Surface Irrigation Return Flows Vary
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Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities
RECOMMENDED STANDARDS for WASTEWATER FACILITIES POLICIES FOR THE DESIGN, REVIEW, AND APPROVAL OF PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT FACILITIES 2014 EDITION A REPORT OF THE WASTEWATER COMMITTEE OF THE GREAT LAKES - UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BOARD OF STATE AND PROVINCIAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGERS MEMBER STATES AND PROVINCE ILLINOIS NEW YORK INDIANA OHIO IOWA ONTARIO MICHIGAN PENNSYLVANIA MINNESOTA WISCONSIN MISSOURI PUBLISHED BY: Health Research, Inc., Health Education Services Division P.O. Box 7126 Albany, N.Y. 12224 Phone: (518) 439-7286 Visit Our Web Site http://www.healthresearch.org/store/ten-state-standards Copyright © 2014 by the Great Lakes - Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers This document, or portions thereof, may be reproduced without permission if credit is given to the Board and to this publication as a source. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... v 10 ENGINEERING REPORTS AND FACILITY PLANS 10. General ............................................................................................................................. 10-1 11. Engineering Report Or Facility Plan ................................................................................ 10-1 12. Pre-Design Meeting ....................................................................................................... 10-12 -
Irrigation Return Flow Or Discrete Discharge? Why Water Pollution from Cranberry Bogs Should Fall Within the Clean Water Act’S Npdes Program
GAL.HANSON.DOC 4/30/2007 10:08:35 AM IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW OR DISCRETE DISCHARGE? WHY WATER POLLUTION FROM CRANBERRY BOGS SHOULD FALL WITHIN THE CLEAN WATER ACT’S NPDES PROGRAM BY * ** ANDREW C. HANSON & DAVID C. BENDER Despite license plates proclaiming it as the “dairy state,” Wisconsin is the top cranberry producing state in the nation. Cranberry operations are unique in that they are agricultural operations that require vast quantities of water. Water discharged to lakes, wetlands, and rivers through ditches and canals during the production process can contain the phosphorus fertilizers and residues of pesticides that were applied during the growing season, which can cause serious water quality problems. Although the cranberry industry has not historically been subject to the Clean Water Act, cranberry bog discharges appear to fit squarely within the purview of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under that statute. In 2004, the Wisconsin attorney general filed a public nuisance lawsuit against a cranberry grower, alleging that the grower discharged bog water laced with phosphorus to the lake. However, provided that cranberry bog discharges do not fall within the “irrigation return flow” exemption from the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program may be a more cost-effective approach to addressing the water quality problems that can be caused by cranberry bog discharges. I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 340 II. POLLUTANT DISCHARGES FROM COMMERCIAL CRANBERRY PRODUCTION ...................... 342 III. STATE V. ZAWISTOWSKI AND THE ATTEMPT TO USE PUBLIC NUISANCE AUTHORITY TO CONTROL POLLUTANT DISCHARGES FROM CRANBERRY BOGS ................................... 345 IV. OVERVIEW OF THE CLEAN WATER ACT ........................................................................... 347 V. -
Sediment Transport Model for a Surface Irrigation System
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Applied and Environmental Soil Science Volume 2013, Article ID 957956, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/957956 Research Article Sediment Transport Model for a Surface Irrigation System Damodhara R. Mailapalli,1 Narendra S. Raghuwanshi,2 and Rajendra Singh2 1 BiologicalSystemsEngineering,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI53706,USA 2 Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India Correspondence should be addressed to Damodhara R. Mailapalli; [email protected] Received 16 March 2013; Revised 25 June 2013; Accepted 11 July 2013 Academic Editor: Keith Smettem Copyright © 2013 Damodhara R. Mailapalli et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Controlling irrigation-induced soil erosion is one of the important issues of irrigation management and surface water impairment. Irrigation models are useful in managing the irrigation and the associated ill effects on agricultural environment. In this paper, a physically based surface irrigation model was developed to predict sediment transport in irrigated furrows by integrating an irrigation hydraulic model with a quasi-steady state sediment transport model to predict sediment load in furrow irrigation. The irrigation hydraulic model simulates flow in a furrow irrigation system using the analytically solved zero-inertial overland flow equations and 1D-Green-Ampt, 2D-Fok, and Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration equations. Performance of the sediment transport model wasevaluatedforbareandcroppedfurrowfields.Theresultsindicated that the sediment transport model can predict the initial sediment rate adequately, but the simulated sediment rate was less accurate for the later part of the irrigation event. -
