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Comparison Between Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems Using Effluents

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Comparison Between Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation Systems Using Effluents COMPARISON BETWEEN SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS USING EFFLUENTS Maha Abdelhameed Elbana Ph.D. Dissertation Comparison between surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems using effluents Maha Abdelhameed Elbana July 2011 Universitat de Lleida Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Agrària Departament d’Enginyeria Agroforestal Ph.D. Dissertation COMPARISON BETWEEN SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS USING EFFLUENTS Maha Abdelhameed Elbana July 2011 Universitat de Lleida Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Agrària Departament d’Enginyeria Agroforestal COMPARISON BETWEEN SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS USING EFFLUENTS Ph.D. dissertation presented to the department of agroforestry engineering, School of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, University of Lleida, Spain in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Doctor of Philosophy degree under the direction of Dr. Jaume Puig i Bargués and Dr. Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena Bisbe Signature of the candidate Signatures of the thesis supervisors Dr. Jaume Puig i Bargués Dr. Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena Bisbe Signatures of the thesis advisor Dr. Joaquin Monserrat Viscarri If.. If you can keep your head when all about you are losing theirs and blaming it on you; If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, but make allowance for their doubting too: If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, or, being lied about, don't deal in lies, or being hated don't give way to hating, and yet don't look too good, nor talk too wise; If you can dream---and not make dreams your master; If you can think---and not make thoughts your aim, If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster and treat those two impostors just the same: If you can bear to hear the truth you've spoken twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, or watch the things you gave your life to, broken, and stoop and build'em up with worn-out tools; If you can make one heap of all your winnings and risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss, and lose, and start again at your beginnings, and never breathe a word about your loss: If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew to serve your turn long after they are gone, and so hold on when there is nothing in you except the Will which says to them: "Hold on!" If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, or walk with Kings---nor lose the common touch, If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you, If all men count with you, but none too much: If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds' worth of distance run, Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it, and---which is more---you'll be a Man, my son! By Rudyard Kipling For you Tamer, and to all my lovely family The work presented in the current Ph.D. dissertation was realized under the investigation project number CGL2005-022017HID, which was entitled “Comparison between surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems using effluents” and was financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Acknowledgment I believe in that it will not be enough to express my gratitude in words to all those people who helped me pursuing my Ph.D. project and dissertation that they were, in fact, a team work. Even though, I would still like to give my thanks and appreciation to all these people. First of all, I would like to give my sincere thanks to my supervisors, Dr. Jaume Puig i Bargués and Dr. Francisco Ramírez de Cartagena who accepted me as a Ph.D. student and thereafter, they offered me so much advice, patiently supervising, and always guiding me in the right direction. I have learned a lot from them and without their help I could not have finished my dissertation successfully. Really I appreciate their critical comments, which enabled me to notice the weaknesses of my dissertation and make the necessary improvements according to their comments, and so I would like to give my sincere thanks to Dr. Joaquin Monserrat, the thesis advisor, who made his best effort for revising the presented dissertation. My sincere thanks go to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for its indispensable generous sponsoring throughout the project number CGL2005-02201/HID, which without its support and financial help, it would not have been possible for me to pursue and to complete this Ph.D. project successfully. Special thanks are also given to Dr. Miquel Duran i Ros who offered me a lot of friendly