Fertilizer Sector Improvement (FSI+) in Burma

Fertilizer Sector Improvement (FSI+) in Burma

REPORT OF 2017 WET SEASON TRIALS Trials Using the Urea Deep Placement Technique on Transplanted Rice, Broadcast Rice, and the Rice-Gram System

Submitted to USAID Burma Agreement Number BFS-IO-15-00001

May 2018

INTERNATIONAL FERTILIZER DEVELOPMENT CENTER PO BOX 2040 | MUSCLE SHOALS, AL 35662 | USA

Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 1 Trials Tested in the 2017 Wet Season...... 3 Materials and Methods ...... 4 Site Selection ...... 4 Trial Failures ...... 5 Varieties and Farmers ...... 5 Experimental Design ...... 6 Basal Fertilizers ...... 6 Treatments...... 7 Trial No. 1 UDP on Direct Seeded Rice ...... 7 Trial No. 2 Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer on TPR ...... 7 Trial No. 3 UDP and Prilled Urea Deep Placement Trial on TPR ...... 8 Trial No. 4 Different N Rates With UDP and Prilled Urea on TPR ...... 9 Trial No. 5 Different P Rates on TPR ...... 9 Trial No. 6 Different K Rates on TPR ...... 10 Trial No. 7 Different S Rates on TPR ...... 10 Trial No. 8 Fertilizer Management in the Rice-Gram System ...... 11 Trial No. 9 Fertilizer Management in the Rice-Gram System With Starter N ...... 11 Trial No. 10 UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial ...... 12 Plot Size and Spacing...... 12 Results and Discussion ...... 13 Trial No. 1 UDP on Direct Seeded Rice ...... 13 Trial No. 2 Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial ...... 16 Trial No. 3 UDP and PU Deep Placement Trials ...... 18 Trial No. 4 Different N Rates Trial Using UDP and PU ...... 19 Trial No. 5 Different P Rates Trial ...... 22 Trial No. 6 Different K Rates Trial ...... 24 Trial No. 7 Different S Rates Trial ...... 25 Trial No. 8 Fertilizer Management Trials on the Rice-Gram Cropping System ...... 26 Trial No. 9 Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System With Starter N on Gram ...... 28 Trial No. 10 UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial ...... 29 Conclusion ...... 33 UDP on Direct Seeded Rice Trials ...... 33 Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial ...... 33 Different N Rates Trial With UDP and PU ...... 34

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Different P Rates Trial ...... 35 Different K Rates Trial ...... 35 Different S Rates Trial ...... 36 Fertilizer Management Trials on the Rice-Gram Cropping System ...... 37 Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System With Starter N on Gram ...... 38 UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial ...... 39 Appendix 1. Data Sheets ...... 41 Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Bawine, Pantanaw ...... 41 Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Magyi Kan, Kawhmu ...... 42 Data of Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial at The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya ...... 43 Data of UDP and PU Deep Placement Trial at Kan Gyi, Letpadan ...... 44 Data of UDP and PU Deep Placement Trial at The Yet Kone, Nyaunglaybin ...... 45 Data of Different N Rates Trial Using UDP and PU at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 46 Data of Different P Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 47 Data of Different K Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 48 Data of Different S Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 49 Data of Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System at Thar Kwin, Einme .... 50 Data of Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System With Starter N at Anauk Ywa, Thonegwa ...... 51 Data of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions at Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt ...... 52 Data of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions at Mayan, Kunchangone ...... 53 Photos ...... 54

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Tables

Table 1. Locations and Coordinates of Field Trials, Wet Season 2017 ...... 5 Table 2. Varieties, Trial Types, and Collaborating Farmers for the 2017 Wet Season Trials ...... 6 Table 3. Experimental Designs Used for 2017 Wet Season Trials ...... 7 Table 4. Plot Size and Spacing Used for Specific Trials, 2017 Wet Season ...... 12 Table 5 Locations, Varieties, and Dates of All Trials, 2017 Wet Season ...... 13 Table 6 Yield and Component Characteristics of UDP on DSR Trial at Test Locations ...... 15 Table 7 Yield and Component Characteristics of Compound Fertilizer Trial at The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya ...... 17 Table 8 Yield and Component Traits of UDP and PU Deep Placement Trials at Test Locations ...... 19 Table 9 Yield and Component Traits of N Rates Trial Using UDP and PU at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 21 Table 10. Yield and Component Traits of Different S Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 26 Table 11 Component Traits of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial at Test Locations ...... 32 Table 12 Treatment Yields of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial at Test Locations ...... 32 Table 13 Yield and Yield Increase of Different Treatments Over Control from Rate Trials at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 37

Figures

Figure 1. Treatment Yields of UDP on Direct Seeded Rice Trials by Location ...... 16 Figure 2. Rice Yield Response (t/ha) to Different N Rates of UDP and PU at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 22 Figure 3. Rice Yield Response (t/ha) to Different P Rates at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 23 Figure 4. Rice Yield Response (t/ha) to Different K Rates at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi ...... 25

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Photos

Photo 1. Layout and Bunds of Fertilizer Trial on the Rice-Gram System With Starter N at Anauk Ywa, Thonegwa, Yangon Region, on June 16, 2017...... 54 Photo 2. UDP Application during the UDP and PU Deep Placement Trial at The Yet Kone, Nyaunglaybin, Bago Region, on July 13, 2017 ...... 54 Photo 3. Transplanting UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial at Mayan, Kunchangone, Yangon Region, on July 14, 2017 ...... 55 Photo 4. First Topdressing of UDP on DSR Trial at Bawine, Pantanaw, Ayeyarwady Region, on August 22, 2017 ...... 55 Photo 5 Harvesting Crop Cuts during the Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial at The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya, on November 8, 2017 ...... 56

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ANOVA Analysis of Variance Ca Calcium cm centimeter DAS Days after Sowing DAT Days after Transplanting DSR Direct Seeded Rice FP Farmers’ Practice FSI Fertilizer Sector Improvement ft foot g gram ha hectare HYV High-Yielding Variety IFDC International Fertilizer Development Center K Potassium kg kilogram lb pound LSD Least Significant Difference MOP Muriate of Potash N Nitrogen P Phosphorus PU Prilled Urea RCB Randomized Complete Block S Sulfur t ton TPR Transplanted Rice TSP Triple Superphosphate UDP Urea Deep Placement USAID United States Agency for International Development

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Conversions

To Convert To Multiply by acre hectare 0.4047 hectare acre 2.471 U.S. ton/acre t/ha 2.24 lb/acre kg/ha 1.12 kg/ha lb/acre 0.89

K2O K 0.83

K K2O 1.2047

P2O5 P 0.4364

P P2O5 2.2915 Urea N 46%

TSP P2O5 45% TSP P 20%

MOP K2O 60% MOP K 50% Gypsum S 18% Gypsum Ca 23%

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Fertilizer Sector Improvement Project (FSI+)

Trials Using the Urea Deep Placement Technique on Transplanted Rice, Broadcast Rice, and the Rice-Gram System in the 2017 Wet Season, Myanmar

Introduction

Urea deep placement (UDP) technology is a proven technology that can increase the yield of transplanted lowland rice by 15-20% with less use of urea (up to 40%) compared to broadcast application of urea. This has been proven in Bangladesh and in sub-Saharan African countries.

A number of UDP adaptation trials on transplanted rice (TPR) were conducted at selected locations in the Yangon, Bago, and Ayeyarwady regions of Myanmar during the 2014 wet season to the 2017 dry season by the International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC) as part of the Fertilizer Sector Improvement (FSI) project, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

The results prove that UDP technology, using the same or a lesser rate of nitrogen (N), is superior to urea broadcasting at rates recommended by the Department of Agriculture and at rates used by local farmers (farmers’ practice [FP]). The yield increase of UDP with a more or less similar rate of N to FP ranged from 4.3% (2014 Wet Season) to 41.7% (2016 Dry Season). The yield increase of UDP with the same rate of N and basal fertilizer as urea surface broadcasting ranged from 3.4% to 46.9% (2015 Wet Season). Nutrient use efficiency of UDP was found to be double that of the urea broadcasting practice.

Other UDP trials were conducted to explore the possibility of UDP application on broadcast rice, which farmers currently practice because it is cost-effective and requires less labor. The results show that UDP application on broadcast rice is also effective. It can be applied just before seed broadcasting or 20-25 days after sowing (DAS). It can be applied on either early- maturing varieties or medium-maturing varieties. Application later than 25 days DAS can be difficult due to plant height and thickness of seedlings. UDP can be applied on broadcast rice at the same spacing as TPR of 40 centimeters (cm) x 40 cm.

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Other trials, such as potassium (K) x N rates using UDP, plant spacing and N rates with UDP using a larger briquette size, and long-term fertilizer management trials on the rice-gram system, have been conducted. The results show that the K requirement was site-specific, but N was found deficient at test locations and requires a high rate to reach potential yields. There was no need for plant spacing closer than 20 cm x 20 cm and no need to apply larger briquettes in wet season rice. However, there was a need to apply a 2.7-gram (g) briquette with 20 cm x 20 cm spacing in dry season rice. No significant results were observed with fertilizer management in the rice-gram system. There was no clear carryover effect of P and K on the subsequent crop. Plots with phosphorus (P) and K application gave a higher yield in the season applied. There was no residual effect of UDP on the gram crop.

Balanced fertilization with compound fertilizers was also tested, since farmers apply compound fertilizer as a basal application and a topdressing of prilled urea (PU). The rate applied by farmers is 50 kilograms (kg) per acre of compound fertilizer, which appeared inadequate. Compound fertilizer with additional P and N was evaluated. The results indicate that compound fertilizer only was insufficient, giving the lowest yield. Balanced fertilization with triple superphosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MOP), and gypsum with UDP was the best treatment. Balanced fertilization using compound fertilizer with PU was the second best. The difference between the two treatments was due to deep placement of the urea. This again proves that UDP is a more effective application than PU. Farmers’ practice of compound fertilizer and PU did not achieve the yield of balanced fertilizer application. UDP on direct seeded rice (DSR) was tested over two seasons to simulate mechanized application of UDP. This shows that UDP applications both at sowing and at 25 DAS are significant. Therefore, machine application of UDP with DSR may . improve rice yield with UDP and solve the labor problem at the same time. The trial will continue for one more season.

After completing the first cycle of long-term trials on fertilizer management in the rice-gram system, results from application of starter N on the gram crop, carryover effect of P and K, and the N effect of UDP on the gram crop were not clear. Results were confounded by germination and poor crop establishment for both rice and gram. The trial will continue in the 2017 wet season (for rice).

UDP was also evaluated under saline conditions in the dry season and submerged conditions in the wet season. The results often were not significant. But a salinity-tolerant improved high- yielding variety (HYV) was better than the local variety, and a submergence-tolerant improved

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variety was better than a normal HYV. UDP had good results under both conditions. These trials will also continue in the upcoming wet and dry seasons.

To introduce a site-specific nutrient management practice, soils from selected farms in the project areas were collected and tested using omission pot trials. This was followed by omission trials in the fields where the soils were collected to confirm nutrient deficiency and rate trials to determine response curves for specific elements. Different rates of deficient elements were determined for specific sites. More omission pot trials will be conducted for soils at sites selected for their dominant rice production.

In this 2017 wet season trials with UDP on direct seeded rice, balanced fertilization with compound fertilizer, and UDP evaluation under submerged conditions will be conducted at new sites with new farmers. Long-term fertilizer management on the rice-gram system will continue on the same plots at the same sites, and rate trials for N, P, K, and sulfur (S) will be conducted where those elements were identified as deficient in the omission pot trials. All trials are conducted in the project regions. The trials established are listed below.

Trials Tested in the 2017 Wet Season There are 10 trials designed for the 2017 wet season. Some were a continuation from previous seasons, such as the long-term trials in the rice-gram system, and some were trials to confirm previous tests. Nutrient rate trials were conducted at locations where those elements were identified as deficient in the omission pot trials. With replications of some trials, a total of 16 trials were conducted.

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Trial No. Trial Names Number of Trials 1. UDP on direct seeded rice 2 2. Balanced fertilization with compound fertilizer 2 3. UDP and prilled urea deep placement 2 4. Different N rates using UDP on TPR 1 5. Different P rates using UDP on TPR 1 6. Different K rates using UDP on TPR 1 7. Different S rates using UDP on TPR 1 8. Fertilizer management on the rice-gram system 2 9. Fertilizer management on the rice-gram system with starter N 1 10. UDP evaluation on submerged rice 3 TOTAL 16

Materials and Methods

Site Selection During the 2017 wet season, most trial sites and farmers were newly selected, except for the long-term fertilizer management trials in the rice-gram system, which continued at the same locations. Different nutrient rate trials were conducted at the sites on the land where those elements were identified as deficient in the omission pot trials. UDP evaluation in submerged conditions and other trials were also conducted in new locations with new farmers. The coordinates of the selected sites with the number of trials are given in Table 1. Soil samples from each location were dried and stored for later testing to identify initial soil conditions.

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Table 1. Locations and Coordinates of Field Trials, Wet Season 2017 Region Township Village Latitude Longitude Elevation Trial No Thonegwa Anauk Ywa 16° 45.617' N 96° 30.534' E 27 ft 9 Kawhmu Magyi Kan 16° 34.350' N 96° 03.342' E 32 ft 1 Kunchangone Mayan 16° 27.776' N 96° 00.371' E 21 ft 10 Yangon Gyoe Phyu 17° 20.841' N 96° 56.599' E 61 ft 4 Gyoe Phyu 17° 20.841' N 96° 56.599' E 61 ft 5 Taikkyi Gyoe Phyu 17° 20.841' N 96° 56.599' E 61 ft 6 Gyoe Phyu 17° 20.841' N 96° 56.599' E 61 ft 7 Nyaunglaybin The Yet Kone 18° 00.090' N 96° 42.068' E 67 ft 3 Bago Letpadan Kan Gyi 17° 47.438' N 95° 44.280' E 51 ft 3 Thayarwaddy Thonese 17° 36.299' N 95° 47.911' E 81 ft 2 Einme Thar Kwin 16° 44.336' N 95° 05.527' E 36 ft 8 Einme Parami Daunt 16° 54.980' N 95° 09.437' E 35 ft 8 Myaungmya Kyar Phoo Ngon 16° 38.198' N 94° 57.258' E 26 ft 10 Ayeyarwady Myaungmya The Pyay Chaung 16° 42.141' N 94° 00.725' E 9 ft 2 Pantanaw Bawine 17° 01.356' N 95° 30.498' E 27 ft 1 Kangyidaunt Kwin Yar 16° 56.257' N 94° 55.737' E 24 ft 10 Shaded rows indicate failed trials.

Trial Failures Out of 16 trials, 13 could be continued through harvesting. Three trials had to be discontinued before harvest. One trial on UDP evaluation under submerged conditions at Kyar Phoo Ngon, Myaungmya, failed at nursery stage due to severe flooding. Seedlings died and not enough remained for transplanting. One trial in the rice-gram system at Parami Daunt, Einme, also had to be discontinued at nursery stage when farm ownership changed. The new owner of the land was not willing to continue with a research trial on his land. The balanced fertilization with compound fertilizer trial at Thonese, Thayarwaddy, was poorly managed in the vegetative stage. The trial was extremely weedy due to a lack of water in the field. This trial was abandoned at the vegetative stage. Failed trials are indicated in Table 1 with shading.

Varieties and Farmers Varieties and farmers for all locations are provided in Table 2.

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Table 2. Varieties, Trial Types, and Collaborating Farmers for the 2017 Wet Season Trials

Township Village Farmer Variety Trial No. Thonegwa Anauk Ywa U Zaw Wate Nang Myaing HYV 9 Kawhmu Magyi Kan U Zaw Htay Sin Thu Kha HYV 1 Kunchangone Mayan U Zaw Min Oo 2 varieties HYV + Swarna 10 Taikkyi Gyoe Phyu U Kyaw Lin Thu Sin Thu Kha HYV 4 Gyoe Phyu U Kyaw Lin Thu Sin Thu Kha HYV 5 Gyoe Phyu U Kyaw Lin Thu Sin Thu Kha HYV 6 Gyoe Phyu U Kyaw Lin Thu Sin Thu Kha HYV 7 Nyaunglaybin The Yet Kone U Myo Lwin Soe Sin Thu Kha HYV 3 Letpadan Kan Gyi U Aye Thwin Sin Thu Kha HYV 3 Einme Thar Kwin U Aung Htay Win Sin Thu Kha HYV 8 Myaungmya The Pyay Chaung U Win Thein Sin Thu Kha HYV 2 Pantanaw Bawine U Sein Win Sin Thu Kha HYV 1 Kangyidaunt Kwin Yar U San Oo Sin Thu Kha HYV + Swarna 10 Note: Failed trials are not included.

Experimental Design A randomized complete block (RCB) design, with four to six treatments and three replications, was used in all trials except one. A split block design was used for the different N rates trial with UDP and PU (Table 3). A detailed plan for each trial is available in the protocols, retained in a separate document.

