In Vitro Morphogenesis of Arabidopsis to Search for Novel Endophytic Fungi Modulating Plant Growth” Dovana, F., Mucciarelli, M., Mascarello, M., Fusconi, A

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In Vitro Morphogenesis of Arabidopsis to Search for Novel Endophytic Fungi Modulating Plant Growth” Dovana, F., Mucciarelli, M., Mascarello, M., Fusconi, A UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DEL PIEMONTE ORIENTALE DiSIT-Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze Ambientali (Acque interne e agroecosistemi) XXVII Ciclo Interazioni tra piante e endofiti fungini: effetti di PGP-HSF e di nuovi isolati su organismi modello Tutor: Prof. Graziella Berta Prof. Guido Lingua Ph.D. Student: Dott. Francesco Dovana Coordinatore: Prof. Giorgio Malacarne Indice Primo capitolo ........................................................................................................................... 3 Introduzione .......................................................................................................................... 3 Materiali e metodi ................................................................................................................. 7 1. Isolamento dei funghi endofiti .................................................................................. 7 2. Identificazione molecolare ........................................................................................ 8 2.1. Estrazione del DNA ................................................................................................ 8 2.2. Identificazione dei campioni e realizzazione dei un albero filogenetico che evidenzi le relazioni tra i diversi isolati ............................................................................ 10 3. Semina di Arabidopsis thaliana e inoculo degli endofiti ......................................... 11 3.1. Protocollo per la semina di Arabidopsis e l’inoculo degli isolati fungini ............. 11 3.2. Analisi dei pesi freschi e pesi secchi .................................................................... 14 3.3. Analisi dell’apparato radicale .............................................................................. 14 4. Quantificazione dell’acido indol-3-acetico (IAA) nei filtrati colturali dei funghi studiati ............................................................................................................................. 16 5. Analisi statistica ....................................................................................................... 17 Risultati ................................................................................................................................ 17 1. Identificazione molecolare degli endofiti isolati da M. aquatica ............................ 17 2. Effetto sulle biomasse ............................................................................................. 21 3. Relazioni tra le biomasse nei due differenti esperimenti........................................ 27 4. Area radicale, profondità radicale e IDR. ................................................................ 29 5. Relazioni tra parametri radicali e biomasse ............................................................ 35 6. Effetto di dieci funghi endofiti sull’architettura radicale ........................................ 38 7. Confronto tra i due precedenti metodi di analisi radicale. ..................................... 41 8. Concentrazione di IAA dei filtrati colturali. ............................................................. 42 Discussione .......................................................................................................................... 43 Bibliografia ........................................................................................................................... 53 Secondo capitolo ..................................................................................................................... 60 Introduzione ........................................................................................................................ 60 Materiali e metodi ............................................................................................................... 64 1. Identificazione molecolare ...................................................................................... 64 1 2. Sterilizzazione dei semi di basilico nella prova di germinazione e nei microbox .... 64 3. Coltivazione di PGP-HSF in coltura liquida .............................................................. 65 4. Prova di germinazione condotta su basilico ............................................................ 65 5. Coltivazione del basilico inoculato con PGP-HSF in microbox................................. 65 6. Coltura in vitro delle piante di basilico .................................................................... 67 7. Analisi radicale condotta su piante di basilico coltivate in microbox...................... 