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SOVYETLER’E KARŞI KWWWÂ> 1917 - 1947 Michael Sayers - Albert E. Kahn BİB Kl T AP >AMN Rusya’ya Karşı Büyük Komplodaki olay ve diyalogların hiçbiri yazarlar tarafından imal edilmiş değildir. Materyal, Bibliyografik Notlar'da sıralanan ya da metinde belirtilen çeşitli belgesel kaynaklardan alınmıştır. SOVYETLER'E KARŞI BÜYÜK KOMPLO 1917-1947 MICHAEL SAYERS - ALBERT E.KAHN Çeviren: İsmail Aydın nren_TFT KİTAP— y av in YURT KİTAP- YAYIN: 17 Orijinal adı "The Great Conspiracy" olan Büyük Komplo; 1975 tarihinde Ingiltere'de RED STAR PRESS yaymevince yapılan 2. baskısından dilimize İsmail Aydın tarafından çevrilmiştir. Birinci Baskı: Ocak 1990 tarihinde İstanbul'da Metinler Matbaası'nda basılmıştır. YURT KİTAP - YAYIN Necatibey Cad. 25/9 Sıhhiye ANKARA Tel.: 231 40 35 BÜYÜK KOMPLO YENİ BASKIYA ÖNSÖZ İngilizce konuşulan dünyanın tarihinde belki de hiçbir zaman, Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin ve Troçki'nin rollerine ilişkin gerçeğe karşı propaganda amacıyla açık ya da gizli olarak, bugünkü kadar çok sayıda ve pahalıya malolmuş kitap, broşür, film, televizyon ve radyo materyali piyasaya sürülmemiştir. Bu materyallerin, bütün toplumsal kesimlerin düşüncelerinin nesnelliğini yıkıcı bir şekilde etkiledih Kapitalist düzenin, oportünist kişisel çıkarlarından başka bir şey düşünmeyen kurnaz ve ilkesiz dalkavukları, J.V. S talin'i tahrif ederek ve Troçki’yi anlamsızca yücelterek bol bol kâr sağlama fırsatı bulurlar. Ne yazık ki, bu oportünist yazar müsvettelerinin beklentileri, çok iyi temellendirilerek, çoğu kez masum olan okur ve izleyicileri, Stalinin 'milyonların' gaddar katili veTroçld'nin de Rus D evrimi'nin kurtarıcısı diye tanımlanmasını sorgusuz sualsiz kabul etmek gibi yaygın bir eğilime kapılmaları sonucunu vermiştir. İnsan bu 'tarihçi'lerden Troçki'nin 1924 Sovyet Parti Kongresinde Stalin’in önderliğine karşı çıktığında tek bir oy bile alamadığını asla öğrenemeyecektir J İnsan bu kaynaklardan Troçki’nin sonradan Henry Ford ve Hitler tarafından finanse edildiğini de öğrenemeyecektir. Troçki'nin erdemleri­ ni göklere çıkaran sözde 'Lenin'in Vasiyeti', Troçki’nin 1923'de bu­ nun sahte bir belge olduğunu kabul etmesine rağmen zamane Troçkistleri tarafından hâlâ dağıtılmaktadır.2 İnsanın, Stalin'in önderliğindeki SBKP Merkez Komitesinin 1. Sayfa 192 2. Sayfa 194 güçlü bir Sovyet Devleti kurmadaki ve Batılı Müttefiklerinden nispe­ ten az bir yardım alarak Hiller Faşizminin bozguna uğratılarak ezilme­ sindeki parlak başarılarına ilişkin gerçekleri bulabilmesi için başka yerlere, bunun gibi kitaplara bakması gerekecektir. Bu yalan dolu karalamalar, bazıları tarafından yalnızca 'eğlendirici' kurgusal düşünceler gibi görülebilseydi, bugün bütün bunların pek de önemi olmayacaktı. Fakat gerçek bu değildi ve genellikle tipik ve olağanüstü derecede iyi finanse edilmiş gizli sızma taktiklerine dayalı Troçkist ve S t alin aleyhtarı propagandanın incelikleri, işçi sınıfının hatırı sayılır kesimleri içerisinde kaynağa ilişkin düşünceleri engelle­ mektedir. Emperyalistlerin toprak, kâr ve hegemonyacı diktatörlükleri için daha da yıkıcı bir dünya savaşına doğru tehlikeli gidişlerini büyük ölçüde kolaylaştıran faaliyetleri ve faşist ve neofaşist örgütlerin hortla­ ması da bu niteliktedir. Ulusal kurtuluş hareketlerinin kendi kaderini tayin hakkı için, emperyalizme karşı savaştığı bir dünya koşullarında, ulııslararası mali ve çokuluslu sanayi kapitalizminin mücadelesinin bu kritik döneminde bir düzeltici olarak BÜYÜK KOMPLO'nun yeniden basımı ve müm­ kün olan en yaygın biçimde dağıtımı yerinde ve acildir. Bu kitap, doğ­ ruluğunu ve sağlıklı nesneliğini vurgulayışı ve onaylayışı, gerçeklere dayalı kaynakları kapsamlı bir