Basal Fertilizers In all the trials, a basal fertilizer of TSP at 80 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha), MOP at 40 kg/ha, and gypsum at 25 kg/ha was used as the source of P, K, and S. The 15:15:15 compound fertilizer was used in the balanced fertilization with compound fertilizer trial. The amount of compound fertilizser was calculated based on the K rate, and additional amounts of TSP and urea were calculated and applied with the compound fertilizer to increase the rates of P and N. Compound fertilizer was also used in the farmers’ practice treatment for most trials. In calculating the rates, it is assumed:

TSP = 45% P2O5 or 20% P

MOP = 60% K2O or 50% K Gypsum = 18% S and 23% Ca

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Table 3. Experimental Designs Used for 2017 Wet Season Trials Treats No. Trial Name x Reps Design 1 UDP on direct seeded rice 4 x 3 RCB 2 Balanced fertilization with compound fertilizer 4 x 3 RCB 3 UDP and prilled urea deep placement 2 x 5 x 3 Split block 4 Different N rates using UDP and PU on TPR 5 x 3 RCB 5 Different P rates using UDP on TPR 5 x 3 RCB 6 Different K rates using UDP on TPR 5 x 3 RCB 7 Different S rates using UDP on TPR 5 x 3 RCB 8 Fertilizer management on the rice-gram cropping system 4 x 3 RCB 9 Fertilizer management on the rice-gram system with starter N 6 x 3 RCB 10 UDP evaluation on submerged rice 4 x 3 RCB

Treatments Trial No. 1 UDP on Direct Seeded Rice There were four treatments in this trial. UDP was applied at two different times (at seeding time and 21 DAS) as two treatments. This was compared with PU surface broadcasting and a control plot. The trial used a manual direct seed placement method (placing seeds with 20 cm x 20 cm spacing). This trial was established at two locations (Table 1). Treatment 1 = Zero N (Control) Treatment 2 = UDP application at sowing time (51.75 kg N/ha) Treatment 3 = UDP application at 20-25 DAS (51.75 kg N/ha) Treatment 4 = PU surface broadcasting (51.75 kg N/ha)

A basal fertilizer application of TSP at 80 kg/ha, MOP at 40 kg/ha, and gypsum at 25 kg/ha was applied on all treatments.

UDP was applied only once at sowing time for Treatment 2 and 25 DAS for Treatment 3 by deep-placing a 1.8-g briquette at the center of four alternate sowing points. For Treatment 4, PU was applied in three split applications of equal amounts. The first application was at 25 DAS, the second application was at 60 DAS, and the third application was at 90 DAS. Dates of sowing, transplanting, UDP, topdressing, and harvesting are given in Table 5.

Trial No. 2 Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer on TPR This is a repeat trial with the same four treatments and three replications. Although it was planned for two locations, only one could be harvested. A 15:15:15 compound fertilizer was

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used, and the rate was based on K requirement (24 kg K2O/ha), with additional TSP and urea

to make up the balance (36 kg P2O5/ha and 51 kg N/ha). Treatments are as follows: • Treatment 1 = Compound (15:15:15) 160 kg/ha, gypsum 25 kg/ha, and PU 60 kg/ha • Treatment 2 = Balanced with TSP 80 kg/ha, MOP 40 kg/ha, gypsum 25 kg/ha, and UDP 112.5 kg/ha • Treatment 3 = Balanced with compound (15:15:15) 160 kg/ha, TSP 27 kg/ha, gypsum 25 kg/ha, and PU 60 kg/ha • Treatment 4 = Compound (15:15:15) 247 kg/ha and gypsum 25 kg/ha

Treatment 1 applies compound fertilizer at 64.8 kg/acre, in which the K rate is equal to that in the balanced application. PU was applied in three split applications.

Treatment 2 applies balanced fertilization with UDP using straight fertilizers for each element. Urea briquettes of 1.8-g size were applied.

Treatment 3 also applies balanced fertilization but uses compound fertilizer and PU. The rates of all nutrients were the same as in Treatment 2. PU was applied in three split applications.

Treatment 4 applies compound fertilizer (at the farmer’s rate) and gypsum only.

Trial No. 3 UDP and Prilled Urea Deep Placement Trial on TPR This is a repeat trial to confirm the 2017 dry season trial in order to study the response of prilled urea deep placement compared with UDP and the surface broadcast PU practice. There were five treatments: 1. Zero N 2. Urea briquette deep placement (UDP) 51.75 kg N/ha 3. Prilled urea point deep placement 51.75 kg N/ha 4. Prilled urea band deep placement 51.75 kg N/ha 5. Prilled urea surface broadcast 51.75 kg N/ha

TSP at 80 kg/ha (36 kg P2O5/ha or 16 kg P/ha), MOP at 40 kg/ha (24 kg K2O/ha or 20 kg K/ha), and gypsum at 25 kg/ha (4.5 kg S/ha) were applied as a basal fertilizer for all treatments just before seed broadcasting.

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Urea fertilizers, both UDP and PU, for deep placement treatments (Treatments 2, 3, and 4) were applied only one time at 7 days after transplanting (DAT). A briquette size of 1.8 g was used for UDP. Point placement (Treatment 3) and band placement (Treatment 4) were used for PU. There were three split applications for PU surface broadcast treatment (Treatment 5). It was applied in equal amounts at 7 DAT the first time, 40 DAT the second time, and at flowering the third time. The urea rate was the same for all urea application treatments.

Trial No. 4 Different N Rates With UDP and Prilled Urea on TPR This trial was conducted on soil deficient in N, as identified in the omission pot trials. There were five treatments. Four different N rates were tested along with a control (0 N). Both UDP and PU were used as sources of N. The experiment was designed as 2 x 5 x 3 split block with three replications. 1. Control (0 N) 2. 50 kg N/ha 3. 100 kg N/ha 4. 150 kg N/ha 5. 200 kg N/ha

TSP at 50 kg/acre (56 kg P2O5/ha or 25 kg P/ha), MOP at 25 kg/acre (37 kg K2O/ha or 30 kg K/ha), and gypsum at 10 kg/acre (4.5 kg S/ha) were applied as basal fertilizer for all treatments just before seed broadcasting. UDP was applied only one time at 7 DAT by placing one 1.8-g urea briquette 3-4 inches deep in the soil. PU was applied as three splits in equal amounts.

Trial No. 5 Different P Rates on TPR This trial was conducted on the soil where P was identified as deficient according to an omission pot trial. There were five treatments including the control plot with 0 P. Treatments were as follows: 1. Control (0 P)

2. 50 kg P2O5/ha

3. 100 kg P2O5/ha

4. 150 kg P2O5/ha

5. 200 kg P2O5/ha

MOP at 25 kg/acre (37 kg K2O/ha or 30 kg K/ha) and gypsum at 20 kg/acre (9.0 kg S/ha) were applied as basal fertilizer at plot layout time just before transplanting.

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Nitrogen was applied as UDP only one time at 7 DAT by placing 1.8-g briquettes at a depth of 3-4 inches in at the center of four alternating rice hills. This gave an N rate of 51.8 kg/ha.

Trial No. 6 Different K Rates on TPR This trial was conducted on the soil where K was identified deficient in an omission pot trial. There were four different rates of K in this experiment as well as a control plot. Altogether, five treatments were tested with three replications. Treatments were as follows: 1. Control (0 K)

2. 50 kg K2O/ha

3. 100 kg K2O/ha

4. 150 kg K2O/ha

5. 200 kg K2O/ha

TSP at 50 kg/acre (56 kg P2O5/ha or 25 kg P/ha) and gypsum at 20 kg/acre (9.0 kg S/ha) were applied on all plots as basal fertilizer at plot layout time just before transplanting. N was applied as UDP at 51.8 kg N/ha by deep-placing one 1.8-g briquette at the center of four alternating rice hills.

Trial No. 7 Different S Rates on TPR This trial was conducted on the soil where S was found to be deficient according to an omission pot trial. There were five treatments including the control plot (0 S). Treatments were as follows: 1. Control (0 S) 2. 10 kg S/ha 3. 20 kg S/ha 4. 30 kg S/ha 5. 40 kg S/ha

Gypsum was applied as the S source. TSP at 50 kg/acre (56 kg P2O5/ha or 25 kg P/ha) and

MOP at 25 kg/acre (37 kg K2O/ha or 30 kg K/ha) were applied on all plots as basal fertilizer at plot layout time just before transplanting. N was applied as UDP at 51.8 kg N/ha by deep- placing one 1.8-g briquette at the center of four alternating rice hills.

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Trial No. 8 Fertilizer Management in the Rice-Gram System This is a long-term trial that extends across the rice crop and the gram crop at the same location. The rice is a wet season crop, and the gram is a dry season crop. It is a 4 x 3 RCB design with four treatments. Because the results from the prior year showed no carryover effect of the fertilizer applied on the first crop on the subsequent crop, this trial was conducted with fertilizer rates 1.5 times higher than before. Treatments were as follows: Treatments on Rice Treatments on Gram

1. P2O5 60 kg/ha + K2O 60 kg/ha P2O5 0 kg/ha + K2O 0 kg/ha

2. P2O5 30 kg/ha + K2O 30 kg/ha P2O5 30 kg/ha + K2O 30 kg/ha

3. P2O5 0 kg/ha + K2O 0 kg/ha P2O5 60 kg/ha + K2O 60 kg/ha (no residue)

4. P2O5 0 kg/ha + K2O 0 kg/ha P2O5 60 kg/ha + K2O 60 kg/ha (+crop residue)

In this season, the trial was conducted with the rice crop. N was applied as UDP on all plots. The briquette size used in the trial was 1.8 g, which gave an N rate of 51.8 kg/ha. In this year, there was only one trial at Thar Kwin, Einme. The other two trials from prior years could not be continued because the farmer was unwilling to proceed at Kyauktan and the land was sold to a new farmer at Parami Daunt, Einme.

Trial No. 9 Fertilizer Management in the Rice-Gram System With Starter N This is also a long-term trial on the rice-gram system using starter N on the gram crop. This is the second cycle with the second rice crop. This trial differs from Trial No. 8 in that N is applied to the rice crop as either UDP or broadcast PU and the gram crop has an N application as broadcast PU. This results in six treatments. An RCB design was used with three replications. Treatments were as follows: Treatments on Rice (per hectare) Treatments on Gram (per hectare)

1. UDP 51.8 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O 0 kg N + 0 kg P2O5 + 0 kg K2O

2. UDP 51.8 kg N + 0 kg P2O5 + 0 kg K2O 0 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O

3. PU 51.8 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O 0 kg N + 0 kg P2O5 + 0 kg K2O

4. PU 51.8 kg N + 0 kg P2O5 + 0 kg K2O 0 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O

5. UDP 51.8 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O PU 14 kg N + 0 kg P2O5 + 0 kg K2O

6. PU 51.8 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O PU 14 kg N + 0 kg P2O5 + 0 kg K2O

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Trial No. 10 UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial This trial is part of the “Soil Fertility Technology Adoption, Policy Reform and Knowledge Management Project” implemented by IFDC. Two fertilizer practices – farmers’ practice (F1) and UDP (F2) – were applied on two varieties – a local popular variety (V1) and a submergence-tolerant variety (V2). Varieties were sown in blocks, and fertilizer treatments were applied randomly across each block. The experimental designed was a 4 x 3 RCB design. Treatments were: 1. F1 V1 (farmers’ practice on the popular variety) 2. F1 V2 (farmers’ practice on the submergence-tolerant variety) 3. F2 V1 (UDP on the popular variety) 4. F2 V2 (UDP on the submergence-tolerant variety)

The trial was conducted at two locations, Kunchangone and Kangyidaunt. The farmers’ practice fertilizer was the same at both locations – 50 kg/acre of compound (15:15:15) fertilizer as basal and 50 kg/acre of prilled urea in three split applications in equal amounts. Bay Gyar Lay was used as the local variety at Kunchangone, and Sin Thu Kha was used as the local variety at Kangyidaunt. The submergence-tolerant variety was the same for both locations – Swarna sub1.

Plot Size and Spacing There are variations in plot size among the trials according to the type of trial and the kind of treatment. Many trials were conducted with a plot size of 16 ft x 16 ft. Plot sizes in each trial are given Table 4. A detailed plan can be seen in the protocols, under separate cover.

Table 4. Plot Size and Spacing Used for Specific Trials, 2017 Wet Season Plot TPR No. Trial Name Size Spacing 1 UDP on direct seeded rice 16 x 16 ft 8 x 8 in 2 Balanced fertilization with compound fertilizer trial 16 x 16 ft 8 x 8 in 3 UDP and PU deep placement trial 16 x 16 ft 8 x 8 in 4 Different N rate trial with UDP and PU 24 x 10.7 ft 8 x 8 in 5 Different P rate trial 16 x 16 ft 8 x 8 in 6 Different K ratetrial 16 x 16 ft 8 x 8 in 7 Different S rates trial 16 x 16 ft 8 x 8 in 8 Fertilizer management trial on the rice-gram cropping system 16 x 16 ft 8 x 8 in 9 Fertilizer management trial on rice-gram with starter N 20 x 20 ft Broadcast 10 UDP evaluation on submerged rice trial 20 x 13.2 ft 8 x 8 in

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Trial descriptions with varieties used, sowing dates, UDP dates, topdressing dates, and harvest dates are given in Table 5.

Table 5 Locations, Varieties, and Dates of All Trials, 2017 Wet Season Date of: Region/ Trans Top Top No. Township Village Variety Sowing Layout plant UDP dress 1 dress 2 Harvest Yangon 1 Thonegwa Anauk Ywa Nang Myaing 17-Jun 16-Jun - 11-Jul 21-Aug 20-Sep 30-Oct 2 Kawhmu Magyi Kan Sin Thu Kha 22-Jul 22-Jul - 17-Aug 17-Sep 23-Oct 23-Nov 3 Kunchangone Mayan Swarna sub1 17-Jun 14-Jul 14-Jul 22-Jul 17-Aug 23-Oct 24-Nov 4 Gyoe Phyu Sin Thu Kha 6-Jun 30-Jun 1-Jul 9-Jul 3-Aug 13-Sep 27-Oct 5 Gyoe Phyu Sin Thu Kha 6-Jun 30-Jun 1-Jul 9-Jul - - 26-Oct Taikkyi 6 Gyoe Phyu Sin Thu Kha 6-Jun 30-Jun 1-Jul 8-Jul - - 25-Oct 7 Gyoe Phyu Sin Thu Kha 6-Jun 30-Jun 1-Jul 8-Jul - - 24-Oct Bago 8 Nyaunglaybin The Yet Kone Sin Thu Kha 10-Jun 5-Jul 6-Jul 13-Jul 9-Aug 19-Sep 2-Nov 9 Letpadan Kan Gyi Sin Thu Kha 8-Jun 7-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 11-Aug 22-Sep 28-Oct 10 Thayarwaddy Thonese Sin Thu Kha 12-Jun 9-Jul 10-Jul 17-Jul 11-Aug Abandoned Ayeyarwady 11 Thar Kwin Sin Thu Kha 14-Jun 24-Jul 24-Jul 31-Jul - - 7-Nov Einme 12 Parami Daunt Sin Thu Kha 28-Jun Stopped due to land sold 13 Kyar Phoo Ngon Sin Thu Kha 9-Jul Stop due to flooded nursery Myaungmya The Pyay 14 Sin Thu Kha 7-Jun 3-Jul 4-Jul 12-Jul 8-Aug 14-Sep 8-Nov Chaung 15 Pantanaw Bawine Sin Thu Kha 23-Jun 23-Jun - 18-Jul 22-Aug 26-Sep 6-Nov 16 Kangyidaunt Kwin Yar Swarna sub1 26-Jun 20-Jul 21-Jul 28-Jul 24-Aug 2-Oct 10-Nov

Results and Discussion

Trial No. 1 UDP on Direct Seeded Rice As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, the trial was conducted at two locations – Bawine village, Pantanaw township, Ayeyarwady region, and Magyi Kan, Kawhmu township, Yangon region. Rice was sown by manual direct seeding with 20 cm x 20 cm spacing. UDP was applied at two different times – once at planting and once 25 days after planting. The UDP method was compared with PU broadcasting with the same rate. There was a control treatment with 0 N.

Bawine, Pantanaw – Table 6 shows that a significant result was found only with plant height and panicle length. Other parameters, including yield, were not significantly different. (Refer to Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Bawine, Pantanaw.) Plant height was the highest (129 cm) with Treatment 2 (UDP at seeding treatment), which was not statistically different from the

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plant height (126 cm) of Treatment 3 (UDP at 25 DAS). Plant height of the control treatment and PU broadcast treatment were the same at 113 cm. Panicle length was the longest (25.7 cm) with Treatment 3 (UDP at 25 DAS). It was not significantly different from Treatment 2 (UDP at seeding) with a panicle length of 25.0 cm or Treatment 4 (PU broadcast) with 24.6 cm. The control treatment gave the shortest panicle length at 23.6 cm, which was not statistically different from Treatment 4 (PU broadcast). Although not significant, biomass weights and yield gave their highest values with Treatment 2 (UDP at seeding). The highest (6.55 t/ha) yield was with UDP at seeding. The second highest yield (6.27 t/ha) was with UDP at 25 DAS, followed by 5.38 t/ha with broadcast PU. The control plot produced the lowest yield at 5.08 t/ha. However, these were not significantly different. Biomass weights were also the highest with UDP at seeding, followed by UDP at 25 DAS. The control plot produced the lowest biomass weights. (Refer to Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Bawine, Pantanaw.)

