87, 94, 96, 97, 99, 102, 110, 159, 228, 306, 307 Titanium, 106, 191, 213 Ventifact, 271 Titiraupenga, 180 Vermiculite, 26, 65, 92, 106, 108, 136, 138, 259 Toe-slope, 77, 237 Vermiform, 149, 150 Tokarahi, 105 , 109, 110, 290 Tokomaru, 155, 159 Vincent, 229 Tokoroa, 189, 194, 195 Visual Soil Assessment (VSA), 302, 303 Tongariro, 4, 21, 22, 26, 184, 192, 200, 203, 205, 208, 212–214 Vitamin B12, 36, 179, 195, 297 Tonkin, 62, 104, 149, 150, 171, 241 Vitric, 17, 24, 28, 35, 186, 193, 194 Top-down, 22, 24, 25, 188, 190, 202 Volcanic ash, 4, 21, 22, 253 Topdressing, 2, 51, 69 Volcanic glass, 21, 26, 29, 31, 34, 36, 94, 129, 169, 188, 191, 193, 224, Topoclimate South, 300, 301 253 Topsoil, 8–11, 14, 16, 17, 25, 31, 33, 36, 42, 45–47, 52–54, 57, 60, Volcanism, 1, 4, 22, 127, 290, 291 65–68, 74, 76, 78, 82, 88, 92–94, 97, 98, 101–103, 108–110, Volcano, 4, 5, 16, 17, 21, 23, 25–28, 62, 63, 92, 105, 106, 120, 126, 121, 125, 129, 138–142, 146, 151, 154, 155, 159, 163, 164, 167, 137, 151, 153, 154, 182, 184–187, 245, 253, 280, 291 174, 175, 191, 192, 196, 199, 200, 205, 207, 210, 211, 215–217, Volcanogenic, 22, 28, 29, 48, 75, 101, 119, 120, 249, 250, 258 219, 223–226, 229, 231, 234, 239–241, 243, 246, 249, 251, 252, Vucetich, 189 256, 259, 260, 262, 289, 291, 294 Tor, 233, 242 Torlesse, 106 W Totara, 95, 166 Waiapu, 205 Tourist, 203, 212, 213, 242, 285 Waiareka, 105–108, 110 Town and Country Planning Act 1953, 298, 306 Waihi, 195 Trace element, 35, 124, 141, 176, 179, 192, 194, 195, 209 Waihola, 121, 122, 207, 221 Trafficability, 78, 81, 83, 93 Waihola-Waipori wetland, 121, 122, 207 Transantarctic Mountains, 268, 271, 273 Waihou, 29, 118, 129, 210 Translocation, 23, 146, 148, 169, 250 Waikaka, 42, 49 Tree overturn, 62, 163, 253, 257 Waikare, 259 Trewick, 196 Waikari clay, 50, 51 Truffle, 101, 109–111 Waikato basin, 26, 28, 49, 84, 91, 118, 223 Tuffaceous greywacke, 22, 64, 68, 101, 105, 106 Waikato stadiuam, 51 Tu kouka, 80, 125 Waikiwi, 66 Tunnel gully, 159, 160 Waimakariri, 150, 221 Turangi, 191 Waimea, 227, 254, 297 Turf, 51 Waimihia, 179, 182 Tussock, 61, 121, 122, 158, 194, 195, 240, 242 Waiotapu, 195, 203, 204 Tutira, 125 Waiouru, 189, 191 Tutumoe, 91 Waipa, 48, 49, 88, 297 Two-storeyed soil, 91, 171, 175, 257, 293 Waipaoa, 200, 205 332 Index

Waipara, 104, 105, 109 Westport, 215, 227, 297 Waipawa, 154 Wetland, 2, 17, 18, 69, 75, 81, 82, 84, 113–119, 121, 122, 128, 205, Waipori, 121, 122, 207 212, 293 Waipoua, 137 Whakaari, 4, 205 Waipunga, 193 Whakarewarewa, 35, 195, 203, 204, 212, 213 Wairakei, 185, 212 Whakatane, 5, 45, 126, 190, 192, 215, 227 Wairarapa, 5, 69, 78, 101, 146, 153, 205, 214, 223, 229 Whangaehu, 206 Wairoa, 63, 215, 227, 262 Whangamarino, 113, 118, 119, 128 Waitaki, 16, 64, 154, 