Constants of Mustard Oil 329

: BRAHMACHARI June, 1935] CONSTANTS OF MUSTARD OIL 329

refraction, and CONSTANTS OF MUSTARD OIL specific gravity viscosity among the physical constants and titre and acetyl B. B. d.p.h. the By BRAHMACHARI, values, among chemical constants, common Director of Bengal Public Health Laboratory to mustard oil and other fatty oils, and erucic acid value which is characteristic of mustard Mustard oil, i.e., the bland oil. from the mustard seed, ra in unnivcrsaMise in Procedure for finding the Bengal as an values.?Nothing edible . sively cooking 01 exten-need be said about the analysis for saponifica- adulterated and so e tion forms a g pr0por-tion, iodine and acetyl values except that for of the articles of food which we toiodine values, we followed Hanus' method as analyse under Act. the Bengal Food we do in our routine work in the laboratory Like other oils we found the and fats, m., Adm^ hafland that acetyl value on the dis- characters, by which it can be tyjed andtillate as given in Lewkowitsch (1921). We estimated in ters, mixtures. Some o ^ charac-took the refraction reading at 40?C. by the though common to this as ^ Zeiss' and the fats and oêr butyro-refractometer specific oils, are }iave at 15.5?C. For 'constants ,i-? '* valuesgravity by pyknometer viscosity which vary within limits whic1 Afferentwe used Oswald's tube. The following are the from the limits of the values o ^w0 con- ways by which we found the titre and the stants in other other fats and mis. are aiSo erucic acid values. conditions which are teristic or peculiar to Titre. We saponified 15 gm. of the the oil. constants of oil, the oil, Among dried the soap, set free the acids by dissolving been saponification and values have it in water, adding 50 c.cm. of dilute 10Clin, li ? hvdro- standardized in un c Food Bengal Bengal chloric acid and heating it on a Adulteration the va ^ water-bath, for Act, be}ng washing the fatty acids and drying overnight in saponification value 169 to value ^ iodine a desiccator under a vacuum of 8 mm. 96 to 104. , of at These were otmous arrived We melted the from the mercury. fatty acid, put it into at analysis of oils P:re a test 'tube 15.5 cm. 2.54 cm. Dacca and 3^ high, wide, and Calcutta. ?{vsis of 54 1 mm. fixed with a cork in a samples from all .My thick, kept wide- the m tie cm. of the jails i-Werent parts mouthed bottle 16 high with mouth 5.8 cm. province also led to valu ^hese two wide, containing water and cooled by ice outside constants which were same practically wjt,hin the the bottle, the water with a ranges, being agitated stirrer. viz, A thermometer graduated to 0.1 and Saponification degree Iodine value ?? t0 175.3 with bulb 1.5 cm. long, 5 mm. in diameter, value .. ? ? or'o' to 103.5 suspended from a loop and with the bulb well Kinds . immersed in the recorded the tem- of mustard.?But as pointedI out fatty acids, by Prain As the to of (1898) there are three kinds perature. temperature began fall and mustard the acid we turned round from which the oil essed in got hazy, the bulb Bengal and the of the thermometer thrice to the and then are neighbouring provinces. fhey right called thrice to the left and then on it by various names, viz, kept moving (1) Brassica to and fro. The temperature fell in juncea, the Indian Wlis regularly Bengal and followed a the (2) chota sarisha in by sharp rise, highest point being Brassica recorded as the titre. napus var. dichotom , Indian variation in called sarisha in '.ue . JaVe Very slight Bengal and ^ ûtni and details different our nacjhi in other Orissa, may give readings, figures provinces as well a (3) Brassica Bengal. may not quite agree with those obtained the colza campestris var. so the Indian by called swet _ method prescribed by the Seventh Bihar. sarisha in Beng^ sarson in International Congress of Applied Chemistry nor with those The of Dalican, Finkener, etc. mustard oil on the derived Erucic acid value.?Lead from the seed of ^ree soap, prepared kinds of any,roaikeêge from the oil the usual Renard's mustard and is usual jessed from by process and either or was both the sarisha sarisha thoroughly washed, digested with 100 c.cm. mixed of ether with a f The petroleum (B.P. 40?C.) on a water- varying proportion bath under a reflux condenser thesaponification and iodine ^ till dissolved. same val"? The solution was into a for oils of all these kinds, poured glass-stoppered . cylinder, cooled to 10? to 15?C. for 2 Constants of different vius 0^s_?"We hours and , then filtered. The obtained samples of oil m each of rapidly soap in the filter these express was washed with 150 of three kinds from the din _nt districts thoroughly c.cm. of cooled the petroleum ether, and then province, as well as samp ^ gee(j transferred into a from which beaker and boiled with 100 c.cm. of lng they were pressed. -^île analys- concen- them for trated acid and 200 c.cm. we saponification an ,-ne values, hydrochloric of water availed for half an hour till the ourselves of the tQ study fatty acids separated some of opp? out The their other constants as we completely. fatty acids were then show washed with water below, might well egorted to repeatedly in a separator ^vhen the very . till free from mineral former two official c ' nts fail to acid, extracted with ether, help us in coming to a decision. rpjiese are 330 THE INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE [June, 1935 dried, dissolved in 100 c.cm. of 60 per cent was one, being 167.70, and the higher saponifica- alcohol, and cooled to 0?C. The precipitate was tion value was also one, being 180, there was one washed with 100 c.cm. of cooled 60 per cent sample having lower iodine value (94.10) and alcohol, extracted with ether and dried. It two having higher values (105.29 and 110.51) ? now consisted of erucic acid and saturated Van der Wielen (1915) got the saponification acids. and iodine values at 183 and 119, respectively, Values of constants found.?The result of our in the oil expressed from mustard seed which work is shown in the following table : he obtained from Bombay. Three samples of