Magyi Kan, Kawhmu – Table 6 shows the significant differences found in yield and number

of panicles per hill. The yield was significant at P(0.01) and plant height at P(0.05). Other traits were not different among treatments. (Refer to Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Magyi Kan, Kawhmu.) Number of panicles per hill (15.5) was the highest with Treatment 2 (UDP at seeding). The second highest number of panicles per hill (13.2 ) was produced by Treatment 3 (UDP at 25 DAS). Treatment 4 (PU broadcast) was third highest at 11.0 panicles per hill, and the control plot produced the lowest number at 10.8 panicles per hill. However, the three treatments with the lowest number of panicles per hill were not significantly different. Treatment 3 (UDP at 25 DAS) produced the highest yield at 9.08 t/ha, which was significantly higher than all other treatments. Treatment 2 (UDP at seeding) produced the second highest yield (6.44 t/ha), which was not statistically different from the third highest yield (5.53 t/ha) produced by Treatment 4 (broadcast PU). The control plot produced the significantly lowest yield of 2.60 t/ha. Although not significant, biomass yields were similar to the yield results; the highest yield was produced by Treatment 3 (UDP at 25 DAS). Plant height and panicle length followed the same trend. (Refer to Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Magyi Kan, Kawhmu.)

The results from both locations show that UDP technology can be applied on direct seeded rice with spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm. This gave a better yield than broadcast PU application with an equal N rate. The results indicate that UDP could be applied either at seeding time or at 25 DAS. UDP application at seeding time gave a higher yield than UDP application at 25 DAS at Bawine, Pantanaw. The result was opposite at Magyi Kan, Kawhmu (Figure 1). The soil at Bawine seemed more fertile, with more N, than that at Magyi Kan, since the yield with 0 N at

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Bawine was high (5.08 t/ha), while that at Magyi Kan was low (2.60 t/ha). Applying N fertilizer with either UDP or PU significantly improved rice yield at Magyi Kan, Kawhmu. In the trial at Magyi Kan, UDP applied at 25 DAS was noted to give an extremely high yield (9.08 t/ha) compared to other treatments ( Table 6). This may be due not only to UDP. Two replications of that treatment gave very high yields, which may be due to the soil fertility gradient of the test plot. (Refer to Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Magyi Kan, Kawhmu.) Although the rice yield was not significantly improved with N fertilizer application at Bawine, Pantanaw, the UDP treatments did produce higher yields than PU and control.

In this trial, direct seeding was done manually using a rope and markers to get the exact spacing of 20 cm x 20 cm. UDP application was done simultaneously with seeding. Manual seeding currently is not practiced by farmers due to a lack of labor. Manual direct seeding with simultaneous manual application of UDP would be difficult and impractical. UDP application just before seeding or just after germination can be considered. UDP could be applied more precisely if done just after germination, but this should be done manually.

This trial was a simulation of mechanized application of UDP and direct seeding using a combine seeder/UDP applicator. The results show a mechanized combine planter that sows seed with UDP application is an acceptable approach for best yield.

Table 6 Yield and Component Characteristics of UDP on DSR Trial at Test Locations

Grain -

Location

Treatment Plant Height (cm) Panicles No. of per Hill No. Grainsof per Panicle 1,000 Weight (g) Fresh Straw Weight (g) Fresh Grain Weight (g) Straw Dry Weight (g) Dry Grain Weight (g) Yield (t/ha) Bawine, Pantanaw Control (0 N) 113b 9.7 ab 150 22.7 1,226 569 469 504 5.08 UDP at seeding 129a 11.5 ab 192 22.1 1,609 601 574 548 6.55 UDP at 25 DAS 126a 11.7 ab 202 21.8 1,478 594 538 538 6.27 PU Broadcast 113b 11.3 ab 152 25.2 1,434 588 487 520 5.38 Significant level ** ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Magyi Kan, Kawhmu Control (0 N) 90 10.8ba 100 19.1 487 110 158 101 2.60c UDP at seeding 89 15.5aa 135 20.3 703 111 250 97 6.44b UDP at 25 DAS 102 13.2ab 129 19.2 924 196 284 142 9.08a PU Broadcast 83 11.0ba 96 19.5 499 79 174 69 5.53b Significant level ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns **

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Figure 1. Treatment Yields of UDP on Direct Seeded Rice Trials by Location

Trial No. 2 Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial The trial was conducted at two locations, but one was abandoned at the vegetative stage as it was too weedy and had poor crop establishment (see Trial Failures). The trial was designed to determine whether applying compound fertilizer provides enough nutrients for rice cultivation, since farmers are using compound fertilizers more often.

The trial at The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya, showed significant results for nearly half of the traits, including yield (Table 7). Plant height and biomass dry grain weight were significant at

P(0.05), and yield and biomass straw weights were significant at P(0.01). Number of panicles per hill, panicle length, number of spikelets and grains per panicle, biomass wet grain weight, and 1,000 grain weight did not show significant results. Plant height was the highest (122 cm) with balanced fertilization using TSP, MOP, gypsum, and UDP; it was significantly higher than with all other treatments. The other treatments were not significantly different, with plant heights ranging from 112 cm to 114 cm. Fresh biomass straw weight and biomass grain weights (both fresh and dry) had the same trend as plant height. The highest values were found with balanced fertilization using TSP, MOP, gypsum, and UDP. They were significantly different than with all other treatments.

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The yield was also the highest (9.94 t/ha) with Treatment 2 (balanced fertilization using TSP, MOP, gypsum, and UDP); it was significantly higher than all other treatments. The second highest yield (8.25 t/ha) was given by Treatment 3 (balanced fertilization using compound fertilizer, TSP, gypsum, and PU), followed by Treatment 1 (compound+gypsum+PU), which produced 7.86 t/ha. The treatment using compound and gypsum only (Treatment 4) produced the lowest yield at 7.76 t/ha. However, those treatments were not significantly different according to analysis of variance (ANOVA, Table 7). (Refer to Data of Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial at The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya.)

Results indicate that the rice yield could be improved by using balanced fertilization. Balanced fertilizers, either with compound or a combination of straight fertilizers, produced higher yields than unbalanced fertilization based on compound fertilizer. Both balanced fertilizer treatments (Treatment 2 and Treatment 3) had the same nutrient amounts. The difference was that Treatment 3 was balanced using compound fertilizer based on the K rate with additional TSP and used broadcast PU for N application, while Treatment 2 was balanced with TSP and MOP and used UDP for N application. The nutrient rates were the same. Therefore, the yield difference between the balanced fertilization treatments is assumed to be due to the difference between UDP and PU. The UDP technology again proved to be an efficient method of N application, producing a significantly higher yield. Application of compound fertilizer at the farmers’ rate (Treatment 4) was inadequate and gave a low yield. Nitrogen also seems limiting in the test soil. With unbalanced fertilization with compound fertilizer, the yield was higher with compound and PU than compound only. Compound fertilizer + gypsum gave the lowest yield. The rice yield may be improved by applying balanced nutrient application, either compound or straight fertilizer, and further improvement can be obtained by using UDP.

Table 7 Yield and Component Characteristics of Compound Fertilizer Trial at The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya

Grain -

Treatment Plant Height (cm) Panicles No. of per Hill No. Grainsof per Panicle 1,000 Weight (g) Fresh Straw Weight (g) Fresh Grain Weight (g) Straw Dry Weight (g) Dry Grain Weight (g) Yield (t/ha) Compound + gypsum + PU 114b 8.7 182 21.0 1,848 b 400 593b 386b 7.86b Balanced with UDP 122a 10.0 181 20.6 2,209a 523 707a 481a 9.94a Balanced with compound + 114b 9.1 161 20.8 1,751b 390 559b 343b 8.25b PU Compound + gypsum only 112b 9.1 148 20.4 1,704b 378 547b 361b 7.76b Significant level * ns ns ns ** ns ** * **

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Trial No. 3 UDP and PU Deep Placement Trials This trial was designed to study the response of deep placement of PU (both point and band placement) compared to UDP. PU was deep-placed using both point and band placement methods at the same rate and the same time as UDP, which was applied seven DAT. The trial was conducted at two locations in the Bago region – one at Letpadan township and one at Nyaunglaybin township.

Kan Gyi, Letpadan – According to ANOVA, significant differences at P(0.05) were found in fresh biomass straw weight, dry biomass grain weight, and yield. Number of grains per panicle

was significant at P(0.01). The other traits were not significant (Table 8). (Refer to Data of UDP and PU Deep Placement Trial at Kan Gyi, Letpadan.) The UDP treatment gave the highest dry biomass grain weight (275 g). PU point placement gave nearly the same dry biomass grain weight at 273 g. However, PU point deep placement gave the highest values for the other significant traits, including yield. Number of grains per panicle was not statistically different among N treatments except PU band placement. There was no statistical difference between any of the N treatments for fresh biomass straw weight, but the deep-placed treatments were statistically different from the control. There was no statistical yield difference between any of the N treatments, and all were higher than the control. The control treatment gave the lowest values for all traits except plant height. The yield was significantly lowest (3.31 t/ha) with 0 N (Table 8).

The Yet Kone, Nyaunglaybin – ANOVA showed a significant result at P(0.01) in yield only. All other traits were not significantly different among treatments. (Refer to Data of UDP and PU Deep Placement Trial at The Yet Kone, Nyaunglaybin.) The control plot produced the lowest yield at 2.91 t/ha. According to the Least Significant Difference (LSD) comparison, it was not statistically different from the PU surface broadcast treatment, which produced 3.91 t/ha. UDP treatment gave the highest yield at 5.53 t/ha, which was not different from the yield of 5.43 t/ha produced by PU point placement. PU band placement produced a significantly lower yield than the UDP and PU point placement treatments at 4.07 t/ha. This was not different from the yield of 3.91 t/ha produced by the broadcast PU treatment but was significantly higher than the control plot. Variation of results was observed in component traits. Number of panicles per hill (8.9) and panicle length (25.2 cm) were the highest with the UDP treatment. Broadcast PU treatment produced the highest fresh biomass straw weight at 2,223 g. Plant height was the highest at 106 cm with the control treatment. Biomass weights, number of spikelets, and

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number of grains per panicle were the highest with PU point placement. However, none of the traits were statistically different among treatments (Table 8).

According to the results from both locations, PU application was as effective as UDP in rice cultivation when applied deep into the soil. In Kan Gyi, Letpadan, PU placement (both point and band) had even better yields than UDP, although the yields of plots with N application were not significantly different. In The Yet Kone, Nyaunglaybin, UDP gave the highest yield, but this was not statistically different from the yield with PU point placement. PU band placement gave the third highest yield, which was not statistically different from the PU broadcast treatment. The control plot gave the lowest yield at both locations, indicating that N is limiting in both. Therefore, urea application can increase rice yield, and UDP is the most effective application method for N application. PU also can be as effective as UDP if it is applied deep into the soil. However, deep placement of PU manually is difficult to apply in consistent amounts, whether by point or band placement. An applicator is needed for it to be practical in the rice fields.

Table 8 Yield and Component Traits of UDP and PU Deep Placement Trials at Test Locations

Grain -

Location

Treatment Plant Height (cm) Panicles No. of per Hill No. Grainsof per Panicle 1,000 Weight (g) Fresh Straw Weight (g) Fresh Grain Weight (g) Straw Dry Weight (g) Dry Grain Weight (g) Yield (t/ha) Kan Gyi, Letpadan Control (0 N) 84 7.9 99cz 19.3 893bb 190 240 161cb 3.31b UDP (51.75 kg N/ha) 87 8.7 122ab 20.7 1,484ab 309 370 275ab 5.36a PU point 91 9.6 136az 20.9 1,655ab 294 396 273ab 6.52a PU band 89 8.7 112bc 21.1 1,280ab 221 328 202bc 6.18a PU Broadcast 83 9.8 125ab 20.0 1,328ab 260 302 239ab 5.62a The Yet Kone, Nyaunglaybin Control (0 N) 106 8.8 169 20.9 1,872 348 588 305 2.91cb UDP (51.75 kg N/ha) 100 8.9 176 21.5 2,109 459 709 410 5.53ab PU point 105 8.4 189 21.8 2,077 535 744 422 5.43ab PU band 100 8.3 150 21.4 1,808 384 601 287 4.07bb PU Broadcast 102 7.8 171 21.6 2,223 444 691 346 3.91bc

Trial No. 4 Different N Rates Trial Using UDP and PU This trial was conducted on the soil identified as N-deficient according to an omission pot trial. It was designed to determine how much N is needed to produce the maximum yield. N was

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applied as UDP and broadcast PU at five different rates, including a 0 N control. A split block design with three replications was used.

ANOVA showed no difference in either factor – form of urea or rate. No interaction effect of the form of urea and rate was observed. Major yield-determining traits showed no differences among treatments.

However, the yield was the lowest with 0 N for both UDP and PU application. Maximum yield with UDP (4.94 t/ha) was found with the 50 kg N/ha rate, which was the lowest N application rate in this trial. When the N rate was increased from 50 kg/ha to 150 kg/ha, the yield decreased but then increased again at an N rate of 200 kg/ha. Rice grain yield and yield-contributing traits, such as number of panicles per hill and number of grains per panicle, were the highest with 50 kg N/ha; there were 11.7 panicles per hill and 165 grains per panicle. Plant height and biomass grain weights also were the highest with 50 kg N/ha. However, the maximum biomass straw weights were obtained with an N rate of 150 kg/ha. (Refer to Data of Different N Rates Trial Using UDP and PU at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi and Table 9.)

With PU application, the yield increased as the N rate was increased up to 150 kg N/ha, which produced the maximum yield at 4.49 t/ha. This indicates more fertilizer is needed with PU application to obtain maximum yield compared with UDP. The yield decreased when the N rate was increased from 150 kg/ha to 200 kg/ha. An N rate of 200 kg/ha produced 3.90 t/ha. The control plot produced the lowest yield at 3.28 t/ha. Biomass straw and grain weights and component characteristics, such as number of spikelets and number of grains per panicle, showed the same response. An N rate of 150 kg/ha gave maximum values. However, these were not significantly different according to ANOVA. (Refer to Data of Different N Rates Trial Using UDP and PU at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi, and Table 9.)

The results clearly indicate that N is required in this soil. The control plot always produced the lowest yield. N application can improve the rice yield. UDP was found to be a more efficient application method than PU. As an average, UDP produced 4.03 t/ha, while PU produced 3.82 t/ha (Table 9). Figure 2 shows that UDP was a more efficient method of application than PU. An N rate of 50 kg/ha was needed to obtain maximum yield with UDP, while 150 kg N/ha was needed for the PU application. Increasing the N rate beyond those amounts decreased yields for both UDP and PU application. UDP could, therefore, improve rice yield using less urea than PU. With UDP, major yield-contributing characteristics, such as number of panicles

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per hill and number of grains per panicle, were the highest with 50 kg N/ha. Biomass grain weight also was the highest at this rate. However, biomass straw weights were the highest with a higher N rate – 150 kg N/ha. These results indicate that excess N with UDP promotes more vegetative growth rather than production of grain. With PU, the amount of N required to obtain maximum yield was more than with UDP. The results were the same for other characteristics (Table 9).

Table 9 Yield and Component Traits of N Rates Trial Using UDP and PU at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi

Grain -

Location

Treatment Plant Height (cm) Panicles No. of per Hill No. Grainsof per Panicle 1,000 Weight (g) Fresh Straw Weight (g) Fresh Grain Weight (g) Straw Dry Weight (g) Dry Grain Weight (g) Yield (t/ha) With UDP Control (0 N) 102 8.4 145 20.5 639 305 229 282 3.69 50 kg N/ha 104 11.7 165 20.2 827 423 281 396 4.94 100 kg N/ha 100 10.1 160 19.8 1146 364 340 317 4.22 150 kg N/ha 101 10.0 165 20.8 1326 383 427 331 3.51 200 kg N/ha 97 9.9 153 19.5 1217 356 301 304 3.80 Average 4.03 With Prilled Urea Control (0 N) 98 8.3 150 20.5 1076 349 325 324 3.28 50 kg N/ha 101 10.7 168 20.9 1276 429 367 390 3.65 100 kg N/ha 102 9.2 162 21.6 1069 449 354 407 3.76 150 kg N/ha 100 11.1 180 20.0 1559 508 424 467 4.49 200 kg N/ha 100 11.5 169 21.5 1290 505 370 401 3.90 Average 3.82

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Figure 2. Rice Yield Response (t/ha) to Different N Rates of UDP and PU at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi

Trial No. 5 Different P Rates Trial This trial was conducted at the same location, Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi, where the soil was identified as P-deficient according to an omission pot trial. The main objective was to determine how much P is needed to produce the maximum yield and to give a recommendation for P application on that soil. There were five different P rates, including control. The lowest

P rate was 50 kg P2O5/ha and the highest was 200 kg P2O5/ha, with 50-kg increments. A 5 x 3 RCB design was used.

