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J OURNAL

AUSTRALIAN MODEL RAILWAY ASSOCIATION INCORPORATED Vol. 62 No. 333 May - Jun ISSN 0045-0715 Print Post Approved 2013 PP340929/00013 Information and Directory of Office Holders - AMRA

Federal Committee President Graham Larmour 42 McMillan Street Yagoona NSW 2199 02 9790 5074 email: [email protected] Secretary Robert Hodges 9 Lord Place Barden Ridge NSW 2234 02 9543 4852 email: [email protected] Business hrs. Registrar Stephen Chapman PO Box 429 Moorebank NSW 1875 02 9824 1295 email: [email protected] Treasurer Brian Tyson 22 Tobruk Avenue Carlingford NSW 2118 02 9872 3512 email: [email protected] Website: http://www.amra.asn.au email: [email protected]

New South Wales Committee President Barry Wilcockson 11 Richmond Close St Johns Park NSW 2176 02 9610 7356 Secretary Geoff Lanham 18 Calvados St Glenfield NSW 2167 02 9829 3362 Treasurer Marilyn Wilcockson 11 Richmond Close St Johns Park NSW 2176 02 9610 7356 Clubroom address and phone: 48 Barry Avenue (P.O. Box 277) Mortdale NSW 2223 02 9153 5901

Victorian Committee President Gary Danson 201/101 Whalley Dve Wheelers Hill Vic. 03 9795 4160 Secretary Ron Polistena 1 Loxwood Ave Keysborough Vic 03 9798 7609 Treasurer Don Nimon 18 Keyes St Ashburton Vic 3147 03 9885 4819 Clubrooms address and phone: 92 Wills Street Glen Iris Vic 3146 03 9885 7034

Queensland Committee President Peter Dusha 18 Ginahgulla St Mt Gravatt East Qld 4122 07 33490351 Secretary Peter Dusha 18 Ginahgulla St Mt Gravatt East Qld 4122 07 33490351 Treasurer Chris Lynch Club Rooms address and phone 20 Murphy Road (PO Box 352) Zillmere Qld 4034 07 3862 9633

Western Australian Committee President Frans Ponjee 08 9490 3636 or 0427124895 email:[email protected] Vice President Graham Bell 08 92954461 email: [email protected] Secretary Neill Phillips 08 92434664 email:[email protected] Treasurer Craig Hartmann 08 93774849 email: [email protected] Clubrooms address and ph:24 Moojebing Street (P.O.Box 60) Maylands WA 6931 08 9377 3456

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Type Size (W x H) Casual Rate Regular Rate Inside Pages Hobby Shop Directory 85 x 40 n/a $63.00 six issues Quarter page 85 x 130 $20.00 $16.40 per issue Half page 188 x 130 $38.00 $25.00 per issue Full Page 188 x 273 $63.00 $50.00 per issue Inside Back Cover Half page 188 x 130 $50.60 $44.00 per issue Full Page 188 x 273 $88.50 $76.00 per issue

Rates quoted are colour, if supplied that way and include GST. Casual Rates apply for one off advertisers. Regular rates apply when the same ad is ordered to appear in six or more issues. AMRA ‘JOURNAL’ is the official Journal of the Australian Model Railway Association Incorporated and is published six times per year. Circulation is approximately 1,000 copies, Australia wide. Our ABN is 93 381 859 617. Advertising Deadlines: All advertising copy/artwork should be sent to the Advertising Manager by the 14th of the even month (February, April, June, August, October, December). Artwork should be supplied on a CD-ROM / DVD and in PDF or BMP format: please, DO NOT EMAIL. All payments for advertising must be made in advance by cheque or Money Order payable to AMRA Inc and sent to the Advertising Manager at the same time as the artwork. Further advertising enquiries should be directed to the Advertising Manager: Ms Dale Kay 3-5 Brunning Street, Upwey, Victoria. 3158 Ph: 03 9754 6858 email: [email protected] AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 PAGE 59