Subsurface Drip Irrigation (Sdi) Systems
NETAFIM USA SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION (SDI) SYSTEMS ADVANCED DRIP/MICRO IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGIES SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION QUALITY AND DEPENDABILITY FROM THE LEADERS IN DRIP IRRIGATION For over 50 years, growers world-wide have counted on Netafim for the most reliable, cost-effective and efficient ways to deliver water, nutrients and chemicals to their crops. This tradition continues with subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), the most advanced method for irrigating agricultural crops. With proper management of water and nutrients, a subsurface drip irrigation system can deliver maximum yields and optimal water use efficiencies. Drip irrigation, whether surface or subsurface, often results in increased production and yields as well as increased quality and uniformity. It provides more efficient use of the applied water resulting in substantial water savings. The flexibility of drip irrigation increases a grower’s ability to farm marginal land. WHAT IS SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION (SDI)? Subsurface drip irrigation is a variation on traditional drip irrigation where the dripline (tubing and drippers) is buried beneath the soil surface, rather than laid on the ground, supplying water directly to the roots. The depth and distance the dripline is placed depends on the soil type and the plant’s root structure. SDI is more than an irrigation system, it is a root zone management tool. Fertilizer can be applied to the root zone in a quantity when it will be most beneficial - resulting in greater use efficiencies and better crop performance. SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION (SDI) ADVANTAGES The key benefit of a surface micro-irrigation system is to apply low volumes of water and nutrients uniformly to every plant across the entire field. -
Troubleshooting Activated Sludge Processes Introduction
Troubleshooting Activated Sludge Processes Introduction Excess Foam High Effluent Suspended Solids High Effluent Soluble BOD or Ammonia Low effluent pH Introduction Review of the literature shows that the activated sludge process has experienced operational problems since its inception. Although they did not experience settling problems with their activated sludge, Ardern and Lockett (Ardern and Lockett, 1914a) did note increased turbidity and reduced nitrification with reduced temperatures. By the early 1920s continuous-flow systems were having to deal with the scourge of activated sludge, bulking (Ardem and Lockett, 1914b, Martin 1927) and effluent suspended solids problems. Martin (1927) also describes effluent quality problems due to toxic and/or high-organic- strength industrial wastes. Oxygen demanding materials would bleedthrough the process. More recently, Jenkins, Richard and Daigger (1993) discussed severe foaming problems in activated sludge systems. Experience shows that controlling the activated sludge process is still difficult for many plants in the United States. However, improved process control can be obtained by systematically looking at the problems and their potential causes. Once the cause is defined, control actions can be initiated to eliminate the problem. Problems associated with the activated sludge process can usually be related to four conditions (Schuyler, 1995). Any of these can occur by themselves or with any of the other conditions. The first is foam. So much foam can accumulate that it becomes a safety problem by spilling out onto walkways. It becomes a regulatory problem as it spills from clarifier surfaces into the effluent. The second, high effluent suspended solids, can be caused by many things. It is the most common problem found in activated sludge systems. -
4. Drainage of Irrigated Lands
ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY Water Technology Institute Faculty of Meteorology and Hydrology Course Name:-Irrigated Lands Hydrology Course Code:- MHH1403 CHAPTER FOUR DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS Prepared by: Tegegn T.(MSc.) Hydrology Objectives of the chapter • By the end of the session, the student will able to: – Understand what we mean by Agricultural drainage – Understand causes of excess water in agricultural lands – Know Problems and effects of poor drainage – Understand need of drainage – Know different types of drainage 4/21/2020 2 4.1 Definition of Drainage • Good water management of an irrigation scheme not only requires proper water application but also a proper drainage system. • Agricultural drainage can be defined as the removal of excess surface water and/or the lowering of the groundwater table below the root zone in order to improve plant growth. 4/21/2020 3 Cont… Class activity • Be in group and discuss on following topics – Causes of excess water or rise of water table – What are the effects of poor drainage – Why drainage is needed? 4/21/2020 4 Causes of excess water or rise of WT: • Natural Causes: – Poor natural drainage of the subsoil – Submergence under floods – Deep percolation from rainfall – Drainage water coming from adjacent areas. • Artificial Causes: – High intensity of irrigated agriculture irrespective of the soil or subsoil – Heavy seepage losses from unlined canals – Enclosing irrigated fields with embankments – Non-maintenance of natural drainages or blocking of natural drainages channels by roads. – the extra water applied for the flushing away of 4/21/2020 salts from the root zone. 5 4.2 Problems and effects of poor drainage • Drainage problem could be: – Surface drainage problem ---- when excess water builds up the water table and reaches to the ground level (i.e. -
Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in Traditionally Irrigated Fields in Northern New Mexico, U.S.A
water Article Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in Traditionally Irrigated Fields in Northern New Mexico, U.S.A. Karina Y. Gutiérrez-Jurado 1, Alexander G. Fernald 2, Steven J. Guldan 3 and Carlos G. Ochoa 4,* 1 School of the Environment, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia; karina.gutierrez@flinders.edu.au 2 Water Resources Research Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; [email protected] 3 Sustainable Agriculture Science Center, New Mexico State University, Alcalde, NM 87511, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-541-737-0933 Academic Editor: Ashok K. Chapagain Received: 18 December 2016; Accepted: 3 February 2017; Published: 10 February 2017 Abstract: Better understanding of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) interactions and water balances has become indispensable for water management decisions. This study sought to characterize SW-GW interactions in three crop fields located in three different irrigated valleys in northern New Mexico by (1) estimating deep percolation (DP) below the root zone in flood-irrigated crop fields; and (2) characterizing shallow aquifer response to inputs from DP associated with irrigation. Detailed measurements of irrigation water application, soil water content fluctuations, crop field runoff, and weather data were used in the water budget calculations for each field. Shallow wells were used to monitor groundwater level response to DP inputs. The amount of DP was positively and significantly related to the total amount of irrigation water applied for the Rio Hondo and Alcalde sites, but not for the El Rito site. -
Selecting an Irrigation System, You Need to Consider Both the Initial System Cost and the Op- Erating Costs of the System
Sprinkler Irrigation Surface Irrigation Irrigation can be expensive. Before you install an irrigation system, it is very important to Sprinkler irrigation is a high pressure and high determine that increased yield and better crop flow irrigation system. Water is pumped and dis- quality will result in sufficient increase in income tributed through laterals and sprinkler heads. to offset the cost of installing and operating the This system is often used on small farms be- irrigation system. This starts with choosing the cause it is adaptable to a wide range of soil and right system. field conditions. Irrigation systems can be divided into four classes: Surface, Sprinkler, Drip and Subsurface. Before deciding what method of irrigation to use, it is important to know how much and the quality of water is available, the soil type and slope of your crop fields and what crops you plan to irrigate. Surface Irrigation, water is applied by flowing across the field in furrows. This is usually done where field slopes are flatter and the soils less sandy. The water must make it across the field without over-watering the up- per portions and without causing erosion. Sprinkler Irrigation Costs: When selecting an irrigation system, you need to consider both the initial system cost and the op- erating costs of the system. The exact cost can only be determined once a system is designed, but the following table can act as a guide: Well and Pump $5,000 to 10,000 each Traveling Gun $1,000 to $8,000/ ac Hand Move System: $2,000 to $3,000/ ac Drip System $2,000 to $4000/ ac Solid Set System: $4,000 to $8,000/ ac Subsurface $3,000 to $6,000/ ac Selecting an Irrigation System Selecting a System. -
Dissertation Simulating the Fate And
DISSERTATION SIMULATING THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF SALINITY SPECIES IN A SEMI- ARID AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER SYSTEM: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION Submitted by Saman Tavakoli Kivi Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2018 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Ryan T. Bailey Co-Advisor: Timothy K. Gates Michael J. Ronayne Aditi Bhaskar Copyright by Saman Tavakoli Kivi 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT SIMULATING THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF SALINITY SPECIES IN A SEMI- ARID AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER SYSTEM: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION Many irrigated agricultural areas worldwide suffer from salinization of soil, groundwater, and nearby river systems. Increased salinity concentrations, which can lead to decreased crop yield, are due principally to the presence of salt minerals and high rates of evapotranspiration. High groundwater salt loading to nearby river systems also affects downstream areas when saline river water is diverted for additional uses. Irrigation-induced salinity is the principal water quality problem in the semi-arid region of the western United States due to the extensive background quantities of salt in rocks and soils. Due to the importance of the problem and the complex hydro-chemical processes involved in salinity fate and transport, a physically-based spatially-distributed numerical model is needed to assess soil and groundwater salinity at the regional scale. Although several salinity transport models have been developed in recent decades, these models focus on salt species at the small scale (i.e. soil profile or field), and no attempts thus far have been made at simulating the fate, storage, and transport of individual interacting salt ions at the regional scale within a river basin. -