ANOVA showed no difference among treatments on all traits and yield. Variabilities were observed in component traits. Many traits showed their highest values with 50 kg P2O5/ha and

100 kg P2O5/ha. Number of grains per panicle, biomass straw weights, and 1,000 grain weight

were highest with 100 kg P2O5/ha. A total of 1,942 g of fresh biomass straw weight, 497 g of dry biomass straw weight, and 16.7 g of 1,000 grain weight were produced with a P rate of 100

kg P2O5/ha. Plant height and biomass grain weights were highest with 50 kg P2O5/ha. Plant height (105 cm) and biomass grain weights (523 g for fresh grain weight and 460 g for dry grain weight) were highest with 50 kg P2O5/ha. A few traits (number of panicles per hill and

number of spikelets per panicle) had their highest values with the control plot (0 kg P2O5/ha).

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The yield, unlike other traits, was the highest with the 150 kg P2O5/ha treatment at 9.26 t/ha. Other plots with P application produced from 8.18 t/ha to 8.38 t/ha. The control plot produced the lowest yield at 7.70 t/ha. The rice yield increased as the P rate was increased up to 150 kg

P2O5/ha. When the P rate was increased from 150 kg P2O5/ha to 200 kg P2O5/ha, the yield decreased. The rice yield with a P rate of 200 kg P2O5/ha was 8.23 t/ha (Figure 3). However, it was noted that the yield and all other traits were not significantly different among different P rates. (Refer to Data of Different P Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi.)

Although not significant, the results suggested that the test soil is deficient in P. The control plot with 0 P gave the lowest yield (7.70 t/ha). Most traits showed their highest values with P

application treatments at 50 kg P2O5/ha or at 100 kg P2O5/ha. The highest yield of 9.26 t/ha

was produced by 150 kg P2O5/ha. This yield was very high among the P application treatments.

The highest P rate did not give the highest yield; it was 8.23 t/ha with 200 kg P2O5/ha. The yields of other P application treatments ranged from 8.18 t/ha to 8.38 t/ha. As there were no

significant differences in yield, P fertilizer at 50 kg P2O5/ha is the recommended application for the test soil at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi.

Figure 3. Rice Yield Response (t/ha) to Different P Rates at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi

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Trial No. 6 Different K Rates Trial A K rate trial was also conducted at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi, where K was observed to be deficient in the omission pot trial. There were five different K rates, including a control plot with 0 K. The trial used a 5 x 3 RCB design.

According to ANOVA, a significant result was found in plant height and number of grains per panicle only. Other traits, including rice yield, were not significant. Plant height was significant

at P(0.01), and the tallest plant (103 cm) was observed with 150 kg K2O/ha. It was significantly

taller than with other treatments according to P(0.05). Number of grains per panicle was

significant at P(0.05), and the maximum of 184 grains was observed with the highest K rate of

200 kg K2O/ha. Number of panicles per hill, number of spikelets per panicle, and fresh biomass straw weight showed their highest values with the highest K rate. The other biomass weights

and 1,000 grain weight were the highest with the second highest K rate of 150 kg K2O/ha. (Refer to Data of Different K Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi.)

The yields were not significantly different. However, the control plot gave the lowest yield at

6.78 t/ha. The yield increased as the K rate was increased up to 150 kg K2O/ha. The K rate of

150 kg K2O/ha produced the highest yield at 10.18 t/ha. The yield then decreased when the K

rate was increased from 150 kg to 200 kg K2O/ha. The K rate of 200 kg K2O/ha produced only 8.84 t/ha (Figure 4). The results indicate that the soil was K-deficient. By applying 50 kg

K2O/ha, the yield increased by 0.71 t/ha, which was 10% more than the control plot. By applying 100 kg K2O/ha, the yield increased by 1.57 t/ha, which was 20% more than with the

K rate of 50 kg K2O/ha. Another yield increase of 1.12 t/ha, or 12%, was attained by increasing

the K application rate from 100 kg to 150 kg K2O/ha. Therefore, the recommended K rate should be based on affordability by the farmer. Farmers with available cash can make

maximum production and profit by applying a K rate of 150 kg K2O/ha. Poorer farmers can still make a return by applying lower K rates.

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Figure 4. Rice Yield Response (t/ha) to Different K Rates at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi

Trial No. 7 Different S Rates Trial The soil of Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi, was identified as S-deficient in an omission pot trial. This field trial was conducted in that location with five different S rates from 0 S to 40 kg S/ha at 10-kg intervals. The trial was conducted to determine the requirement of S fertilizer for normal growth and maximum production.

ANOVA showed no differences among treatments in all traits except fresh biomass straw

weight. Fresh biomass straw weight was the only trait significant at P(0.05). Four characteristics showed their highest values with an S rate of 10 kg/ha, which was the lowest rate of S application. Plant heights ranged from 96 cm to 101 cm, which was not significant. The control plot produced a 96 cm plant height, which was the shortest, and the 10 kg S/ha treatment produced a 101 cm plant height, which was the tallest. Dry biomass straw weight and biomass grain weights (both fresh and dry) had their highest values with 10 kg S/ha. Five characteristics, including yield, showed their highest values with 20 kg S/ha. These included the number of panicles per hill, number of spikelets and grains per panicle, fresh biomass straw weight, and yield. Fresh biomass straw weight was significant at P(0.05), and the maximum weight of 2,275 g was observed with 20 kg S/ha. This was not statistically different from the second highest weight of 2,181 g given by 40 kg S/ha. The weights of other treatments ranged from 1,734 g to 1,812 g and were not statistically different. The yields were not significantly different. The highest yield of 10.80 t/ha was produced with 20 kg S/ha. When the S rate was increased from

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20 kg/ha to 40 kg/ha, the yield decreased. The highest S rate of 40 kg/ha gave the lowest yield (7.56 t/ha). The control plot gave the second highest yield at 9.02 t/ha. However, these were not statistically different (Table 10). Later, it was learned that the TSP applied as basal for the P element also contained 3% S according to lab analysis. Therefore, the results of this trial were due to both S from TSP and S application treatments. The control plot (0 S) also received some amount of S from the TSP.

Table 10. Yield and Component Traits of Different S Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi

Grain -

Treatment Plant Height (cm) Panicles No. of per Hill No. Grainsof per Panicle 1,000 Weight (g) Fresh Straw Weight (g) Fresh Grain Weight (g) Straw Dry Weight (g) Dry Grain Weight (g) Yield (t/ha) Control (0 S) 96 10.8 187 20.5 1,799b 555 397 493 9.02 10 kg S/ha 101 10.3 176 20.3 1,734b 662 459 597 8.47 20 kg S/ha 99 11.9 179 20.2 2,275a 627 445 527 10.80 30 kg S/ha 96 11.0 169 20.2 1,812b 623 402 525 8.65 40 kg S/ha 99 10.5 164 20.1 2,181a 566 441 493 7.56 Significant level ns ns ns ns * ns ns ns ns

Trial No. 8 Fertilizer Management Trials on the Rice- Gram Cropping System This was the third rice crop season for the long-term trial on the rice-gram system studying the carryover effect of P and K on the subsequent crop with UDP applied on the rice crop. Four treatments were tested with three replications. This was also the second rice season testing the

P2O5 and K2O rates of 60 kg/ha. The long-term trial could be continued at only one location, Thar Kwin, Einme. The two trials at other locations were discontinued due to unwillingness of the farmer to continue and an ownership change.

Significant results at P(0.05) were found in yield and fresh biomass straw weight. The other characteristics were not significant. The response of the characteristics to treatments was not consistent. Plant height, number of panicles per hill, and biomass straw weights showed their highest values with Treatment 1, in which the full amount of P and K (60 kg/ha each) was applied. The biomass grain weights and 1,000 grain weight had their highest values with Treatment 2, in which half the amount of P and K (30 kg/ha each) was applied. Panicle length

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and number of spikelets and grains per panicle were at their maximum with Treatment 4, in which no P or K was applied on rice but the full amount of P and K (60 kg/ha each) had been applied on the gram crop plus crop residue from the gram crop. The effects of P and K application on those traits were inconsistent and difficult to explain. The explanation for one trait may not agree with that for another trait. (Refer to Data of Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System at Thar Kwin, Einme.)

The yield was significant, and the highest yield (5.63 t/ha) was produced by Treatment 3, in which no P or K fertilizer and no gram residue was applied on the rice crop but the full amount of P (60 kg P2O5/ha) and K (60 kg K2O/ha) had been applied on the previous gram crop. The highest yield was not statistically different from the second highest yield (5.60 t/ha) produced by Treatment 1, in which 60 kg/ha each of P2O5 and K2O were applied, or the third highest yield (5.57 t/ha) produced by Treatment 4, in which no P or K was applied but there was residue from the gram crop in which the full amount of P and K was applied. Treatment 2, in which half the amount of P and K was applied on the rice crop, gave a significantly low yield of 5.45 t/ha; this was not significantly different from the second lowest yield of 5.57 t/ha with Treatment 4. (Refer to Data of Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System at Thar Kwin, Einme.)

The results indicate that P and K can come either from carryover of the gram crop or from application directly on the crop. This means that there was a carryover effect of P and K applied to the gram crop on the subsequent rice crop. This effect was revealed this rice season, which is the third cropping cycle. In the second cycle, this effect was not seen, possibly because a lower amount of P and K was applied in the earlier cycles that could have been consumed by the gram crop with a negligible amount remaining for the rice crop. This time the higher rate of P and K was applied and possibly remained in the soil for the rice crop. Residual moisture content in the gram season is often inadequate to dissolve all P and K to make it available to the gram crop. The third highest yield (5.57 t/ha) was not statistically different from the highest (5.63 t/ha), and the second highest yield (5.60 t/ha) also indicated that incorporation of residue from the gram crop with full P and K application gave a certain benefit to the subsequent rice crop. This effect was not clear until the end of second cropping cycle. Therefore, the benefit of crop residue application is expected to increase if it can be practiced continuously. Quicker or slower response to crop residue depends on the biomass of the gram crop, which depends on residual moisture to produce a good yield with more biomass.

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Trial No. 9 Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice- Gram System With Starter N on Gram This is the second rice crop of the rice-gram system testing the effect of starter N on the gram crop. It is a long-term trial on the rice-gram system conducted on broadcast rice at Anauk Ywa in Thonegwa township.

ANOVA showed no significant results in any trait, including yield. Variability in results was observed. Plant heights from plots with UDP application (110 cm, 112 cm, and 108 cm) were taller than those from plots with PU application (108 cm, 104 cm, and 104 cm). UDP clearly could provide more N to rice plants than PU. The number of panicles per square meter was highest (279/m2) with UDP and full P and K application treatment. UDP with 0 P and 0 K had the same number of panicles per square meter (244/m2) as PU with 0 P and 0 K. UDP without P and K did not seem to improve the number of panicles per unit area. However, that is a difficult conclusion to make because the seed broadcasting practice presented an uneven population. Uneven germination often occurred with broadcast rice. The number of spikelets and number of grains per panicle were high with UDP + 0 P and 0 K and PU with 60 kg/ha

each of P2O5 and K2O. UDP + 0 P and 0 K gave 217 spikelets and 193 grains per panicle and

PU + 60 kg/ha each of P2O5 and K2O on which starter N was applied to the previous gram crop gave 211 spikelets and 196 grains per panicle. According to these results, both urea and basal fertilizer are important to produce fully developed panicles. Biomass weights were the highest with Treatment 6, in which PU was applied with the full amount of P and K, and with Treatment 5, in which UDP was applied with the full amount of P and K. Both treatments used starter N at 14 kg urea/acre on the gram crop. Thus, high biomass weights could result from the N applied on both crops. Some of the N applied on the gram crop may have had carryover effect on the rice crop. (Refer to Data of Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System With Starter N at Anauk Ywa, Thonegwa.) However, no significant differences were noted in any of the traits.

The yield was also not different among treatments. PU + no P and K basal fertilizer gave the highest yield at 4.29 t/ha, while PU with full basal fertilizer produced 3.90 t/ha, which was difficult to explain. This could suggest that P and K are not important in this soil. The second highest yield of 4.14 t/ha was produced by Treatment 5, in which UDP and the full amount of P and K were applied and starter N had been applied on the previous gram crop. Treatment 1, in which UDP and full basal fertilizers were applied but no starter N on the gram crop, gave the third highest yield at 3.92 t/ha. This was similar to 3.90 t/ha given by PU and full basal

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treatment with no starter N. As an average, UDP produced a lower yield (3.84 t/ha) than PU (4.01 t/ha). (Refer to Data of Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System With Starter N at Anauk Ywa, Thonegwa.) P and K seem to be important somehow. The results indicate inconsistency in yield. Variable and inconsistent results like these are often found in trials conducted with broadcast rice. Broadcast rice needs good land leveling, with uniform broadcasting and germination, which does not typically occur with broadcast practice, especially in the farmers’ fields in the Delta regions.

Trial No. 10 UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial UDP technology was evaluated under submerged conditions for the second time this wet season. The trial was planned for three submergence-prone areas, but one location failed (see Trial Failures). Two locations were harvested. UDP technology was studied against the farmers’ practice of fertilizer management with two different varieties, i.e., farmers’ preferred variety and a submergence-tolerant variety (Swarna sub1). The farmer at Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt, used Sin Thu Kha, which is the most popular high-yielding variety, and the farmer at Mayan, Kunchangone, used Bay Gyar Lay, a local tall variety.

Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt – ANOVA showed significant differences in most traits, including yield. Only four traits – panicle length, number of spikelets and grains per panicle, and 1,000 grain weight – were not significant. The yield and fresh biomass straw and grain weights were

significant at P(0.01), and the dry biomass straw and grain weights, plant height, and number of

panicles per hill were significant at P(0.05). (Refer to Data of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions at Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt.) Plant height was taller with UDP than FP for both varieties. Swarna sub1 was significantly taller with UDP than with FP at 114 cm and 109 cm, respectively. Sin Thu Kha was also taller with UDP than with FP, but 114 cm with UDP was not statistically different than 112 cm with FP. The number of tillers per hill had the same type of response to fertilizer practices for both varieties. More tillers were produced with UDP than with FP. Swarna sub1 had 14.2 and 12.7 panicles/hill with UDP and FP, respectively, which was not statistically different. Sin Thu Kha had 13.3 panicles per hill with UDP, which was significantly higher than 10.7 panicles per hill produced with FP. Biomass straw and grain weights were greater with UDP than with FP for both varieties. However, within the same variety, almost all biomass weights, except for fresh straw, were not significantly different between UDP and FP. Fresh straw weight with UDP was significantly higher than that with FP

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on Sin Thu Kha. Swarna sub1 had a significantly higher biomass than Sin Thu Kha with the same fertilizer practice (Table 11).

The yields of both varieties were not significantly different between fertilizer practices. Sin Thu Kha produced the same yield (5.15 t/ha) with both fertilizer practices (FP and UDP). Swarna sub1 produced a slightly higher yield with FP than with UDP at 6.57 t/ha and 6.38 t/ha, respectively. A significant difference was found between varieties only. Swarna sub1 produced more yield than Sin Thu Kha with both fertilizer practices. As an average across fertilizer practices, Swarna sub1 produced 6.48 t/ha, which was significantly higher than 5.15 t/ha produced by Sin Thu Kha (Table 12). Therefore, UDP could improve some important traits and biomass weights for both varieties but not yield.

Submerged conditions were not noted at Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt, during the season. Both varieties performed well. However, standing water was deeper than 30 cm during the whole season. Sin Thu Kha, which gave less yield than Swarna sub1, may be affected by such deep water conditions, though it survived. In this trial, UDP yield (5.77 t/ha) was not better than FP yield (5.86 t/ha). However, improvement in other significant traits, such as plant height and biomass weights, was observed (Table 11 and Table 12).

Mayan, Kunchangone – ANOVA showed significant differences in five parameters and no differences in six parameters. Plant height and dry biomass straw weight were significant at

P(0.01), and panicle length and fresh and dry biomass grain were significant at P(0.05). The yield, number of panicles per hill, number of spikelets and grains per panicle, 1,000 grain weight, and fresh biomass straw weight were not significantly different among treatments. (Refer to Data of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions at Mayan, Kunchangone.)