70 8. Analisi microscopiche per valutare le interazioni pianta fungo .............................. 70 9. Analisi statistica. ...................................................................................................... 72 Risultati ................................................................................................................................ 72 1. Inquadramento sistematico del fungo PGP-HSF e risultati delle analisi molecolari 72 2. Prove di germinazione. ............................................................................................ 75 3. Effetto sull’apparato radicale delle piante di basilico in microbox ......................... 76 4. Analisi microscopiche condotte sulle piante in microbox ....................................... 79 5. Effetto sullo sviluppo delle biomasse in vitro di due cultivar di basilico in tubi. .... 80 7. Effetto sullo sviluppo di basilico “italiko” in capsule quadrate ............................... 84 Discussione .......................................................................................................................... 86 Bibliografia ........................................................................................................................... 93 Articoli allegati: .................................................................................................................... 96 2 Primo capitolo Introduzione Le piante, organismi caratterizzati da grande plasticità dello sviluppo ed adattabili a diverse condizioni ambientali, interagiscono con numerosi microrganismi che ne influenzano la loro crescita e la loro capacità di adattamento all’ambiente (Vandenkoornhuyse et al., 2015). Tra questi microorganismi vi sono i funghi endofiti, in grado di colonizzare la maggior parte delle specie incluse nel regno Plantae (Rodriguez et al. 2009). Sebbene con il termine endofita De Bary nell’ottocento (De Bary, 1866) considerasse “ogni organismo presente nei tessuti delle piante”, attualmente questo termine ha subito una notevole evoluzione (Hyde and Soytong, 2008). Una delle definizioni più comuni è quella proposta da Petrini (1991), secondo cui gli endofiti sono “Tutti gli organismi abitanti gli organi della pianta che in un dato momento della loro vita riescono a colonizzare i tessuti interni della pianta senza causare danni evidenti all’ospite”, anche se la letteratura propone diverse alternative. Sebbene queste definizioni possano includere nell’accezione più generale anche i funghi micorrizici, questi ultimi vengono esclusi a causa della loro differente “ecologia” (Hyde and Soytong, 2008). Malgrado questa distinzione, alcuni funghi possono assumere entrambi i comportamenti, come Cenococcum geophilum, in grado di comportarsi sia da endofita fogliare sia da fungo micorrizico (Arnold, 2007). Tradizionalmente i fungi endofiti sensu stricto vengono suddivisi in due categorie: endofiti clavicipitacei (C-endophytes), o di Classe 1, che colonizzano la famiglia delle Poaceae e nonclavicipitacei (NC-endophytes) in grado di instaurare simbiosi con la 3 maggior parte delle piante, dalle felci alle Angiosperme alle Gimnosperme. I primi sono costituiti da un gruppo di specie affini da un punto di vista filogenetico, difficili da coltivare in laboratorio e in grado di colonizzare la parte epigea della pianta dove possono causare infezioni sistemiche (Bischoff & White, 2005). I secondi, rappresentano un gruppo molto numeroso, polifiletico, le cui specie appartengono principalmente alla divisione Ascomycota, e il cui ruolo ecologico non è ancora stato chiarito completamente. Gli endofiti nonclavicipitacei vengono divisi in ulteriori tre classi. Le specie, appartenenti alla Classe 2 sono in grado di colonizzare: radici, fusti, rizomi e semi, e proprio grazie a questo sono in grado di diffondersi anche in modo verticale attraverso i semi, come gli endofiti clavicipitacei. Gli endofiti di Classe 3 colonizzano unicamente la parte epigea mentre gli endofiti di Classe 4 si sviluppano nelle radici (Rodriguez et al. 2009). Molti studi sono stati condotti sull’interazione tra piante terrestri e funghi, sia micorrrizici che endofiti non micorrizici, mentre molti meno lavori sono stati condotti su piante acquatiche o che vivono in ambiente di parziale sommersione (Sandberg et al., 2014). Nel presente studio, sono stati isolati funghi endofiti da menta acquatica (Mentha aquatica L.), pianta conosciuta per le sue capacità di fitodepurare le acque contaminate dai metalli pesanti e che ha la capacità di adattarsi a diverse condizioni di disponibilità idrica, di ossigeno nel terreno e contenuto di metalli pesanti; per queste ragioni è stata studiata nei monitoraggi degli ecosistemi delle aree umide (Branković et al., 2012). Questa attitudine alla fitodepurazione di M. aquatica è garantita da un 4 appartato radicale molto sviluppato in grado di rilasciare nella rizosfera sostanze capaci di inibire lo sviluppo
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