A Method for Estimating Ground-Water Return Flow
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING GROUND-WATER RETURN FLOW TO THE COLORADO RIVER IN THE PARKER AREA, ARIZONA AND* CALIFORNIA By S. A. Leake U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4229 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Tucson, Arizona September 1984 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief Open-File Services Section U.S. Geological Survey Western Distribution Branch Box FB-44 U.S. Geological Survey Federal Building Box 25425, Federal Center 301 West Congress Street Denver, Colorado 80225 Tucson, Arizona 85701 Telephone: (303) 236-7476 CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................................... 1 I introduction ........................................................ 1 Purpose and scope ............................................ 2 Relation to other reports ...................................... 2 Acknowledgments .............................................. 6 Hydrology.......................................................... 6 The Colorado River ........................................... 6 The flood plain and underlying alluvial aquifer ................ 8 Method ............................................................. 14 Step 1 Delineate subareas of ground-water drainage .......... 14 Step 2 Estimate diversions to irrigated land .................. 18 Step 3 Estimate consumptive use ............................. -
Effects of Irrigation Performance on Water Balance: Krueng Baro Irri- Gation Scheme (Aceh-Indonesia) As a Case Study
DOI: 10.2478/jwld-2019-0040 © Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Committee on Agronomic Sciences JOURNAL OF WATER AND LAND DEVELOPMENT Section of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering in Agriculture, 2019 2019, No. 42 (VII–IX): 12–20 © Institute of Technology and Life Sciences (ITP), 2019 PL ISSN 1429–7426, e-ISSN 2083-4535 Available (PDF): http://www.itp.edu.pl/wydawnictwo/journal; http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jwld; http://journals.pan.pl/jwld Received 07.12.2018 Reviewed 05.03.2019 Accepted 07.03.2019 Effects of irrigation performance on water balance: A – study design B – data collection Krueng Baro Irrigation Scheme (Aceh-Indonesia) C – statistical analysis D – data interpretation E – manuscript preparation as a case study F – literature search Azmeri AZMERI1) ABCDEF , Alfiansyah YULIANUR2) AD, Uli ZAHRATI3) BC, Imam FAUDLI4) BC 1) orcid.org/0000-0002-3552-036X; Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department Jl. Tgk. Syeh Abdul Rauf No. 7, Darussalam – Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; e-mail: [email protected] 2) orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-1792; Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; e-mail: [email protected] 3) orcid.org/0000-0001-8665-8193; Office of River Region of Sumatra-I, Lueng Bata, Banda Aceh, Indonesia; e-mail: [email protected] 4) orcid.org/0000-0002-4944-3449; Hydrology and hydraulics consultant; e-mail: [email protected] For citation: Azmeri A., Yulianur A., Zahrati U., Faudli I. 2019. Effects of irrigation performance on water balance: Krueng Baro Irri- gation Scheme (Aceh-Indonesia) as a case study. -
7. Design and Evaluation of Surface Irrigation Methods in Southern Gujarat Using Surdev (Gau)
Joint Completion Report on IDNP Redt# 3 "Computer Modeling in Irrigation and Drainage" 7. DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION METHODS IN SOUTHERN GUJARAT USING SURDEV (GAU) 7.1 Introduction The study area is located in the central western coast of India in the Southern Gujarat. South Gujarat comprises of the Valsad, the Navsari, the Dang, the Surat and the Bharuch districts with rainfall varying from about 850 mm to 2000 mm. The general topography of the area is flat. The soils of the area are clayey while some parts also have clay loamsoils. The main crops of the South Gujarat are sugarcane, paddy and fruit crops. Paddy is taken both during khavifand summer seasons. Sugarcane crop occupies more than 50% of the culturable command area in South Gujarat and it is mostly irrigated with furrow method of irrigation. Furrow method of irrigation is also adopted for many other vegetable crops of this area. Paddy and fruit crops like banana, mango, and papaya are irrigated using basin irrigation method. In fruit crops, ring basin method of irrigation is adopted. In paddy, farmers adopt field to field irrigation. The area, in addition to heavy rainfall, receives canal water throughout the year. The region has many streams flowing from eastern side and draining into the Arabian Sea. Farmers of the region, due to easy availability of water, knowingly or unknowingly apply more water, especially in the upper reaches of the canal. On the other hand, in mid and tail reaches of canal command and in well-irrigated areas, the water application is less than the demand and is non-uniform.