According to LSD(0.05), there was no difference in plant height between the two fertilizer practices, but there was a significant difference between the two varieties. The plant height of Bay Gyar Lay was significantly taller than that of Swarna sub1. This is because Bay Gyar Lay is a local tall variety and Swarna sub1 is a semi-dwarf high-yielding variety. Although not significant, both varieties were taller with UDP than with FP. Bay Gyar Lay was 139 cm high with UDP and 129 cm high with FP. Swarna sub1 was 98 cm high with UDP and 91 cm high with FP (Table 11). Dry biomass straw weight was significantly different, and the Bay Gyar Lay variety with UDP gave the significantly highest dry straw weight (539 g). The second highest dry straw weight (376 g) was also produced by Bay Gyar Lay with FP, but it was not

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different from the dry straw weight of Swanar sub1 with UDP (341 g) or Swarna sub1 with FP (265 g). Therefore, UDP significantly improved the dry biomass straw weight of Bay Gyar Lay because it is a taller plant with large vegetation. UDP did not improve the dry biomass straw weight of Swarna sub1. Fresh and dry biomass grain weights of Swarna sub1 were greater than those of Bay Gyar Lay. The fresh grain weight of Swarna sub1 with UDP was 363 g and the dry weight was 324 g. Bay Gyar Lay with UDP had a fresh grain weight of 206 g and a dry grain weight of 172 g. With FP, Swarna sub1 had a fresh grain weight of 280 g and a dry grain weight of 255 g, while those of Bay Gyar Lay were 220 g and 201 g, respectively. Dry grain weights of Swarna sub1 were significantly higher than those of Bay Gyar Lay for both fertilizer practices. Fresh grain weight of Swarna sub1 with UDP was significantly higher than those of Bay Gyar Lay with both UDP and FP. The weight of Swarna sub1 with FP was not significantly different than those of Bay Gyar Lay. According to the LSD(0.05) calculation, there was no difference due to fertilizer practice for either variety (Table 11). The difference was between varieties only. This is because Swarna sub1 is a high-yielding improved variety giving more grain weight than Bay Gyar Lay. Bay Gyar Lay is a local tall variety giving more straw weight than Swarna sub1.

The yield was not significantly different at Mayan, Kunchangone. However, Swarna sub1 gave a higher yield than Bay Gyar Lay with both fertilizer practices. With FP, Swarna sub1 produced 2.92 t/ha and Bay Gyar Lay produced 2.45 t/ha. With UDP, Swarna sub1 produced 4.49 t/ha and Bay Gyar Lay produced 3.24 t/ha. As an average across fertilizer practices, Swarna sub1 produced 3.71 t/ha and Bay Gyar Lay produced 2.84 t/ha. The high-yielding improved variety produces a greater yield than the local variety. Comparing fertilizer practices, UDP was more effective than FP. UDP gave a greater yield than FP for both varieties. Bay Gyar Lay gave 2.45 t/ha and 3.24 t/ha with FP and UDP, respectively. Swarna sub1 gave 2.92 t/ha and 4.49 t/ha with FP and UDP, respectively. As an average across varieties, UDP produced 3.87 t/ha and FP produced 2.68 t/ha (Table 12). But there was no significant difference between varieties or between fertilizer practices. Submerged conditions were noted for five days at Mayan, Kunchangone. Swarna sub1 was totally underwater for five days but Bay Gyar Lay was not, since it is a tall variety. During the season, there was deep water most of the time with no way for it to drain out. Transplanting had to be done in deep water at Mayan, Kunchangone (Photo 3). Layout, bunds, and basal fertilizer application were difficult to accomplish. Bay Gyar Lay is a tall variety that does not go completely underwater if minor flooding occurs. Farmers in the Delta regions are still growing local tall varieties, such as Paw San, Mee Done, Nga Kywe, etc., in such deep water areas. High production is not expected.

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Table 11 Component Traits of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial at Test Locations

Grain -

Location Panicle

Treatment Plant Height (cm) Panicles No. of per Hill No. Grainsof per 1,000 Weight (g) Fresh Straw Weight (g) Fresh Grain Weight (g) Straw Dry Weight (g) Dry Grain Weight (g) Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt (Sin Thu Kha) Sin Thu Kha with FP 112ab 10.7ba 169 19.7 1,018ca 349b 626ca 558b Sin Thu Kha with UDP 114aa 13.3aa 171 19.2 1,091ba 359b 670bc 568b Swarna sub1 with FP 109ba 12.7ab 169 20.5 1,241ab 462a 741ab 708a Swarna sub1 with UDP 114aa 14.2aa 156 20.4 1,264aa 433a 771aa 668a Significant level * * ns ns ** ** * * Mayan, Kunchangone (Bay Gyar Lay) Bay Gyar Lay with FP 129a 10.1 103 20.6 928 220ba 376b 201bc Bay Gyar Lay with UDP 139a 11.0 107 21.0 1,208 206ba 539a 172ca Swarna sub1 with FP 91b 11.3 125 21.4 712 280ab 265b 255ab Swarna sub1 with UDP 98b 14.1 138 20.6 993 363aa 341b 324aa Significant level ** ns ns ns ns * ** *

Table 12 Treatment Yields of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial at Test Locations Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt Mayan, Kunchangone Yield Variety Fertilizer Yield Variety Fertilizer Treatment (t/ha) Average Average (t/ha) Average Average Farmers’ variety with FP 5.15b 5.15 5.86 2.45 2.84 2.68 Farmers’ variety with UDP 5.15b 5.77 3.24 3.87 Swarna sub1 with FP 6.57a 6.48 2.92 3.71 Swarna sub1 with UDP 6.38a 4.49 Significant level ** ns

According to results from the submergence trials, UDP can be applied effectively in an area of submerged or deep water. The variety can be chosen by the farmer. They can grow high- yielding varieties, such as Sin Thu Kha, a variety widely grown in areas where water is not too deep, or local tall varieties in areas where the water depth is always more than 1.5 feet. The submergence-tolerant variety Swarna sub1 is still not popular in the region but is suitable for submerged conditions for up to two weeks. UDP application may be difficult in deep water. In such deep water areas, farmers still use tall varieties by transplanting method. They use a transplanting stick (fork) when transplanting seedlings of at least 45 days old. Topdressing with urea fertilizer is never practiced.

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Conclusion

UDP on Direct Seeded Rice Trials Of two locations, the trial at Magyi Kan, Kawhmu, showed a significant yield difference. The trial at Bawine, Pantanaw, did not show a significant yield difference among treatments, but plant height and panicle length were significant. The insignificant result may be due to initial soil N content. The control plot with 0 N treatment gave a high yield (5.08 t/ha) at Pantanaw, and the yield improvement with N fertilizer application was not significant. At Magyi Kan,

Kawhmu, the number of panicles per hill was significant at P(0.05). The other traits were not significantly different. (Refer to Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Bawine, Pantanaw, and Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Magyi Kan, Kawhmu.) UDP application, whether at seeding time or 25 DAS, gave more yield than urea broadcasting and the control plot. The control plot gave the lowest yield at both locations. UDP at seeding time gave a higher yield than UDP at 25 DAS at Bawine, Pantanaw, but this was not significant. At Magyi Kan, Kawhmu, the result was the opposite; UDP at 25 DAS produced more yield than UDP at seeding, and this was significant. UDP at 25 DAS had an extremely high yield (Table 6). According to the results, UDP can improve the rice yield of direct seeded rice with 20 cm x 20 cm spacing. It can be applied at seeding time or 25 DAS. However, manually spaced seeding and sequential application of UDP at seeding time is impractical. UDP should be applied just before seeding or at germination. Application of UDP at 25 DAS is possible and can be precisely applied. The direct seeding practice is no longer used in farmers’ fields due to a lack of labor. Another direct seeding method, like drum seeding, should be considered, but it is not currently practiced in the Delta region because of a lack of skilled labor.

Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial This trial was designed to determine the effectiveness of compound fertilizer that farmers apply on rice. Farmers’ practice of compound fertilizer + urea with additional gypsum (Treatment 1) and compound + gypsum only (Treatment 4) were compared to balanced fertilization using compound fertilizer with PU, TSP, and gypsum (Treatment 3) or a balance of single element fertilizer, TSP, MOP, and gypsum with N applied as UDP (Treatment 2). The trial was conducted at one location in The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya.

ANOVA showed significant differences in nearly half of the recorded parameters, including yield. (Refer to Data of Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial at The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya.) The results reveal that balanced fertilization with TSP, MOP, gypsum,

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and UDP is the best fertilizer practice. It gave the highest yield (9.94 t/ha) and the highest values in almost all traits. The highest yield (9.94 t/ha) was significantly higher than with all other treatments. Plant height (122 cm), panicles per hill (10.0), grains per panicle (181), and biomass straw and grain weights were highest with balanced fertilization with UDP. All significant characteristics were statistically higher than with all other treatments (Table 7). The second highest yield (8.25 t/ha) was produced with balanced fertilization with compound fertilizer and PU. Farmers’ practice of compound and urea gave the third highest yield at 7.86 t/ha, which was lower than both balanced fertilization treatments. Compound fertilizer with gypsum gave the lowest yield at 7.76 t/ha (Table 7). Therefore, farmers’ practice using compound fertilizer and urea could not supply enough nutrients, especially P and K. Balanced fertilization with straight or compound fertilizer could improve rice yield. Applying compound fertilizer was more costly than applying straight P and K fertilizer. The difference between the balanced treatments (Treatments 2 and 3) was between UDP and PU. UDP technology, therefore, is found to be the most effective application for N.

Different N Rates Trial With UDP and PU This trial was conducted on the soil at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi, in which N was found to be deficient according to the omission pot trial. It was designed to determine how much N fertilizer is needed to produce the maximum yield on transplanted rice.

ANOVA using a split block design showed no significant differences in any recorded traits among the N rates. The interaction of urea formulation and the rate also was not significant. However, the control plot (0 N) gave the lowest yield with both UDP and PU. The yield of the control plot was 3.69 t/ha with UDP and 3.28 t/ha with PU. Applying N fertilizer improved the rice yield. With UDP, only 50 kg N/ha was needed to produce the maximum yield of 4.94 t/ha. The yield decreased when the N rate was increased from 50 kg N/ha (Figure 2). The other yield-contributing characteristics, except for biomass straw weight, showed their highest values with the N rate of 50 kg/ha. Biomass straw weight continued to increase with up to 150 kg N/ha (Table 9). Therefore, if the N rate was increased from 50 kg/ha with UDP, only vegetative growth was enhanced, but grain production was not. With PU, the yield increased when the N rate was increased from 50 kg/ha. An N rate of 150 kg/ha produced the maximum yield (4.49 t/ha), and the yield decreased when N was applied at 200 kg/ha (Figure 2). The number of grains per panicle and biomass straw and grain weights also were the highest with the 150 kg N/ha rate. But plant height and panicle length showed their highest values with 200 kg N/ha (Table 8). Although not significant, these results indicate that the soil was deficient in N since

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the lowest yield was given with 0 N. Less urea is needed with UDP than with PU to get the highest yield. To produce the highest yield, UDP was needed at 50 kg N/ha, which is close to the urea rate of FP using PU. But the PU treatment was needed at 150 kg N/ha, which is a very high rate for farmers. Urea application should be performed along with balanced fertilization of P, K, and S. The results confirm the higher nutrient efficiency of N application with UDP than with PU. Farmers should use this more efficient application method to obtain maximum yield with less urea.

Different P Rates Trial This trial was established in the same location at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi, where the N rate trial was conducted. The soil was also deficient in P according to the omission pot trial.

ANOVA found there were no significant differences among treatments in any recorded traits. There were variations among the traits. Plant height and biomass grain weights were the highest with a P rate of 50 kg P2O5/ha, which was the lowest P rate applied except for control. Number of grains per panicle, biomass straw weights, and 1,000 grain weight were the highest with 100

kg P2O5/ha. Panicle length was longest with 150 kg P2O5/ha. The control plot had the highest number of panicles per hill (11.3) and spikelets per panicle (201). (Refer to Data of Different N Rates Trial Using UDP and PU at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi.)

The yield was not significant among treatments. However, the control plot with 0 kg P2O5/ha produced the lowest yield (7.70 t/ha). The yield increased with increasing the P rate up to 150

kg P2O5/ha; it was 8.18 t/ha with 50 kg P2O5/ha, 8.38 t/ha with 100 kg P2O5/ha, and 9.26 t/ha

with 150 kg P2O5/ha. The yield decreased to 8.23 t/ha when the P rate was increased to 200 kg

P2O5/ha (Figure 3).

The results indicate that P also is deficient in the soil at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi. It is more critical than N. The yield could be improved by nearly 0.5 t/ha with P fertilizer application at 50 kg

P2O5/ha. The soil needs 150 kg P2O5/ha for maximum production. Less than that amount may be more economical with optimum production.

Different K Rates Trial The K rate trial was on the same soil at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi, where K was found to be deficient according to the omission pot trial.

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ANOVA showed that plant height was highly significant between treatments at P(0.01), and

number of grains per panicle was significant at P(0.05). The other traits, including yield, were

not significant. The tallest plant (103 cm) was produced with the application of 150 kg K2O/ha. It was significantly taller than with other treatments. Plant heights with other treatments ranged from 98 cm to 100 cm, which were not statistically different. Number of grains per panicle was

greatest at 184 with 200 kg K2O/ha; this was significantly higher than with other treatments. (Refer to Data of Different K Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi.)

The yield was not significant. But the yield increased with increasing the rate of K2O. The

highest yield (10.18 t/ha) was produced with a K rate of 150 kg K2O /ha. When the K rate was

increased from 150 kg K2O/ha to 200 kg K2O/ha, the yield decreased. A K rate of 200 kg

K2O/ha produced 8.84 t/ha, which was lower than 9.06 t/ha produced by 100 kg K2O/ha and

higher than 7.49 t/ha produced by 50 kg K2O/ha. The control plot produced the lowest yield at 6.78 t/ha (Figure 4). The results indicate that K was deficient in the test soil. The yield was improved by applying K fertilizer. According to yield results, although not significant, 150 kg

K2O/ha is needed for maximum production.

Different S Rates Trial

ANOVA showed only one trait, fresh straw weight, was significant at P(0.05). Other traits were not significantly different among treatments. Biomass straw weight was greatest with an S rate of 20 kg S/ha. It was not significantly different from the second highest fresh straw weight of 2,181 g produced with the highest S rate (40 kg S/ha). The other biomass straw weights were not significantly different, ranging from 1,734 g to 1,832 g. Dry biomass straw weight and biomass grain weights were highest with the lowest S application rate of 10 kg S/ha. Number of panicles per hill and number of spikelets and grains per panicle also were the highest with 20 kg S/ha. (Refer to Data of Different S Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi.)

The yield also was the highest (10.08 t/ha) with 20 kg S/ha. The yield decreased when the S rate was increased to 30 kg S/ha and 40 kg S/ha. Even though the control plot gave the second highest yield (9.02 t/ha), the test soil could be deficient in sulfur since application of S at 20 kg S/ha improved the rice yield. A rate of up to 20 kg S/ha, but no higher, should be recommended to improve rice yield. Later, TSP was found to contain a certain amount of S due to its production process. Therefore, the control plot in this trial received S from the TSP, resulting in a high yield.

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All of the rate trials for N, P, K, and S were conducted on the soil at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi, where these elements were identified as deficient according to the omission pot trials. All rate trials showed the lowest yield with the control plots except for the S rates trial. N is assumed to be the most limiting element, since the 0 N plot had a very low yield at 3.69 t/ha in the UDP trial and 3.28 t/ha in the PU trial. The second most limiting element was K with a yield at 0 K of 6.78 t/ha, followed by P and S. The yield could be improved with application of N, P, K, and S. Generally, the rice yield could be improved by around 35% with N fertilizer application, and less N is needed with UDP than with PU. With UDP and PU, 50 kg N/ha (Rate 1) and 150 kg N/ha, respectively, were required for this soil. With application of P and S, the yield

could be improved by about 20%. P at 150 kg P2O5/ha and S at 20 kg S/ha would be needed.

Application of K could improve the rice yield by 50%, and a rate of 150 kg K2O/ha is needed (Table 13). Based on yield improvement, K is shown to be the responsive element, followed by N and P or S.

Table 13 Yield and Yield Increase of Different Treatments Over Control from Rate Trials at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi

Increase

Yield Increase Yield Increase Yield Increase Yield Increase Yield

Treatment Yield (t/ha) % Over Control Yield (t/ha) % Over Control Yield (t/ha) % Over Control Yield (t/ha) % Over Control Yield (t/ha) % Over Control UDP Treatment PU Treatment P Treatment K Treatment S Treatment Control 3.69 3.28 7.70 6.78 9.02 Rate 1 4.94 33.6 3.65 11.2 8.18 6.3 7.49 10.5 8.47 -6.1 Rate 2 4.22 14.2 3.76 14.5 8.38 8.9 9.06 33.7 10.80 19.8 Rate 3 3.51 -5.0 4.49 36.9 9.26 20.3 10.18 50.2 8.65 -4.1 Rate 4 3.80 2.8 3.90 18.8 8.23 7.0 8.84 30.5 7.56 -16.1 Note: Rates 1-4 are 50 kg, 100 kg, 150 kg, and 200 kg for N, P2O5, and K2O and 10 kg, 20 kg, 30 kg, and 40 kg for S.