biçimde kanıtlayışıyla "Gerçeğin Kürsüsü"dür. O, gelecek kuşakların gözlerinin boyanması tehlikesine karşı bir hatırlatıcıdır. Yeniden basımı, eşi benzeri görülmedik bir ya­ lan ve gerçeğin tahrifatı döneminde, bir yaratıcı gerçekçilik eylemidir. Thomas Murray Edinburgh 13/11/1975 TÜRKÇE BASKIYA ÖNSÖZ 1917 Ekim Devrimi, dünya proletaryası ve ezilen halkları için yeni bir umut, proleter devrimleri çağının başlangıcıydı. Tüm önceki toplumsal devrimlerden farklı olarak, çok kısa ömürlü Paris Komününü ayıracak olursak ilk kez, proletarya ve emekçi sınıflar, sömürü, baskı ve eşitsizliğin. her türlüsünü nihai olarak ortadan kaldırmanın yolunu açarak kaderlerinin efendisi olmuşlardı. Sadece Rusya'nın devrilen sömürücü sınıfları değil tüm uluslara­ rası gericilik, yangının yayılmasını önlemek için proleter devrimine karşı şiddetli ve yoğun bir saldırıya geçti. Emperyalistler, Sovyet ikti­ darım yıkmak için her yola başvurdular. Sadece askeri saldırılarla, iç ayaklanmaları destekleyerek değil akla gelebilecek her türlü hile ve saldırganlıkla bunu gerçekleştirmeye çalıştılar. Sovyet proletaryası ve emekçi halkları devrimi ve kazanımlarını korumakta en az onlar kadar kararlıydı. Kolçak, Denikin, Wrangel gibi tüm lojistiği emperyalis­ tlerce sağlanan beyaz ordularla savaşıldı. Sosyalist Devrimci Boris Sa- vinkov'un darbe girişimi, yine Sosyalist Devrimci Tanya Kaplan'm Lenin'e suikasti belleklerdedir. Buhlar tek tek olaylar olarak bellekler­ dedir fakat, Sovyet iktidarını yıkmak için girişilmiş sistemli bir saldırı, o dönemde başını İngiliz emperyalizminin çektiği uluslararası gericiliğin bulunduğu komplolar olarak düşünülmez. Emperyalist bur­ juvazi, Sovyet iktidarını yıkmak için bir an bile boş durmamıştır. Devrim sonrası ilk yıllarda asıl olarak, devrilen sömürücü sınıflara dayanılarak yürütülen karşı-devrimci saldırı ve komplolar, sömürücü sınıflar etkisizleştirilip, tasfiye edildikçe daha farklı dayanak­ lar aramaya yönelmiş ve bulmuştur. Sosyalist kuruluş döneminin di­ namik zemininde, az-çok önemli her dalgalanma Parti içerisinde de yansısını bulmuş, devrilen, durumu sarsılan ya da değişimlere ayak uy­ duramayanlar, burjuva, küçük burjuva ideolojisinin inceltilmiş türevleri çeşitli oportünist görüşler olarak anti-Sovyet bir zeminde or­ taya çıkmışlardır. Buharin'in zengin köylülüğün tasfiyesine karşı çıkması gibi. Sosyalist kuruluşun teorik ve pratik sorunlarının çözümü, oportünizme karşı yürütülen ideolojik ve politik mücadele ile birleştirilmiştir. Çeşitli türden revizyonistler, emperyalist burjuvazinin tam desteğini almış olarak, Stalin’i, Stalin dönemindeki sosyalist inşa ve oportünizme karşı yürütülen mücadeleyi saldırı bombardımanına tut­ muşlardır. Burjuva-revizyonist propagandanın üzerinde en çok spekülasyon yürüttüğü konulardan birisi Troçki, Zinovyev, Kamenev, Buharin vb. lerinin karşı-devrimci komplolara girişmesinin imkansız olduğudur. Onlara göre, bu iddiaların en inanılmazı Troçki'nin Alman ajanı olmasıdır. Tüm bunlar Stalin'in rakiplerini tasfiye etmek için uy­ durulmuş şeylerdir. Oysa o günkü koşullar irdelendiğinde ve perde ge­ riye doğru aralanıp bu "ünlü"lerin tarihteki rolleri, süreçte ve kimi dönüm noktalarında takındıkları tutumlar ortaya çıkartıldığında iddia­ ların gerçekliği daha kolay kavranacaktır. Troçki hiçbir zaman BBolşevik olmadı. Her zaman küçük bir hizbin ve hiziplerarası entrik­ aların başıydı, özeleştiri yapıp partiye katıldı, fakat değişmedi. Lenin, onun yüzeydeki parlaklığını, "her parıldayan şey altın değildir" sözleriyle tanımlamış, kaşarlanmış oportünistliğinden dolayı "Judas Troçki" diye nitelemişti. Onun "hain"liği, sosyalizmin iktisadi, sosyal temeli sağlamlaştırıldıkça gelişmiş, iktidarı ele geçirmek için hiçbir sosyal d&yanak