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ARI BİLİMİ / BEE SCIENCE Megachile Maritima (KIRBY) VE

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ARI BİLİMİ / BEE SCIENCE Megachile Maritima (KIRBY) VE ARI BLM / BEE SCIENCE Megachile maritima (KIRBY) VE Icteranthidium cimbiciforme (SMITH) (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) TÜRLER ÜZERNDE ENTOMOPALNOLOJK BR ÇALIMA An Entomopalynological Study on Megachile maritima (KIRBY) and Icteranthidium cimbiciforme (SMITH) (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) (Extended Abstract in English can be found at the end of this article) Yasemin GÜLER1, Burcu BURSALI2 1Zirai Mücadele Merkez Aratırma Enstitüsü, Gayret Mah., Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulvarı, No:66, 06172 Yenimahalle/Ankara, E-mail: [email protected] 2Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06800 Beytepe/Ankara, E-mail: [email protected] ÖZET: Bu çalımada, potansiyel polinatörlerden olan Megachile maritima (Kirby) ve Icteranthidium cimbiciforme (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)’nin besin tercihlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıtır. Örnekler Ankara ve Eskiehir illerinden atrapla toplanmıtır. Shannon çeitlilik indeksinin kullanıldıı çalıma sonucunda, M. maritima türünün Asteraceae ve Rosaceae, I. cimbiciforme’nin ise Asteraceae ve Fabaceae familyalarının polenlerini topladıı belirlenmitir. Ayrıca, Rosaceae’nin M. maritima’nın, Fabaceae’nin ise I. cimbiciforme’nin besin tercihleri arasında olduu ilk kez bu çalımada saptanmıtır. Her iki türün de en fazla Carduus spp. (Asteraceae)’ni tercih etmelerine ramen, sonraki tercihlerinin birbirinden farklılık gösterdii; M. maritima’nın ikinci sırada yine Asteraceae türlerini tercih ederken, I. Cimbiciforme’nin Fabaceae polenlerini topladıı tespit edilmitir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Entomopalinoloji, Polen, Megachile maritima, Icteranthidium cimbiciforme, Megachilidae. GR Bitkilerin ve bunlarla ilikili organizmaların olabilecek önemli verilerin elde edilmesine olanak yaamlarını devam ettirebilmeleri, polinatör ve bitki salar. Ayrıca çevre salıının takibi de arasındaki mutualistik ilikinin korunmasını entomopalinoloji ile mümkündür. Çünkü çevre gerektirmektedir (Laroca ve Orth 2002). salıının kontrolü ve izlenmesi için arılar test Polinatörlerin üstlendii bu ekolojik görev de böcei olarak kullanılır. Polen, nektar ve propolis mevcut populasyonların devamlılıını salayacak toplamak ve su içmek için yapacakları uçular ile bir habitat ihtiyaçlarının karılanmasına balıdır meyve bahçesindeki zehirlenmeye veya bir (Richards ve Kevan 2002). Bu ihtiyaçların nehirdeki kirlenmeye yönelik önemli ipuçları verirler. belirlenmesinde, böceklerin ilikide olduu Üzerlerinde taıdıkları polenlerin analizi ile öldürücü polenlerin tespit edilmesi önemli olup bu alanda etki yaratan kimyasalı tespit etmek de mümkündür yapılan çalımalar son yıllarda “Entomopalinoloji” (Ricciardelli D’Albore ve Intoppa 2000). Ancak pek olarak adlandırılmaktadır (Jones ve ark. 1995; çok polinatörün habitatı ve yaam döngüsü Pendleton ve ark. 1996; Ricciardelli D’Albore ve bilinmemektedir. Ne kadar çiçei, hangi sıklıkla ve Intoppa 2000). Nispeten yeni bir terim olmakla günün hangi saatlerinde ziyaret ettikleri; nektar mı birlikte, böcek ve polen ilikisi üzerine yapılan polen mi yoksa ikisini birden