help during my research; our conversations enlightened my way of thinking and his brotherhood helped me to pass a lot of hard times, and also, I want to convey my heartfelt thanks to my colleagues in the Department of Chemical and Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Girona, Spain, Dr. Gerard Arbat, Dr. Joan Pujol, Lluís Bosch and Dr. Xavier Puigvert that without their friendship and support it would be hard to stay in a foreign environment for long time I want as well express my deep love and gratefulness to my dear friends Dr. Fatiha Kail, Dr. Mohamed Bahnassy, Nazha Elalaoui, Doaa Elshabrawy, Noha Abdelmoez, Dr. Noura Bakr, Dr. Rasha Badr and Dr. Shady Sleim who were always by my side in the dark times preventing me from giving up, and let the deep grief and pain rush me away. Really, I appreciate their kind support. Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family who form the backbone and origin of my happiness. They trusted and encouraged me presenting their entire support while I was abroad and away from home. Their love and confidence without any complaint or regret have enabled me to go forward on my way and complete this Ph.D. project. I owe every achievement after God to all of them. Maha Elbana I Resum Els sistemes de reg per degoteig es consideren com un mètode apropiat per a la reutilització d’aigües regenerades, ja que disminueixen els riscos sanitaris. No obstant això, el problema més important en l’aplicació dels efluents en els sistemes de reg localitzat és l’obturació dels filtres i degoters, el que disminueix la uniformitat de distribució del aigua. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va ser comparar el comportament hidràulic d’un sistema de reg per degoteig superficial (DI) i un d’enterrat (SDI) aplicant un efluent terciari amb tres freqüències de rentat dels laterals (sense rentat, un rentat al final de cada temporada de reg i un rentat mensual) amb dos tipus d’emissors (autocompensant i no autocompensant). Altres objectius han estat investigar la influència de la qualitat de l’efluent en el procés de filtració i calcular la pèrdua de càrrega i la durada dels cicles de filtració en el filtre de sorra mitjançant l’anàlisi dimensional. Els resultats van demostrar que la durada del cicle de filtració va dependre principalment de la qualitat de l’efluent aplicat i del diàmetre efectiu de la sorra utilitzada. També es va constatar que l’eficàcia del procés de filtració va ser deguda al diàmetre efectiu de la sorra del filtre i que quan menor va ser el diàmetre efectiu de la sorra utilitzada, més eficaç va ser la filtració. L’anàlisi dimensional va ajudar a desenvolupar un model matemàtic per a descriure la pèrdua de càrrega en el filtre amb un alt coeficient de determinació ajustat i una bona distribució del residus. A més, es va trobar que el cabal del lateral va dependre significativament del tipus de degoter, sistema de reg, la temporada de reg i la freqüència de neteja. En el sistema de DI, el cabal de l’emissor no autocompensant es va incrementar significativament durant l’experiment a causa d’un desgast de l’emissor i es va disminuir significativament en el sistema de SDI degut a l’obturació del degoters. El cabal del degoter autocompensant va augmentar durant l’experiment en els sistemes de DI i SDI. També es va observar que la causa principal de l’obturació de l’emissor en el sistema de DI va ser el desenvolupament de biofilm, mentre que en el SDI es va correspondre a una combinació de factors biològics i físics. Finalment, es va trobar que rentar els laterals una sola vegada al final de cada temporada de reg va ser la millor opció de maneig per assolir la major eficiència de distribució de l’aigua després de 1620 h de reg, tant en DI com SDI. II Resumen Los sistemas de riego por goteo se consideran como un método apropiado para la reutilización de aguas regeneradas, ya que disminuyen los riesgos sanitarios. Sin embargo, el problema más importante en la aplicación de los efluentes en sistemas de riego localizado es la obturación tanto de filtros como de goteros, lo que disminuye la uniformidad de distribución del agua. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es comparar el comportamiento de un sistema de riego por goteo superficial (DI) y otro enterrado (SDI) aplicando un efluente terciario con tres frecuencias de lavado de los laterales (sin lavado, un lavado al final de cada temporada de riego y otro mensual) con dos tipos de emisores (autocompensante y no autocompensante). Otros objetivos fueron investigar la influencia de la calidad del efluente en el proceso de filtración y calcular la pérdida de carga y la duración de los ciclos de filtración en filtro de arena mediante el análisis dimensional. Los resultados demostraron que la duración del ciclo de filtración dependió principalmente de la calidad del efluente aplicado y del diámetro efectivo de la arena utilizada.
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