bulamadığı, sosyalist inşanın dev adımlarla gerçekleştirildiği '30'lu yıllarda, Alman emperyalistlerinden medet umarak onlara ajanlık yapmaya varmıştır. Bu yıllarda dünya, büyük karışıklıkların, yeni bir emperyalist savaşın öngünündedir. Nazi hay­ dutları beşinci kol tekniğini geliştirmişler, işgal öncesi ülkelerin iç du­ rumunu karıştırmak, işbirlikçiler yaratmak ve iç durumu kendi lehle­ rine olgunlaştırmak gibi yöntemleri geliştirmiş olarak uygulamak­ tadırlar. Sovyetlerde otuzlu yıllarda yoğunlaşan karşı-devrimci komplo­ lar dizisine gerek dıştaki gerekse içteki gelişmelerle birlikte yaklaşmak gereklidir. Komplolardaki bu yoğunlaşma içteki durumla, sosyalist inşada ulaşılan aşama ile yakından ilgilidir. Buharin'in itiraf ettiği gibi, komplolar, Stalin'in başında bulunduğu Sovyetler Birliği'nde sosyalist inşada kazanılan zaferlerle proletarya ve halk kitlelerinden hiçbir destek bulamamışlar, bunun için emperyalist destekli komplo önlerindeki tek yol olarak kalmıştır. Burjuva-revizyonist propaganda, Sovyet devrimi ve sosyalist ku­ ruluşa ilişkin tarihsel gerçeklerin kimilerini belleklerden silme, iç bağlarından arındırma, içlerinden kendileri için en uygun gördüklerini seçip spekülasyon yürütme yolunu tutmuştur. Büyük Komplo, ışıldakları tarihe doğru çevirmekte, özellikle üzerinde kuşku ya­ ratılmaya çalışılan kimi olaylara ilişkin gerçekleri, güncelliği içinde ve tanıklar eşliğinde sunmaktadır. Bir örnek verecek olursak, Stalin düşmanlığı yapan liberallerin seleflerinin, komplocuların açığa çıkartı­ lıp, yargılanarak mahkum edildikleri Moskova Duruşmaları'nı hiç de akıldışı ve kurgusal bulmadıkları görülecektir. Büyük Komplo, devrimin ilk yıllarından itibaren Sovyet ikti­ darına karşı, içten ve dıştan girişilen saldırı ve komploları tarihsel bütünlüğü içerisinde ve kronolojik gelişimine uygun olarak vermekte ve bu özelliğiyle o, karşı-devrimci saldırının mantıksal zincirini, or­ taya koymaktadır. Lenin tarafından geliştirilen, Marks'm kapitalizmden komünizme kadar uzanan geçiş dönemi devleti olarak nitelediği proletarya devleti, devrilen fakat direnci daha artan sömürücü sınıflara, emperyalist kuşatma ve saldırıya karşı ve sosyalist kurutuşu örgütlemek için prole­ taryanın
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    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf1t1n989d No online items Register of the Albert Glotzer papers Finding aid prepared by Dale Reed Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2010 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Albert Glotzer 91006 1 papers Title: Albert Glotzer papers Date (inclusive): 1919-1994 Collection Number: 91006 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 67 manuscript boxes, 6 envelopes(27.7 Linear Feet) Abstract: Correspondence, writings, minutes, internal bulletins and other internal party documents, legal documents, and printed matter, relating to Leon Trotsky, the development of American Trotskyism from 1928 until the split in the Socialist Workers Party in 1940, the development of the Workers Party and its successor, the Independent Socialist League, from that time until its merger with the Socialist Party in 1958, Trotskyism abroad, the Dewey Commission hearings of 1937, legal efforts of the Independent Socialist League to secure its removal from the Attorney General's list of subversive organizations, and the political development of the Socialist Party and its successor, Social Democrats, U.S.A., after 1958. Creator: Glotzer, Albert, 1908-1999 Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access The collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 1991. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Albert Glotzer papers, [Box no., Folder no.