Fertilizer Management Trials on the Rice-Gram Cropping System This was the beginning of the third cycle of the rice-gram system with the third rice crop. After the first cycle, there was no significant carryover effect of P and K on the subsequent crop.

That was assumed to be due to inadequate rates of P and K application; 40 kg P2O5/ha and 40

kg K2O/ha were applied on both crops. The second cycle used higher rates of P and K (60 kg/ha each). The second cycle also showed no carryover effect on the subsequent crop. However,

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application of the full amount of P and K on each crop gave high yields for both the rice and the gram crop.

This season was the beginning of second cycle with P and K rates of 60 kg/ha each. ANOVA showed significant results at P(0.05) on yield and fresh biomass straw weight. The other characteristics were not significant. The rice with half the amount of P and K (30 kg/ha each) gave the lowest yield at 5.45 t/ha. The plot received the same amount of P and K on the gram crop. The results indicate that P and K applied on the gram crop was used by the gram crop, and no significant amount remained for the rice crop. P and K applications of 30 kg/ha each on the rice crop seemed inadequate to produce a high yield. This yield was statistically not different from the second lowest yield (5.57 t/ha) produced by no P and K but with crop residue applied on the rice after the full amount of P and K had been applied on the gram crop. The carryover effect of P and K from the gram crop may be equivalent to 30 kg/ha. All P and K may not have been absorbed by the gram crop. An appreciable amount may have remained for the rice crop. Crop residue still did not show an effect on the rice, since the yield (5.57 t/ha) was similar to or a little lower than the yield (5.63 t/ha) of the same P and K treatment without crop residue, which was the highest yield. The second highest yield (5.60 t/ha) was given by the full P and K application treatment. The results indicate that, if there were leftover P and K from the gram crop, the rice did not need the full amount (60 kg/ha) of P and K application. However, availability of nutrients to the gram crop largely depends on soil moisture content, which is low in the dry season. If there was an irrigation system in the dry season, this amount of P and K could have been taken up by the gram crop with no carryover effect shown on the rice crop. The effect of gram crop residue on rice yield is not significant due to less biomass of gram crop within two crop cycles. Longer term application of crop residue is needed to improve soil physical properties and rice yield.

Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System With Starter N on Gram This was the second rice crop of the second cycle in the rice-gram system. Unlike the first rice crop of the first cycle, there was no significant difference in any traits, and this was compounded by the results being variable among traits. In this season as an average across different basal fertilizer applications, UDP yield was not better than PU. UDP produced 3.84 t/ha and PU produced 4.01 t/ha. That was because the yield (3.44 t/ha) of UDP with 0 P and 0 K was much lower than that (4.29 t/ha) of PU with the same basal. UDP with the full amount (60 kg/ha) of P and K produced more yield than PU with the same basal. But

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differences were very small. Among UDP application treatments, plots with basal fertilizer application gave more yield than those without. However, among PU applied treatments, the yield was better without basal than with basal. The results make it difficult to reach a conclusion on the best fertilizer application method. The trial was conducted on broadcast rice and seeds were broadcast on uneven land, leading to uneven germination. Plant population in any given area varied. Harvesting broadcast rice can be difficult, and crop cut area was smaller than that specified by the protocol.

UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial Two out of three locations could be harvested – one at Kangyidaunt and one at Kunchangone. Both showed significant differences in many traits. The Kangyidaunt harvest showed that all biomass weights, plant height, number of panicle per hill, and yield were significant. Two yield-contributing characteristics – number of grains per panicle and 1,000 grain weight – were not significant. The Kunchangone harvest showed plant height, panicle length, dry straw weight, and biomass grain weights were significant. The yield was not significant and neither were some yield-determining traits, such as number of panicles per hill, number of grains per panicle, and 1,000 grain weight (Table 11 and Table 12).

Both varieties gave higher values with UDP than that with FP in many traits at Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt. Significant traits, such as plant height, number of panicles per hill, and most biomass weights of both varieties, were higher with UDP than that with FP. However, the number of grains per panicle and biomass grain weights of Swarna sub1 were higher with FP than with UDP (Table 11).

The significant yield difference at Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt, was due to variety. The yields of both varieties with different fertilizer practices were not significantly different. Sin Thu Kha gave the same yield (5.15 t/ha) with UDP and FP. Swarna sub1 produced a yield of 6.57 t/ha with FP and 6.38 t/ha with UDP, which was not significantly different although FP was slightly higher than UDP. However, Swarna sub1 gave a significantly higher yield than Sin Thu Kha. As an average across fertilizer practices, Swarna sub1 produced 6.48 t/ha and Sin Thu Kha produced 5.15 t/ha.

At Mayan, Kunchangone, ANOVA showed five significant traits and six traits that were not significant. Plant height, panicle length, dry biomass straw weight, and biomass grains weight were significant. The other traits and yield were not significant. (Refer to Data of UDP

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 39

Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions at Mayan, Kunchangone.) Bay Gyar Lay, a tall variety, was significantly taller than Swarna sub1. The same trend was observed in biomass straw weights; some were significant and some were not. But biomass grain weights of Swarna sub1 were higher than those of Bay Gyar Lay (Table 11). The yields of Swarna sub1 with both fertilizer practices were higher than those of Bay Gyar Lay though not significant. As an average across fertilizer practices, Swarna sub1 gave 3.71 t/ha and Bay Gyar Lay gave 2.84 t/ha. Both varieties produced higher yields with UDP than with FP. As an average, UDP produced 3.87 t/ha and FP produced 2.68 t/ha. The results indicate that both varieties were more productive with UDP than with FP (Table 12). This trial encountered submerged conditions for five days during the season. However, Bay Gyar Lay was not completely underwater. Swarna sub1, a submergence-tolerant variety, was not affected by five days underwater. Therefore, Swarna sub1, as a high-yielding variety, produced a higher yield than Bay Gyar Lay, a local non-HYV.

Both trials showed UDP application is more efficient than broadcast PU. But manual UDP application in such deep water areas is not practical. Water depth at transplanting is often around 1.5 feet. Farmers in the area are growing local tall varieties, which are less responsive to fertilizer, especially urea. Farmers transplant the seedling using a transplanting stick with a fork on the tip in deep water and apply little to no fertilizer.

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Appendix 1. Data Sheets

Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Bawine, Pantanaw Exp. Design 4 x 3 RCB Treatments Location Bawine, Pantanaw 1 Control (0 N) Year/season 2017 wet Season 2 UDP at seeding time Farmer U Sein Win 3 UDP at 25 DAS Variety Sinthukha 4 PU broadcast Plot size 256 sq ft. UDP date 18-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Sowing Date 23-Jun Harvest date 6-Nov Harvested hills 225 Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 0 N 6-Oct 135 113 8.0 24.7 185 160 86.8 1189 526 457 465 22.8 4160 3846 20.5 4.27 2 UDP(seeding) 6-Oct 135 129 13.0 24.9 237 210 88.8 1686 684 591 616 20.8 6500 6462 14.5 7.18 3 UDP at 25DAS 6-Oct 135 123 11.8 25.5 242 225 92.8 1470 650 511 581 20.4 6345 6087 17.5 6.76 4 PU B'st 6-Oct 135 112 11.0 24.7 131 120 91.9 1250 536 417 485 32.3 4820 4540 19.0 5.04 1 0 N 6-Oct 135 111 11.4 23.0 180 160 88.7 1168 507 423 459 20.5 5445 5223 17.5 5.80 2 UDP(seeding) 6-Oct 135 127 12.2 24.1 171 169 98.5 1847 648 657 606 23.5 5800 5699 15.5 6.33 3 UDP at 25DAS 6-Oct 135 127 11.8 25.5 212 180 85.2 1512 613 559 573 22.4 5470 5368 15.6 5.96 4 PU B'st 6-Oct 135 116 11.6 24.6 197 172 87.3 1438 602 488 518 22.4 5680 5370 18.7 5.97 1 0 N 6-Oct 135 115 9.8 23.1 154 130 84.4 1320 675 528 588 24.6 4900 4649 18.4 5.17 2 UDP(seeding) 6-Oct 135 130 9.2 26.0 210 196 93.3 1293 472 472 422 22.0 5805 5522 18.2 6.14 3 UDP at 25DAS 6-Oct 135 127 11.4 26.0 224 200 89.0 1452 518 543 461 22.4 5610 5486 15.9 6.10 4 PU B'st 6-Oct 135 112 11.4 24.6 189 165 87.2 1615 625 557 557 20.7 4995 4629 20.3 5.14 Average values 1 0 N 135 113 9.7 23.6 173 150 86.7 1226 569 469 504 22.7 4573 5.08 2 UDP(seeding) 135 129 11.5 25.0 206 192 93.0 1609 601 574 548 22.1 5894 6.55 3 UDP at 25DAS 135 126 11.7 25.7 226 202 89.2 1478 594 538 538 21.8 5647 6.27 4 PU B'st 135 113 11.3 24.6 172 152 88.4 1434 588 487 520 25.2 4846 5.38 F test ** ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns CV (%) 1.9 2.7 LSD(0.05) 4.6 1.3

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Data of UDP on DSR Trial at Magyi Kan, Kawhmu Exp. Design 4 x 3 RCB Location Magyi Kan, Kawhmu Treatments Year/season 2017 Wet Season 1 Control (0 N) Farmer U Zaw Htay 2 UDP at seeding time Variety Sin Thu Kha 3 UDP at 25 DAS Plot size 256 sq ft. 4 PU broadcast Sowing Date 22-Jul UDP date 17-Aug Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Harvest date 23-Nov Harvested hills 225

Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 0 N 4-Nov 135 75 13.8 17.2 75 67 89.5 410 125 150 123 18.6 945 907 17.5 2.27 2 UDP(seeding) 4-Nov 135 86 16 20.4 142 125 88.0 756 176 273 157 20.0 3090 2821 21.5 7.05 3 UDP at 25DAS 4-Nov 135 97 13.2 19.7 126 105 83.3 669 193 242 165 18.7 2970 2801 18.9 7.00 4 PU B'st 4-Nov 135 82 10.6 20.8 129 120 93.2 472 62 168 54 19.5 2277 2153 18.7 5.38 1 0 N 4-Nov 135 102 9.2 21.4 135 124 91.9 706 174 195 151 19.5 896 835 19.9 2.09 2 UDP(seeding) 4-Nov 135 86 15.2 17.9 107 91 85.0 564 39 209 36 18.9 1305 2655 20.6 6.64 3 UDP at 25DAS 4-Nov 135 105 12.2 22.3 147 136 92.8 1266 278 353 155 19.1 4366 4031 20.6 10.08 4 PU B'st 4-Nov 135 86 9.8 19.6 111 100 90.3 399 79 138 74 19.0 2291 2080 21.9 5.20 1 0 N 4-Nov 135 92 9.4 19.2 113 109 95.9 345 31 130 28 19.3 1490 1373 20.7 3.43 2 UDP(seeding) 4-Nov 135 93 15.2 20.4 221 190 85.9 787 120 267 98 22.0 2365 2252 18.1 5.63 3 UDP at 25DAS 4-Nov 135 104 14.2 22.5 155 146 94.4 837 117 257 106 19.7 4534 4065 22.9 10.16 4 PU B'st 4-Nov 135 81 12.6 17.6 72 67 93.0 625 95 215 80 20.1 2615 2399 21.1 6.00 Average values 1 0 N 135 90 10.8 19.3 108 100 92.8 487 110 158 101 19.1 1038 2.60 2 UDP(seeding) 135 89 15.5 19.6 156 135 86.4 703 111 250 97 20.3 2576 6.44 3 UDP at 25DAS 135 102 13.2 21.5 142 129 90.6 924 196 284 142 19.2 3632 9.08 4 PU B'st 135 83 11.0 19.3 104 96 92.1 499 79 174 69 19.5 2210 5.53 F test ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ** CV (%) 11.8 18.8 LSD 3.0 2.2 (0.05)

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Data of Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial at The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya Exp. Design 4 x 3 RCB Location The Pyay Chung, Myaungmya Year/season 2017 Wet Season F1 = Compd + Gyp + PU Farmer U Win Thein F2 = Balanced with TSP, MOP, Gyp + UDP Variety Sinthukha F3 = Balanced with Compound used PU Plot size 256 sq ft. F4 = Compd + Gypsum only Sowing Date 7-Jun UDP date 12-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Transplant Date 4-Jul Harvest date 8-Nov Harvested hills 225

Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 F1 26-Sep 141 112 6.2 23.1 194 170 87.5 1882 453 596 426 21.2 3140 2990 18.1 7.48 2 F2 26-Sep 141 119 9.6 24.7 204 184 90.4 2447 618 778 536 20.6 3940 3734 18.5 9.33 3 F3 26-Sep 141 112 10.0 23.4 183 157 85.8 1771 359 539 332 20.7 3445 3253 18.8 8.13 4 F4 26-Sep 141 113 10.0 22.5 181 151 83.4 1647 348 534 326 20.1 3210 2982 20.1 7.46 1 F1 26-Sep 141 115 12.0 25.3 188 168 89.6 1870 355 568 349 21.1 3505 3207 21.3 8.02 2 F2 26-Sep 141 125 9.6 24.8 214 189 88.7 2092 488 670 447 20.5 4145 4078 15.4 10.19 3 F3 26-Sep 141 111 7.6 23.2 211 175 82.9 1673 397 544 361 20.7 3170 2897 21.4 7.24 4 F4 26-Sep 141 113 9.2 23.4 174 140 80.8 1640 430 538 413 20.4 3355 3121 20.0 7.80 1 F1 26-Sep 141 116 8 25.2 221 209 94.6 1792 393 614 384 20.8 3530 3234 21.2 8.09 2 F2 26-Sep 141 122 10.8 23.9 189 169 89.2 2086 464 672 459 20.6 4150 4121 14.6 10.30 3 F3 26-Sep 141 118 9.6 23.1 170 153 89.6 1811 414 595 335 21.1 4095 3747 21.3 9.37 4 F4 26-Sep 141 111 8 23.6 165 154 93.3 1825 355 569 344 20.8 3400 3206 18.9 8.02 Average values 1 F1 141 114 8.7 24.6 201 182 90.7 1848 400 593 386 21.0 3144 7.86 2 F2 141 122 10.0 24.5 202 181 89.4 2209 523 707 481 20.6 3977 9.94 3 F3 141 114 9.1 23.2 188 161 85.8 1751 390 559 343 20.8 3299 8.25 4 F4 141 112 9.1 23.2 173 148 85.7 1704 378 547 361 20.4 3103 7.76 F test * ns ns ns ns ** ns ** * ns ** CV (%) 2.3 21.2 6.7 6.3 10.9 6.3 LSD(0.05) 5.3 250.5 75.4 85.6 1.1

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 43

Data of UDP and PU Deep Placement Trial at Kan Gyi, Letpadan Exp. Design 5 x 3 RCB Location Kan Gyi, Letpadan Year/season 2017 Wet Season Farmer U Aye Thwin Variety Sinthukha Plot size 256 sq ft. Sowing Date 8-Jun UDP date 15-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Transplant Date 8-Jul Harvest date 28-Oct Harvested hills 225

Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 Control 24-Sep 138 83 9.0 22.4 112 105 93.8 765 200 233 179 19.5 1900 1783 19.3 4.46 2 UDP 24-Sep 138 85 8.0 22.0 129 119 92.7 1295 295 341 260 20.3 2185 2035 19.9 5.09 3 PU point 24-Sep 138 96 10.4 23.9 163 142 87.1 1077 278 316 258 22.3 3080 2851 20.4 7.13 4 PU band 24-Sep 138 89 9.4 21.8 137 120 87.6 1170 180 315 177 20.8 3400 3198 19.1 8.00 5 PU B'cast 24-Sep 138 86 8.6 20.9 139 131 94.5 1383 277 316 237 19.7 2405 2243 19.8 5.61 1 Control 24-Sep 138 82 7.0 20.9 119 88 73.9 740 180 200 146 18.6 1110 1056 18.2 2.64 2 UDP 24-Sep 138 92 9.2 22.4 133 124 73.9 1556 279 418 264 20.2 2260 2165 17.6 5.41 3 PU point 24-Sep 138 88 7.8 22.3 120 116 92.7 1868 282 435 271 19.9 3090 2910 19.0 7.28 4 PU band 24-Sep 138 84 7.6 22.7 126 96 76.3 1213 182 283 167 21.2 2200 2077 18.8 5.19 5 PU B'cast 24-Sep 138 81 10.2 22.8 132 119 90.6 1474 301 368 284 20.3 2380 2255 18.5 5.64 1 Control 24-Sep 138 86 7.6 21.6 124 103 83.5 1173 192 287 158 19.7 1175 1129 17.4 2.82 2 UDP 24-Sep 138 85 8.8 23.7 145 122 84.1 1602 353 353 301 21.6 2430 2232 21.0 5.58 3 PU point 24-Sep 138 89 10.6 22.3 171 149 87.2 2019 321 436 289 20.5 2145 2065 17.2 5.16 4 PU band 24-Sep 138 95 9.0 22.9 146 121 82.9 1458 303 385 263 21.4 2225 2142 17.2 5.36 5 PU B'cast 24-Sep 138 83 10.6 22.0 130 123 95.2 1128 202 222 195 20.1 2380 2247 18.8 5.62 Average values 1 Control 138 84 7.9 21.6 118 99 83.6 893 190 240 161 19.3 1322 3.31 2 UDP 138 87 8.7 22.7 136 122 89.6 1484 309 370 275 20.7 2144 5.36 3 PU point 138 91 9.6 22.8 152 136 89.6 1655 294 396 273 20.9 2609 6.52 4 PU band 138 89 8.7 22.5 136 112 82.4 1280 221 328 202 21.1 2473 6.18 5 PU B'cast 138 83 9.8 21.9 133 125 93.4 1328 260 302 239 20.0 2248 5.62 F test ns bs ns ns ** * ns ns * ns * CV (%) 6.8 18.8 15.8 16.5 LSD(0.05) 15.1 470.2 68.6 1.7