mi topladıkları; çalımalar aslında yeni deildir (Jones ve Jones genetii deitirilmi bitkilerin polinatörleri nasıl 2001). Entomopalinolojik çalımalar, tarım etkiledii; polinatörler yok olduunda bitki türlerine ürünlerinin balarısı dıındaki polinatörlerinin ne olacaı gibi soruları cevaplayabilmek için, belirlenmesine ve bu türlerin populasyonlarının çiçekler ve onların polinatörleri hakkında daha fazla desteklenmesine yönelik çalımalarda faydalı bilgiye ihtiyaç vardır (Jones ve Jones 2001). Tüm 3 0 Uluda Arıcılık Dergisi ubat 2008 / Uludag Bee Journal February 2008,8(1):30–35 ARI BLM / BEE SCIENCE bunlar dikkate alındıında, polinatör fauna Bu çalımada, potansiyel polinatörlerdan olan elemanlarının besin tercihlerinin belirlenmesine Megachile maritima (Kirby) ve Icteranthidium yönelik her çalıma büyük önem taımaktadır. cimbiciforme (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)’ nin besin tercihlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıtır. Megachilidae familyasına ait türler, ekonomik önemi olan pek çok bitkinin polinatörü olarak GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM kullanılmaktadır. Megachile, Osmia ve Anthidium Örnekler, 2000 ve 2001 yıllarının Haziran-Austos cinslerine balı türler, yonca (Medicago sativa L.), aylarında Ankara (Aya, Gölbaı, Güdül ve üçgül (Trifolium spp.) ve korunga (Onobrychis Kızılcahamam) ve Eskiehir (Alpu ve Sivrihisar) vicifoila Scop.) gibi yem bitkileri üzerindeki illerinden atrapla toplanmıtır. Polen preparatları polinasyon etkinlerinin yüksek olması nedeniyle, Güler ve Sorkun (2007)’a göre hazırlanmı ve ticari polinatör olarak kullanılmaktadır (Whitfield et bunun için her iki türden eit sayıda (22+22) dii al. 1987; Frohlich 1990; Özbek ve Zanden 1992). metasoması kullanılmıtır. Polenlerin tehisi mevcut Yem bitkilerinin yanı sıra bu türlerin, ayçiçei literatür (Aytu ve ark. 1971, Erdtman 1969; Nilsson (Helianthus annus L.), çilek (Fragaria xananassa ve ark. 1977; Moore ve Webb 1983; Faegri ve Duchesne), böürtlen (Rubus fruticosus L.), badem Iversen 1989; Pehlivan 1995; Ricciardelli D’Albore (Prunus amygdalus Batsch), erik [(Prunus dulcis 1997) ve referans preparatlara göre yapılmıtır. (Miller)], kiraz [(Prunus avium (L.)], armut (Pyrus communis L.) ve elma (Malus pumila Mill.) gibi M. maritima ve I. cimbiciforme türlerinin en çok ekonomik öneme sahip daha pek çok bitkinin tercih ettii bitki türleri, Shannon çeitlilik indeksi polinasyonunda da etkili oldukları bilinmektedir (H’) ile belirlenmitir. (Parker 1986; Fairey ve ark. 1989; Bosch 1994; 2 Shannon çeitlilik indeksi (H’)= -P log P Pinzauti ve ark. 1997; Bosch ve ark. 2000). i i P =i bitkisini ziyaret eden arı türüne ait bireylerin Tüm Türkiye’ de yayılı gösteren Megachile i toplam örnekteki oranı. maritima (Kirby, 1802) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), Asteraceae (Helianthus, Cirsium, SONUÇLAR VE TARTIMA Senecio, Onopordon ve Centaurea spp.), Polen tehisleri ancak cins seviyesinde yapılabilmi Boraginaceae, Fabaceae (Vicia, Trifolium, olup, bu seviyeye kadar tehisi yapılamayan tüm Lathyrus, Medicago, Lotus, Astragalus, Ononis ve polen örnekleri de balı bulundukları familya adı Genista spp.), Orchidaceae [(Himantoglossum altında toplanarak deerlendirilmilerdir. Shannon hircinum (L.)] ve Labiate (Betonica spp.) çeitlilik indeksine göre, M. maritima (H’=1.539) ve familyalarına balı türlerin polenini