  • Trotsky: Vol. 4. the Darker the Night the Brighter the Star 1927-1940

    Trotsky: The Darker the Night the Brighter the Star 1927-1940 Tony Cliff Bookmarks, London, 1993. Transcribed by Martin Fahlgren (July 2009) Marked up by Einde O’Callaghan for the Marxists Internet Archive Converted to ebook format June 2020 Cover photograph: Trotsky, from a photo with American Trotskyites Harry De Boer, James H. Bartlett and their spouses, April 5, 1940 Wikimedia Commons At the time of ebook conversion this title was out of print. Other works of Tony Cliff are available in hardcopy from: https://bookmarksbookshop.co.uk/ Contents Introduction 1. Stalin Turns to Forced Collectivisation Russia Enters a Deep Economic and Social Crisis The July 1928 Plenum of the Central Committee But Still Failure … Forced Labour In Conclusion 2. The Forced March of Industrialisation 3. Trotsky’s Reaction to the Five-Year Plan Trotsky on the Triangle of Party Forces: Left, Centre and Right Why Trotsky’s Predictions Proved Wrong Trotsky’s Attitude to Collectivisation and the Industrialisation Drive Trotsky’s Sharp Criticism of Stalin’s Management of the Economy The Shakhty Trial, the ‘Industrial Party’ Trial and the ‘Menshevik Centre’ Trial Entangled in Contradictions 4. Trotskyists in the USSR Trotskyists Active Among the Workers Deep Crisis in the Left Opposition Trotskyists in Prisons and Isolators An Interesting Episode Galloping Capitulation Ideological Split in the Trotskyist Camp Flying the Flag of Revolution 5. The Struggle Against the Nazis Trotsky on the ‘Third Period’ Trotsky and the ‘Third Period’ The ‘Red Referendum’ What is National Socialism? The Pause before the Deluge After 30 January 1933 Trotsky After the Victory of Hitler 6.
  • Origins of the Great Purges Soviet and East European

    Origins of the Great Purges Soviet and East European

    ORIGINS OF THE GREAT PURGES SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES Editorial Board JULIAN COOPER, MICHAEL KASER, ALISTAIR MCAULEY, MARTIN MCCAULEY, FRED SINGLETON, RON HILL, PAUL LEWIS The National Association for Soviet and East European Studies exists for the purpose of promoting study and research on the social sciences as they relate to the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe. The Monograph Series is intended to promote the publication of works presenting substantial and original research in the economics, politics, sociology and modern his- tory of the USSR and Eastern Europe. For other titles in this series, turn to page 276. ORIGINS OF THE GREAT PURGES THE SOVIET COMMUNIST PARTY RECONSIDERED, 1933-1938 J. ARCH GETTY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE The right of the University of Cambridge to print and sell all manner of books was granted by Henry VIII in 1534. The University has printed and published continuously since 1584. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON NEW YORK NEW ROCHELLE MELBOURNE SYDNEY Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP 32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 10022, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia ® Cambridge University Press 1985 First published 1985 First paperback edition 1987 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Getty, J. Arch (John Archibald), 1950- Origins of the great purges. (Soviet and East European studies) Bibliography: p. 1. Kommunisticheskaia Partiia Sovetskogo Soiuza - Purges — History. 2. Soviet Union — Politics and government - 1917-1936. 3. Soviet Union - Politics and government — 1936—1953. 4. Political purges — Soviet Union — History.