Saris ha S\VET SARISHA RaI SARISHA

Constants Number Number Number of Values of Values of Values samples samples samples

Chemical? (1) Saponification value 21 170.05 to 176.55 13 171.2 to 175.2 15 171.25 to 176.4 (2) Iodine value 21 98.7 to 107.5 13 96.05 to 102.1 15 105.15 to 109.05 (3) Titre value 10 15.8 to 18.0 11 17.6 to 20.0 8 15.8 to 16.8 (4) Solid fraction for 7 40 to 41 5 40 5 40 to 42 erucic acid melting point. (5) Acetyl value 20.5 to 26.4 5 27.6 to 87.7 4 21.7 to 81.6 Physical? (6) Refraction reading 21 58.7 to 60.3 13 58.6 to 60.0 15 59.5 to 61.1 at 40?C. Zeiss' scale. (7) Specific gravity at 0.9127 to 0.9152 5 0.9153 to 0.9135 4 0.9152 to 0.9156 15.5?C. 15.5?C.

(8) Viscosity value by 70.3 to 73.6 66.1 to 72.8 71.0 to 72.3 Oswald's tube at 40?C.

The saponification and iodine values of our oil pressed in our laboratory in 1924, each a f?l' 49 samples of mustard oil each pressed from seed of single kind of mustard, gave the seed of a single kind of mustard seed kept lowing results :? within the lower limit of the standard ranges Saponification Iodine but both gave wider upper limits. value value

was .. The saponification value above 175 in Sarisha .. 174.0 105.7 6 samples, viz, Swet sarisha .. 174.6 100.3 In 2 samples of sarisha oil, 175.45 and 176.55. Rai sarisha .. .. 178.6 116.7 In 1 of swet sarisha 175.2. sample oil, Therefore the ranges of these values as In 3 of rai sarisha 176.3 samples oil, 175.5, for the pure oil under the Bengal Food Adul- and 176.4. teration Act are too narrow. They should be-"" The iodine value exceeded the standard upper For value .. limits of 104 in 17 saponification 169?177 samples, viz, ? iodine value .. .. 96?116 In 2 samples of sarisha oil, 105.6 and 107.5. r In all the 15 samples of rai sarisha oil, I would point here to the popular fallacy ? the so-called and w*11 above 105. mistaking black mustard ^ In 11 out of these 15 rai sarisha oils, the mustard of this and the neighbouring province- iodine value was 106 and over, being 108 and for Sinapis nigra and alba. As shown over in three of them. Prain (1898) the terms, black mustard ^n ? We should also remember here that Crossly white mustard, so freely used here f?r and Le Seuer (1898) working with Dunstan, sarisha and swet sarisha are erroneous, the and alba are not in Director of the Scientific Department, nigra Sinapis grown -f? _ Imperial examined 12 samples of pure at least as field crops. So the high saponin0** Institute, > mustard oil from different parts of India, in- tion and iodine values for mustard oil, given cluding four from Bengal, and found that these Lewkowitsch and other European authors cannot to oil ?f . Indian mustard oils had saponification values often cited, apply mustard ^ between 167.70 and and iodine to the oil from rai sarisha ranging 180.10, country except gg values between 94.10 and 110.51. The number is allied to the European mustard, oil of samples having the lower saponification value given from Crossly and Le Seuer for rai June, 1935] CONSTANTS OF MUSTARD OIL : BRAHMACHARI 331