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Data of UDP and PU Deep Placement Trial at The Yet Kone, Nyaunglaybin Exp. Design 5 x 3 RCB Location The Yet Kone, Nyaunglebin Year/season 2017 Wet Season Farmer U Myo Lwin Soe Variety Sinthukha Plot size 256 sq ft. Sowing Date 10-Jun UDP date 13-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Transplant Date 6-Jul Harvest date 2-Nov Harvested hills 225

Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 Control 27-Sep 139 104 7.6 25.7 209 199 95.0 1402 333 438 281 21.0 1020 1014 14.5 2.54 2 UDP 27-Sep 139 97 9.0 24.7 220 207 94.1 2225 410 742 349 21.4 1685 1665 15.0 4.16 3 PU point 27-Sep 139 105 8.6 24.1 199 187 94.0 2452 613 847 491 21.9 1755 1739 14.8 4.35 4 PU band 27-Sep 139 98 9.0 24.9 173 132 76.0 1677 248 600 197 20.9 1255 1245 14.7 3.11 5 PU B'cast 27-Sep 139 99 7.2 24.5 187 177 94.8 1904 296 571 204 21.9 1015 995 15.7 2.49 1 Control 27-Sep 139 104 9.0 23.8 159 140 88.1 2396 369 711 351 20.8 1225 1198 15.9 2.99 2 UDP 27-Sep 139 99 9.2 24.7 183 173 95.0 1816 579 632 513 21.9 2460 2440 14.7 6.10 3 PU point 27-Sep 139 106 8.2 24.9 188 178 94.6 2008 402 709 303 21.0 2315 2302 14.5 5.75 4 PU band 27-Sep 139 101 7.6 24.7 161 149 92.3 1971 329 575 201 21.8 2205 2184 14.8 5.46 5 PU B'cast 27-Sep 139 107 8.6 25.2 164 147 89.3 2483 517 828 419 21.3 1880 1834 16.1 4.59 1 Control 27-Sep 139 108 9.8 24.1 175 168 96.0 1816 344 614 285 20.8 1280 1276 14.3 3.19 2 UDP 27-Sep 139 104 8.4 26.2 170 147 86.8 2285 390 753 367 21.2 2560 2533 14.9 6.33 3 PU point 27-Sep 139 102 8.4 24.0 215 203 94.1 1770 590 677 473 22.4 2515 2471 15.5 6.18 4 PU band 27-Sep 139 102 8.2 24.1 182 171 94.1 1776 574 627 462 21.5 1470 1449 15.2 3.62 5 PU B'cast 27-Sep 139 101 7.6 23.9 197 188 95.5 2281 519 674 415 21.5 1855 1857 13.9 4.64 Average values 1 Control 139 106 8.8 24.5 181 169 93.3 1872 348 588 305 20.9 1163 2.91 2 UDP 139 100 8.9 25.2 191 176 92.2 2109 459 709 410 21.5 2213 5.53 3 PU point 139 105 8.4 24.3 201 189 94.2 2077 535 744 422 21.8 2170 5.43 4 PU band 139 100 8.3 24.6 172 150 87.4 1808 384 601 287 21.4 1626 4.07 5 PU B'cast 139 102 7.8 24.6 183 171 93.4 2223 444 691 346 21.6 1562 3.91 F test ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ** CV (%) 13.5 LSD(0.05) 1.1

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 45

Data of Different N Rates Trial Using UDP and PU at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi Exp. Design 2 x 5 x 3 split block Location Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi Year/season 2017 Wet Season Farmer U Kyaw Lin Thu Variety Sin Thu Kha Plot size 256 sq ft. Sowing Date 6-Jun UDP date 9-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Transplant Date 1-Jul Harvest date 27-Oct Harvested hills 225 Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 0 N UDP 24-Sep 140 100 8.4 23.9 157 130 82.8 723 327 257 302 20.6 3555 3365 18.6 3.74 2 50 N UDP 24-Sep 140 105 10.4 24.4 210 163 77.6 724 491 280 458 20.4 5200 4783 20.9 5.31 3 100 N UDP 24-Sep 140 101 9.2 24.6 163 149 91.6 1372 338 338 301 20.1 4510 4159 20.7 4.62 4 150 N UDP 24-Sep 140 102 9.2 25.3 145 115 79.3 985 320 320 287 23.9 3295 3054 20.3 3.39 5 200 N UDP 24-Sep 140 95 9.0 24.8 184 155 83.9 1377 258 280 226 19.9 3405 3187 19.5 3.54 1 0 N UP 24-Sep 140 100 8.2 22.9 187 169 90.2 1076 404 327 379 21.4 4275 3957 20.4 4.40 2 50 N PU 24-Sep 140 102 11.8 23.7 191 163 85.7 1458 497 394 451 21.3 4080 3719 21.6 4.13 3 100 N PU 24-Sep 140 104 9.4 23.8 149 121 81.6 1172 408 382 363 24.4 4350 4062 19.7 4.51 4 150 N PU 24-Sep 140 98 9.4 23.5 216 175 81.0 1482 318 318 285 20.0 4630 4334 19.5 4.82 5 200 N PU 24-Sep 140 102 10.4 25.3 180 165 91.7 1799 546 482 356 25.3 2935 2720 20.3 3.02 1 0 N UDP 24-Sep 140 105 8.2 23.6 178 158 89.1 481 264 192 244 20.5 3250 3031 19.8 3.37 2 50 N UDP 24-Sep 140 101 13.8 25.1 189 166 87.9 851 284 240 271 20.0 4510 4185 20.2 4.65 3 100 N UDP 24-Sep 140 102 10.2 25.4 197 162 82.2 799 266 242 214 19.9 3790 3446 21.8 3.83 4 150 N UDP 24-Sep 140 97 10.2 24.7 199 174 87.6 1486 424 424 371 19.8 3240 3044 19.2 3.38 5 200 N UDP 24-Sep 140 99 12.4 24.9 180 161 89.4 1312 328 289 219 19.8 4860 4431 21.6 4.92 1 0 N UP 24-Sep 140 97 7.4 24.2 173 146 84.4 992 323 302 301 20.4 2430 2252 20.3 2.50 2 50 N PU 24-Sep 140 95 10.2 23.7 179 160 89.4 1014 331 290 295 20.4 4530 4224 19.8 4.69 3 100 N PU 24-Sep 140 97 9.8 23.8 227 200 88.1 958 447 351 399 20.2 2625 2384 21.9 2.65 4 150 N PU 24-Sep 140 99 12.8 23.6 191 180 94.1 1564 571 486 519 19.7 5055 4702 20.0 5.22 5 200 N PU 24-Sep 140 101 13.8 24.6 181 162 89.7 748 462 242 427 19.5 4285 3941 20.9 4.38 1 0 N UDP 24-Sep 140 101 8.6 24.3 174 147 84.5 712 323 237 300 20.4 3790 3578 18.8 3.98 2 50 N UDP 24-Sep 140 105 10.8 24.8 196 165 84.2 905 495 323 457 20.3 4720 4358 20.6 4.84 3 100 N UDP 24-Sep 140 97 11.0 24.5 211 169 80.1 1268 488 439 435 19.5 4095 3790 20.4 4.21 4 150 N UDP 24-Sep 140 105 10.6 26.2 237 207 87.3 1506 404 538 335 18.6 3585 3381 18.9 3.76 5 200 N UDP 24-Sep 140 95 8.4 24.7 168 143 85.1 963 482 333 468 18.9 2895 2632 21.8 2.92 1 0 N UP 24-Sep 140 97 9.2 23.5 164 134 81.7 1159 321 345 292 19.6 2865 2652 20.4 2.95 2 50 N PU 24-Sep 140 107 10.2 24.1 201 180 89.6 1356 459 417 426 20.9 2040 1910 19.5 2.12 3 100 N PU 24-Sep 140 106 8.4 24.8 187 166 88.8 1078 492 328 458 20.4 4020 3697 20.9 4.11 4 150 N PU 24-Sep 140 103 11.0 25.4 203 184 90.6 1630 635 470 597 20.3 3375 3096 21.1 3.44 5 200 N PU 24-Sep 140 97 10.2 24.1 191 180 94.5 1324 506 385 421 19.5 4210 3862 21.1 4.29 Average values 1 0 N UDP 140 102 8.4 23.9 170 145 85.6 639 305 229 282 20.5 3325 3.69 2 50 N UDP 140 104 11.7 24.8 199 165 83.0 827 423 281 396 20.2 4442 4.94 3 100 N UDP 140 100 10.1 24.8 190 160 84.1 1146 364 340 317 19.8 3798 4.22 4 150 N UDP 140 101 10.0 25.4 193 165 85.4 1326 383 427 331 20.8 3159 3.51 5 200 N UDP 140 97 9.9 24.8 177 153 86.2 1217 356 301 304 19.5 3417 3.80 1 0 N UP 140 98 8.3 23.5 175 150 85.6 1076 349 325 324 20.5 2954 3.28 2 50 N PU 140 101 10.7 23.8 190 168 88.2 1276 429 367 390 20.9 3284 3.65 3 100 N PU 140 102 9.2 24.1 188 162 86.6 1069 449 354 407 21.6 3381 3.76 4 150 N PU 140 100 11.1 24.2 203 180 88.3 1559 508 424 467 20.0 4044 4.49 5 200 N PU 140 100 11.5 24.7 184 169 92.0 1290 505 370 401 21.5 3508 3.90

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 46

Data of Different P Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi Exp. Design 5 x 3 RCB Location Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi Year/season 2017 Wet Season Farmer U Kyaw Lin Thu Variety Sin Thu Kha Plot size 256 sq ft. Sowing Date 6-Jun UDP date 9-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Transplant Date 1-Jul Harvest date 26-Oct Harvested hills 225 Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 0 P2O5 23-Sep 139 106 12.4 24.4 221 159 71.8 1611 244 391 227 17.5 3250 2993 20.8 7.48

2 50 P2O5 23-Sep 139 106 9.8 24.7 164 135 82.1 1834 391 481 341 14.3 2680 2468 20.8 6.17 3 100 P2O5 23-Sep 139 103 11.0 24.1 161 140 87.0 2194 351 556 295 18.2 3370 3151 19.6 7.88 4 150 P2O5 23-Sep 139 102 10.2 25.4 185 135 72.7 1904 301 401 292 11.0 3385 3157 19.8 7.89

5 200 P2O5 23-Sep 139 101 11.6 25.7 206 168 81.9 1940 355 410 313 13.6 2185 2005 21.1 5.01

1 0 P2O5 23-Sep 139 104 9.2 25.7 202 177 87.8 1694 496 438 462 13.4 3360 3169 18.9 7.92

2 50 P2O5 23-Sep 139 106 9.6 24.7 222 179 80.9 1871 374 449 338 15.9 3855 3608 19.5 9.02

3 100 P2O5 23-Sep 139 103 11.0 24.7 207 175 84.2 2255 730 564 660 13.1 4255 3938 20.4 9.85

4 150 P2O5 23-Sep 139 106 10.2 24.5 194 164 84.7 1898 518 489 470 21.4 3585 3372 19.1 8.43

5 200 P2O5 23-Sep 139 104 10.0 24.5 193 173 89.6 1693 492 400 454 17.1 4370 4106 19.2 10.26

1 0 P2O5 23-Sep 139 102 12.4 24.4 180 149 82.8 1821 614 439 524 16.3 3295 3073 19.8 7.68

2 50 P2O5 23-Sep 139 102 10.6 24.2 189 169 89.7 1492 803 459 702 15.3 3975 3739 19.1 9.35

3 100 P2O5 23-Sep 139 98 9.0 25.8 220 198 90.0 1376 424 371 343 18.7 3205 2966 20.4 7.42

4 150 P2O5 23-Sep 139 103 10.2 25.3 203 157 77.3 1529 401 351 375 14.8 4800 4582 17.9 11.46

5 200 P2O5 23-Sep 139 105 8.8 24.5 168 144 85.7 1628 497 384 434 15.0 4005 3767 19.1 9.42 Average values 1 0 P2O5 139 104 11.3 24.8 201 162 80.4 1708 452 422 404 15.7 3078 7.70

2 50 P2O5 139 105 10.0 24.5 192 161 84.1 1732 523 463 460 15.2 3272 8.18

3 100 P2O5 139 101 10.3 24.9 196 171 87.1 1942 501 497 433 16.7 3352 8.38

4 150 P2O5 139 104 10.2 25.1 194 152 78.3 1777 406 414 379 15.7 3704 9.26

5 200 P2O5 139 104 10.1 24.9 189 162 85.7 1753 448 398 400 15.2 3293 8.23 F test ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 47

Data of Different K Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi Exp. Design 5 x 3 RCB Location Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi Year/season 2017 Wet Season Farmer U Kyaw Lin Thu Variety Sin Thu Kha Plot size 256 sq ft. Sowing Date 6-Jun UDP date 8-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Transplant Date 1-Jul Harvest date 25-Oct Harvested hills 225 Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 0 K2O 24-Sep 140 99 7.6 22.5 151 131 86.5 1538 442 358 395 20.3 2395 2292 17.7 5.73 2 50 K2O 24-Sep 140 101 10.4 23.1 176 153 86.8 1789 606 440 551 19.9 3310 3017 21.6 7.54 3 100 K2O 24-Sep 140 102 10.6 24.1 168 155 92.3 2015 655 437 595 19.6 5585 5189 20.1 12.97 4 150 K2O 24-Sep 140 104 9.8 24.3 196 165 84.3 1702 628 419 552 20.0 4780 4419 20.5 11.05 5 200 K2O 24-Sep 140 103 12.2 24.2 210 183 87.3 1645 355 393 303 18.2 3925 3738 18.1 9.34 1 0 K2O 24-Sep 140 98 11.4 25.1 220 170 77.2 1415 595 453 554 19.9 3385 3133 20.4 7.83

2 50 K2O 24-Sep 140 99 8.6 23.2 168 147 87.3 1213 362 253 332 19.2 3040 2962 16.2 7.41 3 100 K2O 24-Sep 140 99 7.4 24.7 194 160 82.4 1383 532 399 499 21.0 2550 2319 21.8 5.80 4 150 K2O 24-Sep 140 103 11.8 24.4 194 162 83.6 1501 559 530 529 22.0 4410 3948 23.0 9.87 5 200 K2O 24-Sep 140 99 12.2 25.4 213 188 88.5 2210 720 432 642 20.0 3470 3292 18.4 8.23

1 0 K2O 24-Sep 140 98 9.8 24.2 189 164 86.8 1755 625 446 564 19.9 2880 2706 19.2 6.76 2 50 K2O 24-Sep 140 100 10.4 23.3 188 164 87.2 1491 669 411 606 19.8 3270 3004 21.0 7.51 3 100 K2O 24-Sep 140 99 11.4 24.7 199 168 84.4 1450 500 350 453 18.3 3520 3360 17.9 8.40 4 150 K2O 24-Sep 140 103 11.4 24.6 187 174 93.3 2008 597 488 550 19.3 4195 3849 21.1 9.62 5 200 K2O 24-Sep 140 99 11.2 23.8 196 180 91.8 2056 519 371 471 19.8 3870 3578 20.5 8.94 Average values 1 0 K2O 140 98 9.6 23.9 187 155 82.9 1569 554 419 504 20.0 2710 6.78 2 50 K2O 140 100 9.8 23.2 177 155 87.1 1498 545 368 496 19.6 2995 7.49 3 100 K2O 140 100 9.8 24.5 187 161 86.0 1616 562 395 516 19.6 3623 9.06

4 150 K2O 140 103 11.0 24.4 192 167 87.0 1737 595 479 544 20.5 4072 10.18 5 200 K2O 140 100 11.9 24.5 206 184 89.1 1970 531 398 472 19.3 3536 8.84 F test ** ns ns ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns CV (%) 1.1 6.2 LSD(0.05) 2.1 19.1