233, 244 Whanganui, 60, 63, 69, 151, 182, 191, 193, 205, 215, 223, 227, 300 Waitemata, 249, 255, 257, 262, 263 Whangarei, 119, 137, 195, 227, 263 Waiterere, 205 Whangaripo, 254, 255 Waitoa, 29 Wharekohe, 169 Waitomo, 4, 105 Whatawhata, 37 Walker, 171, 183, 185, 212 Wheat, 307 Warkworth, 250, 254, 255, 257, 258 White Island, 4, 205 Waste, 1, 2, 41, 42, 46, 53, 54, 285, 305, 309 Wigley, 216 Wastewater, 84, 196, 285 Wild, 194, 232, 244, 297 Water deficit, 33, 68, 97, 141, 142, 146, 149, 151, 155, 234, 244, 300, Wild flooding, 244 301 Willow, 69, 119, 128 Water table, 11, 16, 17, 26, 63, 66, 73, 74, 76–78, 80–84, 88, 93, 102, Wilson, 136, 183, 185, 301 106, 113, 117–120, 122, 123, 128, 129, 134, 135, 146, 151, 154, Wind break, 160 155, 157, 159, 164, 175, 176, 180, 205–207, 212, 213, 225, 226, Wine, 1, 109, 231, 242, 243, 296 235, 236, 239, 243, 244, 252, 296 Wire rush, 117, 119, 125 , 7, 9, 10, 16, 17, 21–24, 26, 29, 36, 57, 58, 60–62, 65, 67, Wither Hills, 160 89, 92–94, 99, 102, 103, 106, 108, 133, 135–138, 140, 141, 150, Wiwi, 140 151, 154, 155, 167, 168, 171, 172, 180, 188, 192, 202, 203, 205, Wood, 123, 158, 166, 170, 189 207, 209, 215, 217–219, 224, 225, 233–235, 237–240, 242, Wool, 1, 231, 242, 262 249–252, 257, 258, 260, 261, 267, 268, 271, 272, 274, 276, 278, Workability, 87, 93, 98 280, 281, 283, 291, 295 World Reference Base, 17, 35, 44, 52, 67, 68, 81, 95, 96, 110, 115, Weathering rind, 62, 207 126, 127, 141, 158, 174, 193, 194, 211, 226, 227, 241, 242, 261, Webb, 67, 153, 301, 302 262, 270, 293 Wecking, 114 Worm, 7, 8, 67, 150, 155, 157, 216, 240, 253 Weed, 51, 54, 55, 84, 128, 129, 194, 211, 212, 242, 262 Wright Valley, 271, 274, 275, 281, 282 Welded, 90, 181, 185, 186 Wunsch, 195 Wellington, 17, 51, 54, 65, 222, 235, 249, 251, 253, 258 Wells, 1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 14, 16, 18, 25, 29, 31, 35, 38, 41, 48–54, 57, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 68, 75, 77, 78, 81–84, 87, 88, 90, 92, 96, 101, Y 105, 108–110, 113, 117, 118, 122, 123, 125, 127–129, 134, Yellow-, 59, 61, 67, 68, 262 136–139, 141, 149, 151, 153, 155, 159, 163, 164, 166–170, 175, Yellow-brown loam, 35, 61, 194 176, 185, 188, 189, 191, 194–196, 202, 203, 211, 213, 215, 217, Yellow-brown , 68 218, 222, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231, 233, 236–244, 246, 249, 250, Yellow-grey earth, 148, 158 252, 253, 255, 257–259, 261–263, 268, 274, 279, 284, 290–294, Y-Wurri Station, 209 296–298, 304, 306, 307, 309 West Coast, 7, 18, 49, 50, 68, 73, 78, 83, 113, 122, 163, 164, 169, 175, 176, 191, 205, 213, 222, 227, 228, 246, 289, 292 Z West Dome, 106 Zealandia, 2–4 Westland, 5, 44, 45, 49, 62, 74, 114, 122, 125, 166, 171, 175, 228, 246, Zonneveld, 207 296