The following table shows the value of this in Lewkowitsch volume II of the Chemicaconstant as well as the saponification and iodine and and refraction Technology rats anvalues reading at 40?C. of a fifth Analysis of Oils, Waxes, edition, are of the oil from Brassicasample of mustard oil adulterated with the napus which is not rai but sarisha. other oils known to be used as adulterants. The titre of 29 of the samples of our oil ranged from 15.8 to 20.0. The average was Adulterated mustard oil 17.7; as the standard deviation of these va was 1.7, the probable error of the average 03 only 0.2 and bfi the therefore the probaMe range oi .2 titre, which is the range which wi i 99.7 per cent of the is 12.6 to ? ? The samples, Adulterants erucic acid fraction studied m samples gave all uniform results in the ia of my of assistants. The ranges "5 these 17 oils ^9un --a. the were for the melting p nf Pu, ps factor 40?C. to and for its lodL value 42?C. 59.0 to 69.2. This factor from oils Castor oil 5 59.9 175.3 96.9 78.8 Niger seed oil 5 59.6 173.9 100.3 60.0 erucic oi containing acid (niger seed , 10 59.8 oil, sesame 175.6 102.1 58.8 oil and linseed ha Arachis oil 10 58.9 points oil) 175.6 96.9 57.5 at 57?C. Sesame oil 10 59.0 176.0 than and over and iodine values is 98.6 59.8 3. But the Linseed oil 10 51.9 176.7 105.3 56.6 for method is rather too routine practice. . 1ft Acetyl values was studied m nf , The saponification value of the original samples, simply because it was expec of in mustard oil was near the standard help ca existing detecting and estimating > the values limit yet the increase of the value was not found however were very > viz, 20.5 to significant in any of these adulterated 87.7. Still in 8 of them it wa. samples 20.5 to and their iodine values were quite within the 27.9. The value of cast is about acetyl range. But as will be seen from the table the 200. So it stands to reason with viscosity co-efficient rose from that of sample this value at 20 to 30 m given y mustard oil with even 5 cent of adulterated with it. per castor oil and fell with so little of seed ., niger oil while the Refraction at 40?C. of t e .Q of this reading . value with 10 was 58.6 to departure per cent 61.1; all the oils from J ails examined^ adulteration is decided. The by me quite value of also had values within this rang this constant will be still more appreciated ci ? r* we i 15.5 C. when remember that the mustard oil Specific gravity at rqnfre(l between mav be adulterated with 20 per cent or even more 0.9127 to 0.9156. This constant is of use in of other fatty oil and yet the saponification out working the viscosity co-efficien and iodine values will remain within even the . namw Viscosity value.?We find this to existing ranges fixed under the Bengal important Food Adulteration Act. of constant of mustard oil detection adulteration, as important mdee ^ fraction index in the case 01 gni. * .dentifica_ tion of , the oils for commercial visco- References purP0S , meters we use are those of Redwood -pndar Brahmachari, B. B. (1934). Lead Soap Method of etc. We of Mustard find Oswald's tube very convement Analysis Oil. Proc. Instit. Chemists for our Engar, Vol. Part purpose and the (India), VI, III. and result qui reliable. t Crossly, A. W., and Le H. R. at The flow of the. oil is d Seuer, (1898). 40?C. in a Chemical and Physical Characters of some Indian thermostat and ^ ^ Oils. Journ. recorded in Edible Soc. Chem. Industry, Vol XVII seconds as usual. 9S9. -j-' q' thcThe visc0Sity p. value is ??? Dunstan, W. R. (1899). Indian Edible Oils. Agric. t s Ledger No. 12 (Vegetable Product Series No. : 52)'. t' = Superintendent, Government Flow in seconds of the oil. Press, Calcutta, India. t = and Van der Flow in seconds of water. Huber, C. A., Wielen, P. (1915). Mustard Oil and of Black s' = 15.5?C. Composition Mustard Seeds! Specific at gravity of the oil Journ. Soc. Chem. Industry, Vol. p. 1259. s 15 5?C. XXXIV, = Specific J. gravity of water =1. Lewkowitsch, (1922). Chemical Technology and Oils, Fats and Waxes. The Analysis of Macmiilan and Co range of viscosity value ofi nine tiie London. on samples of < D. A Note genuine mustard oil ^of Prain, (1898). Mustard cultivated in found to Bengal. Agric. Ledger No. 1 (Vegetable Product be 66.1 to 73.6, the average Kp;n?r 71 6 the standard Series No. 38). Superintendent, Government Press deviation was 1.9> Calcutta, India. error of the bemgH^ average was only O.o. Therefore Prain, D, (1903). Bengal Vol. the probable Plants, II. N W and 65.6. range of these values Co., Calcutta.