topladıı I. cimbiciforme (H’=1.678) türleri arasında ziyaret bilinmektedir (Benno 1969; Özbek 1979; Dorn ve ettikleri bitki tür sayısı bakımından önemli bir fark Weber 1988; Gogala 1991; Banaszak ve olmadıı saptanmıtır. Romasenko 1998; Carey ve Farrell 2002). Pek çok polinatör tür gibi bu tür de habitat yıkımı, pestisitler, M. maritima türüne ait preparatlarda en fazla parazitik akar ve hastalıklar, yabancı türlerle girilen Carduus spp. (Asteraceae) (H’=0.353) polenlerine rekabet, hava kirlilii ve iklimsel deiimler rastlanmıtır (ekil 1). Populus (Salicaceae), nedeniyle yok olma tehdidi altındadır (Richards ve Boraginaceae ve Fabaceae örneklerine ait polenler Kevan 2002) ve günümüzde Almanya, Hollanda ve sadece bir veya iki preparatta görülmü olup, bu rlanda’da nesli tehlike altında türler kategorisinde preparatlardaki sayıları da yine bir veya iki adeti deerlendirilerek, bu ülkelerin kırmızı listesinde yer geçmemitir. Sonuçlar familya seviyesinde almaktadır (Westrich ve Dathe 1997; Peeters ve deerlendirildiinde, bu türün Asteraceae (%81,62) Reemer 2003; Fitzpatrick ve ark. 2006). ve Rosaceae (%18,25) familyalarına ait polenleri I.cimbiciforme ise bugüne kadar, Akdeniz, Dou toplaması ile polilektik bir tür olduu tespit edilmitir Anadolu ve ç Anadolu Bölgelerinde yayılı (Tablo 1). Rosaceae’nin M. maritima’nın besin gösterdii tespit edilmi olup, Centaurea solstitialis tercihleri arasında olduu ilk kez bu çalımada L. (Asteraceae) ile Vitex agnus-castus L. saptanmıtır. (Verbenaceae) (Özbek ve Zanden 1993) dıında, ziyaret ettii dier bitkiler konusunda yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktadır. U. Arı Drg. ubat 2008 / U. Bee J. February 2008,8(1):30–35 31 ARI BLM / BEE SCIENCE Populus Boraginaceae Rosaceae r Helianthus e l i k t i B Asteraceae Fabaceae Taraxacum Carduus 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 H' ekil 1. Shannon indeksine (H’) göre M. maritima’nın tercih ettii bitki çeitlilii. Tablo 1. M. maritima ve I. cimbiciforme tarafından en çok tercih edilen familyaların yüzde daılımı Asteraceae Rosaceae Fabaceae M. maritima 81,62 18,25 0,06 I. cimbiciforme 68,03 0 31,84 I. cimbiciforme türüne ait preparatlarda da en fazla veya iki ile sınırlı kalmıtır. Familya seviyesinde Carduus spp. (H’=0.366) polenlerine rastlanmıtır yapılan deerlendirmede ise, I. cimbiciforme’nin (ekil 2). Ancak, ikinci sıradaki tercihinin polilektik özellik göstererek Asteraceae (%68,03) ve Asteraceae yerine Fabaceae olması ile Fabaceae (%31,84) familyalarının polenlerini M.maritima’dan farklılık gösterdii saptanmıtır. topladıı saptanmıtır (Tablo 1). Fabaceae Cistus (Cistaceae), Populus (Salicaceae) ve familyasının, I. cimbiciforme’nin besin tercihleri Pinaceae polenleri sadece bir veya iki preparatta arasında olduu ilk kez bu çalımada ortaya görülmü olup bu preparatlardaki sayıları da bir konulmutur. Cistus Pinaceae Populus r Asteraceae e l i k t i B Fabaceae Centaurea Taraxacum Carduus 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 H' ekil 2. Shannon indeksine (H’) göre I. cimbiciforme’nin tercih ettii bitkiler. 3 2 Uluda Arıcılık Dergisi ubat 2008 / Uludag Bee Journal February 2008,8(1):30–35 ARI BLM / BEE SCIENCE Her iki türün de en fazla Carduus spp. Familya seviyesinde en fazla Asteraceae ve (Asteraceae)’ni tercih etmesi, bu türlerin zengin bir Fabaceae’den polen toplanması
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