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 48

Data of Different S Rates Trial at Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi Exp. Design 5 x 3 RCB Location Gyoe Phyu, Taikkyi Year/season 2017 Wet Season Farmer U Kyaw Lin Thu Variety Sin Thu Kha Plot size 256 sq ft. Sowing Date 6-Jun UDP date 8-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Transplant Date 1-Jul Harvest date 24-Oct Harvested hills 225 Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 0 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 95 10.4 25.7 234 199 85.2 1818 549 370 486 20.3 4105 3895 18.4 9.74 2 10 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 98 10.8 24.5 210 167 79.5 1675 653 414 573 20.6 2740 2622 17.7 6.56 3 20 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 98 13.2 24.4 204 158 77.5 2467 688 520 633 20.8 4855 4567 19.1 11.42 4 30 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 99 11.4 23.9 191 160 83.9 1910 592 395 465 20.5 3500 3199 21.4 8.00 5 40 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 96 10.4 25.1 208 183 88.0 2457 609 443 537 20.0 3320 3061 20.7 7.65 1 0 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 93 11.6 23.7 199 168 84.4 1624 547 375 479 19.9 3150 2971 18.9 7.43 2 10 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 99 11.2 23.8 182 164 89.8 1775 686 497 627 19.8 4045 3702 21.3 9.25 3 20 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 100 10.8 24.0 197 176 89.1 2132 586 358 391 19.8 5270 4988 18.6 12.47 4 30 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 92 10.8 24.4 198 174 87.5 1530 556 397 498 20.3 4130 3871 19.4 9.68 5 40 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 99 11.0 24.3 175 142 81.1 2111 526 429 469 20.6 3590 3277 21.5 8.19 1 0 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 101 10.4 26.2 212 195 91.8 1957 568 447 513 21.4 4305 3955 21.0 9.89 2 10 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 106 9.0 25.7 232 199 85.5 1752 647 466 590 20.6 4255 3839 22.4 9.60 3 20 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 98 11.8 26.1 226 202 89.4 2226 606 457 557 20.2 3640 3407 19.5 8.52 4 30 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 98 10.8 25.0 206 175 84.9 1997 722 415 612 19.7 3670 3312 22.4 8.28 5 40 kg S/ha 24-Sep 140 101 10 25.2 197 168 85.3 1976 562 450 472 19.9 2880 2736 18.3 6.84 Average values 1 0 kg S/ha 140 96 10.8 25.2 215 187 87.1 1799 555 397 493 20.5 3607 9.02 2 10 kg S/ha 140 101 10.3 24.6 208 176 84.7 1734 662 459 597 20.3 3388 8.47 3 20 kg S/ha 140 99 11.9 24.8 209 179 85.4 2275 627 445 527 20.2 4321 10.80 4 30 kg S/ha 140 96 11.0 24.4 198 169 85.5 1812 623 402 525 20.2 3460 8.65 5 40 kg S/ha 140 99 10.5 24.9 193 164 85.0 2181 566 441 493 20.1 3025 7.56 F test ns ns ns ns ns * ns ns ns ns ns CV (%) 8.7 LSD(0.05) 319.5

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 49

Data of Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System at Thar Kwin, Einme Exp. Design 4 x 3 RCB 1 basket = 32.73 kg Location Thar Kwin, Einme 1 hectare = 2.471 acre Year/season 2017, Wet Season T1 60 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O Farmer U Aung Htay Win T2 30 kg P2O5 + 30 kg K2O Variety Sin Thukha T3 0 kg P2O5 + 0 kg K2O + no residue Plot size 256 ft2 T4 0 kg P2O5 + 0 kg K2O + Crop Residue Sowing Date 14-Jun UDP date 31-Jul 146 Harvest area 100 ft2 Transplant Da 24-Jul Harvest date 7-Nov Harvest plants 225

Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield Rep ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 1 T1 1-Oct 139 124 13.4 24.2 181 172 95.0 1679 576 643 563 19.3 5150 4887 18.4 5.43 1 2 T2 1-Oct 139 119 12.0 25.0 236 205 87.2 1529 636 612 606 18.5 5415 4804 23.7 5.34 1 3 T3 1-Oct 139 118 13.2 24.4 213 190 89.2 1614 631 580 583 18.4 5555 4967 23.1 5.52 1 4 T4 1-Oct 139 121 10.6 25.2 223 187 83.7 1623 637 681 581 18.9 5715 4984 25.0 5.54 2 1 T1 1-Oct 139 121 12.0 25.4 254 214 84.2 1940 670 694 620 17.8 5525 5069 21.1 5.63 2 2 T2 1-Oct 139 121 14.0 23.6 197 188 95.0 1619 691 600 662 18.4 5180 4867 19.2 5.41 2 3 T3 1-Oct 139 124 14.0 23.2 172 168 98.0 1780 695 656 667 18.1 5340 5030 19.0 5.59 2 4 T4 1-Oct 139 123 12.6 24.9 250 230 91.9 1900 640 628 604 17.9 5535 4982 22.6 5.54 3 1 T1 1-Oct 139 123 15.4 24.2 204 180 88.1 2137 593 712 582 19.0 5635 5176 21.0 5.75 3 2 T2 1-Oct 139 120 13.8 24.0 186 162 87.1 1636 624 628 598 19.5 5480 5034 21.0 5.59 3 3 T3 1-Oct 139 123 11.2 24.8 192 155 80.4 1724 601 601 562 18.8 5540 5211 19.1 5.79 3 4 T4 1-Oct 139 121 12.6 24.2 200 175 87.5 1737 668 606 640 19.0 5450 5063 20.1 5.63 Average values 1 T1 139 123 13.6 24.6 213 189 88.5 1918 613 683 588 18.7 5044 5.60 2 T2 139 120 13.3 24.2 206 185 89.7 1595 650 613 622 18.8 4902 5.45 3 T3 139 122 12.8 24.1 192 171 88.9 1706 642 612 604 18.4 5069 5.63 4 T4 139 121 11.9 24.8 224 197 87.9 1753 648 638 608 18.6 5010 5.57 F test ns ns ns ns ns * ns ns ns ns * CV (%) 5.8 1.05 LSD(0.05) 201.0 0.12

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 50

Data of Fertilizer Management Trial on the Rice-Gram System With Starter N at Anauk Ywa, Thonegwa Exp. Design 6 x 3 RCB Location Anauk Ywa, Thongwa 1 basket = 32.73 kg Year/season 2017, Wet Season 1 hectare = 2.471 acre Farmer U Zaw Wate Variety Nang Myaing Plot size 256 ft2 Sowing Date 17-Jun UDP date 11-Jul (24 DAS) Harvest area 100 ft2 Harvest date 30-Oct Rice crop per meter square Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/100 ft2 Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per m2 (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 UDP 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 110 250 25.8 170 159 93.5 1845 315 513 233 21.8 3815 3753 15.4 4.04 2 UDP 0P 0K 30-Sep 135 110 275 27.0 222 205 92.3 1640 325 495 299 23.3 3715 3676 14.9 3.96 3 PU 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 112 176 24.8 199 193 97.3 1665 310 508 246 23.4 3205 3157 15.3 3.40 4 PU 0P 0K 30-Sep 135 105 240 25.0 168 161 95.6 1860 405 555 336 23.9 4510 4484 14.5 4.83 5 UDP 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 111 208 28.1 219 200 91.3 1835 380 520 326 21.2 4000 3865 16.9 4.16 6 PU 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 106 210 25.7 180 171 95.2 2049 401 472 329 22.6 0 0 0.0 3.13 1 UDP 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 109 346 24.7 151 135 89.8 1635 430 527 343 22.8 3080 3016 15.8 3.25 2 UDP 0P 0K 30-Sep 135 114 281 25.0 193 183 94.6 1775 305 527 260 21.9 2530 2545 13.5 2.74 3 PU 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 104 281 25.0 181 168 93.1 1540 330 468 306 23.3 3835 3750 15.9 4.04 4 PU 0P 0K 30-Sep 135 102 340 23.9 191 182 95.3 1830 300 551 254 21.4 3950 3895 15.2 4.19 5 UDP 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 100 250 24.9 215 198 92.4 1475 270 556 247 22.2 3775 3674 16.3 3.95 6 PU 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 108 293 24.8 194 190 97.7 1975 370 395 352 21.2 4120 4072 15.0 4.38 1 UDP 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 110 241 26.2 204 194 94.8 1405 330 435 262 22.8 4245 4166 15.6 4.48 2 UDP 0P 0K 30-Sep 135 111 175 25.3 234 192 82.0 1470 285 434 224 23.2 3440 3380 15.5 3.64 3 PU 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 109 212 25.4 186 167 89.8 1385 255 429 243 21.9 4020 3955 15.4 4.26 4 PU 0P 0K 30-Sep 135 105 151 22.5 163 146 89.6 1160 285 326 232 21.8 3620 3578 15.0 3.85 5 UDP 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 114 210 26.2 125 113 90.3 1400 250 458 238 19.1 4215 3994 18.5 4.30 6 PU 60P 60K 30-Sep 135 111 165 27.7 259 227 87.6 1600 345 454 252 23.1 3755 3698 15.3 3.98 AVERAGE 1 UDP 60P 60K 135 110 279 25.6 175 163 92.9 1628 358 492 279 22.5 3713 3.92 2 UDP 0P 0K 135 112 244 25.8 217 193 89.3 1628 305 485 261 22.8 3228 3.44 3 PU 60P 60K 135 108 223 25.1 189 176 93.5 1530 298 468 265 22.8 3687 3.90 4 PU 0P 0K 135 104 244 23.8 174 163 93.6 1617 330 477 274 22.3 4027 4.29 5 UDP 60P 60K 135 108 223 26.4 187 171 91.5 1570 300 511 271 20.8 3997 4.14 6 PU 60P 60K 135 104 223 26.1 211 196 92.9 1875 372 440 311 22.3 2625 3.83 F test ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 51

Data of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions at Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt Exp. Design 4 x 3 RCB Location Kwin Yar, Kangyidaunt Year/season 2017 Wet Season Variety Fertilizer Farmer U San Oo V1 Local (STK) F1 FP (15:15:15 50 kg and Urea 50 kg/ac)Urea 3 splits Variety Sin Thu Kha (STK) V2 Swarna sub1 F2 UDP Plot size 256 sq ft. Sowing Date 26-Jun UDP date 28-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Transplant Date 21-Jul Harvest date 10-Nov Harvested hills 225

Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 V1 F1 9-Oct 135 114 9.6 23.8 202 177 87.6 1031 334 608 517 19.7 4920 4640 18.9 5.16 2 V1 F2 9-Oct 135 114 12.8 23.1 172 151 87.8 1110 380 741 606 18.9 4920 4554 20.4 5.06 3 V2 F1 9-Oct 135 110 13.2 23.7 206 194 93.9 1319 476 806 712 19.7 6650 6047 21.8 6.72 4 V2 F2 9-Oct 135 116 15.6 22.4 170 145 85.3 1283 457 784 693 20.5 6970 5835 28.0 6.48 1 V1 F1 9-Oct 135 113 11.4 23.2 161 147 91.3 1027 348 656 555 19.2 5090 4753 19.7 5.28 2 V1 F2 9-Oct 135 113 13.8 23.7 212 181 85.4 1063 302 599 479 19.9 4910 4573 19.9 5.08 3 V2 F1 9-Oct 135 108 13.0 23.8 173 152 87.8 1195 460 703 712 21.4 6890 5977 25.4 6.64 4 V2 F2 9-Oct 135 112 12.8 23.4 178 166 93.3 1284 381 787 613 20.4 6765 5774 26.6 6.42 1 V1 F1 9-Oct 135 110 11.2 24.4 197 183 92.9 995 365 614 601 20.1 4800 4504 19.3 5.00 2 V1 F2 9-Oct 135 116 13.4 25.0 192 181 94.3 1098 397 670 618 18.7 5160 4776 20.4 5.31 3 V2 F1 9-Oct 135 110 12.0 23.1 171 162 94.7 1209 451 714 701 20.5 6645 5710 26.1 6.34 4 V2 F2 9-Oct 135 113 14.2 23.8 176 158 89.4 1225 460 743 699 20.4 6785 5625 28.7 6.25 Average values 1 V1 F1 135 112 10.7 23.8 186 169 90.5 1018 349 626 558 19.7 4632 5.15 2 V1 F2 135 114 13.3 23.9 192 171 89.1 1091 359 670 568 19.2 4634 5.15 3 V2 F1 135 109 12.7 23.5 183 169 92.2 1241 462 741 708 20.5 5911 6.57 4 V2 F2 135 114 14.2 23.2 175 156 89.4 1264 433 771 668 20.4 5745 6.38 F test * * ns ns ns ** ** * * ** CV (%) 1.4 8.6 2.9 7.2 6.5 7.0 2.6 LSD(0.05) 3.2 2.2 67.8 58.0 91.7 86.9 0.3

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 52

Data of UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions at Mayan, Kunchangone Exp. Design 4 x 3 RCB Location Mayan, Kungyangon Year/season 2017 Wet Season Variety Fertilizer Farmer U Zaw Min Oo V1 Local (Bay Gyar) F1 FP (15:15:15 50 kg and Urea 50 kg/ac)Urea 3 splits Variety Bay Gyar Lay V2 Swarna sub1 F2 UDP Plot size 256 sq ft. Sowing Date 17-Jun UDP date 22-Jul Harvested area 100 sq. ft. Transplant Date 14-Jul Harvest date 24-Nov Harvested hills 225

Treat Date Days Plant No of Panicle No of No of Spikelet Fresh Biomass Dry Biomass 1000 Yield/225 hills Yield ment Treatment of to height panicles Length spikelets grains per Fertility Straw Grain Straw Grain grain Wet Calculat MC No Flowering Maturity (cm) per hill (cm) /panicle panicle % wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) wt. (g) (g) (g) (%) t/ha 1 V1 F1 10-Oct 145 129 10.6 23.3 125 110 88.2 1104 259 428 238 20.3 2241 2001 23.2 2.22 2 V1 F2 10-Oct 145 142 10.2 24.5 109 91 83.5 1181 211 537 179 21.5 3270 2966 22.0 3.30 3 V2 F1 10-Oct 145 88 8.4 21.0 108 90 83.7 600 231 210 199 21.0 3778 3651 16.9 4.06 4 V2 F2 10-Oct 145 102 13.6 24.0 202 173 85.4 936 332 332 316 20.3 4127 3849 19.8 4.28 1 V1 F1 10-Oct 145 125 9.4 23.3 96 90 93.3 1082 265 438 234 21.2 2208 2036 20.7 2.26 2 V1 F2 10-Oct 145 144 9.0 26.0 119 106 89.6 1394 193 629 177 20.3 3300 2978 22.4 3.31 3 V2 F1 10-Oct 145 89 12.6 22.4 119 109 91.3 824 321 313 296 22.6 3452 3247 19.1 3.61 4 V2 F2 10-Oct 145 102 13.0 22.7 157 137 87.4 948 399 338 336 21.3 4850 4619 18.1 5.13 1 V1 F1 10-Oct 145 134 10.2 24.3 129 110 85.3 599 136 262 130 20.2 2643 2566 16.5 2.85 2 V1 F2 10-Oct 145 132 13.8 24.6 136 122 90.0 1048 214 450 160 21.1 3029 2807 20.3 3.12 3 V2 F1 10-Oct 145 95 12.8 22.1 200 175 87.6 714 287 274 270 20.6 1037 992 17.7 1.10 4 V2 F2 10-Oct 145 88 15.8 21.8 118 106 89.2 1095 358 352 321 20.3 4028 3663 21.8 4.07 Average values 1 V1 F1 145 129 10.1 23.6 117 103 88.5 928 220 376 201 20.6 2201 2.45 2 V1 F2 145 139 11.0 25.0 121 107 87.9 1208 206 539 172 21.0 2917 3.24 3 V2 F1 145 91 11.3 21.8 142 125 87.6 712 280 265 255 21.4 2630 2.92 4 V2 F2 145 98 14.1 22.8 159 138 87.0 993 363 341 324 20.6 4043 4.49 F test ** ns * ns ns ns * ** * ns ns CV (%) 5.6 4.0 17.2 16.3 16.7 LSD(0.05) 12.9 1.9 91.7 124.2 79.3

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 53

Photos

Photo 1. Layout and Bunds of Fertilizer Trial on the Rice-Gram System With Starter N at Anauk Ywa, Thonegwa, Yangon Region, on June 16, 2017

Photo 2. UDP Application during the UDP and PU Deep Placement Trial at The Yet Kone, Nyaunglaybin, Bago Region, on July 13, 2017

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 54

Photo 3. Transplanting UDP Evaluation Under Submerged Conditions Trial at Mayan, Kunchangone, Yangon Region, on July 14, 2017 (Note water depth at transplanting time in flood- or submergence- prone area)

Photo 4. First Topdressing of UDP on DSR Trial at Bawine, Pantanaw, Ayeyarwady Region, on August 22, 2017

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 55

Photo 5 Harvesting Crop Cuts during the Balanced Fertilization With Compound Fertilizer Trial at The Pyay Chaung, Myaungmya, on November 8, 2017

FSI+ | Report of 2017 Wet Season Trials 56