EDITORIAL Inside this issue: hope you enjoy reading this issue of JOURNAL. This issue celebrates my 13th year of involvement with the Editorial 59 I production of JOURNAL. It sometimes hasn’t been an easy journey with the stresses of meeting deadlines and trying to balance my home and work life with its production. You will Ultrasonic Cleaning 60 see by this issue that we are down in page number. This is due in part to the lack of article contributions. Now I know the regular contributors will say “we have sent in articles” but Popvalve 61 I prefer to use only one article per writer in each issue. I think it unfair to expect the small number who do contribute to have to support each issue. Surely they, like me have other things to do with their time. I guess the point I am trying to make is that there are only a few members who regu- Local Rail News 62 larly send in articles for publication. Without these people there would probably be no JOURNAL. Each subsequent issue present new problems and I find myself having to write many articles myself. I ask that all mem- DCC Corner 65 bers consider sending in stories or project so we can keep JOURNAL going to the standard we have now reached. To the faithful few and you know who you are without me naming them I say a wholehearted thanks. Railscene 68 AMRA 60 year’s young [date] error. No, it was not Author June’s error, nor the Editor/Publisher Stuart’s and 69 Branch Notes not even the computer’s fault, but your President Graham Larmour’s edit-  ing and retyping of June’s original text when adding the Members’ details from my records ready to email to Stuart for inclusion in Journal. Credits Editor/Publisher Stuart Pattison NOTE: In May 2013 it will be 62 years, NOT “in May 2003 it will be 62 3-5 Brunning St Upwey Victoria 3158 years“ as I typed in the article, so let me say that it was one of those Tel:(03)97546858 “senior’ moments that at times plagues us all, and for which I apologise. email: [email protected] Now, Relax with a Hobby, Model Railways. Advertising Manager Dale Kay 3-5 Brunning St. Upwey VIC 3158 Graham Larmour. Federal President. Tel: (03)97546858 email:[email protected]

Typing Dale Kay COVER PHOTO

Sub Editors: Queensland Ken Duncan K1353 Class 2-8-0 3250 passes the home Tel: 0734247089 signal on James Lambing Flat railway. e-mail: [email protected] Victoria Tony Hough Photo: James McInerney Tel : 98024438 e-mail: [email protected] New South Wales Rod Fussell 24 Martin St Heathcote NSW 2229 Tel : 952069165 email:[email protected] Western Australia NOTICE Editor ,The Branchline Ted Thoday This publication accepts no responsibility for the accuracy or reliability of articles email: [email protected] or advertising published herein, statements made or opinions expressed in pa- pers or discussions, nor do we necessarily subscribe to the views expressed or Printer Landmark Printing – Braeside Vic implied by contributors. Neither is any guarantee implied or expressed as to the good conduct or practice Printing Manager Stuart Westerman of advertisers herein. This publication reserves, at all times, the right to refuse Popvalve Photo Tony Hough acceptance of any matter considered unsuitable for publication. courtesy The Dorrigo Steam Museum PAGE 60 AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013

By J.Muller WA

Cleaning the metal wheels of the coaches and wagons on my model train layouts ranks as the number one chore. I have taken HO scale layouts to the model railway show in Perth with twenty locos hauling about 120 coaches and wagons with approximately 700 wheels. Cleaning the wheels before each show was a major task. I have tried various methods, most of them involving solvent, a soft rag, physical effort and time. Hot soapy water works well, as do kerosene and methylated spirits. What takes the time is using the rag to rub the softened oily dirt off the wheels. Some enthusiasts use oil as the solvent, the same oil which caused the problem in the first place. As a last resort isopropyl alcohol removes almost anything but is expensive. Physical scraping with a sharp or blunt instru- ment is not a good idea. It leaves tiny scratches on the wheel and flange which hold dirt, making subsequent cleaning even more difficult. Ulrasonic cleaning uses ordinary water and requires the least effort and the least time. The cleaner is made to clean jewellery without damage, but it will clean anything small enough to fit in the pan. It creates minute bubbles in the cleaning water which when they implode create shock waves which dislodge the dirt. A drop of household detergent in the water is known to assist the cleaning but is not mandatory. A quick wipe to dry the wheels will dislodge any remaining dirt.

The photos show the cleaner, then the wheels before and after three minutes of cleaning and finally the oil residue in the pan - proof of the effectiveness of the method.

AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 PAGE 61

The Editor SUPERELEVATION JOURNAL Dear Stuart,

re: Superelevation and Transitional Curve

For those members who run their trains on the Stonnington Valley layout in AMRA’s Glen Iris clubrooms, the apparent absence of superelevation on that layout might raise some questions. The recent articles in “Journal” (Nov-Dec 2012 & Mar-Apr 2013) would advocate in favour of canting the trackwork, while the experience of many modellers is that our trains run reliably even when the track is virtually level throughout the curves. Are our layouts wrong, and why do some model railroad associations specify in their standards that there should not be any superelevation?

The dilemma for modellers is artistic realism or mathematical correctness. The formula given by John Muller in the Nov-Dec 2012 issue of “Journal” is correct, but care is needed when scaling it down for our layouts. When the formula is applied to model railways, the acceleration due to gravity (g) is not scaled down, but remains constant, the value of g being 9.8 metres/second/second, for big trains and small trains alike. The result is that only a very small amount of superelevation is required on our layouts, and a strip of 80gsm copy paper, which is about 0.11 mm thick, placed under the outer rail is adequate, according to Newton’s Laws.

The formula for superelevation is derived from the two forces which are acting on a vehicle as it travels around a curve. The gravitational (vertical) force or weight of the vehicle on the track is m.g Newtons, while the centripetal (horizontal) force due to the outer rail pressing against the flanges, is m.v2/r Newtons.

The tangent of the angle ( ) of the resulting vector force is determined by dividing the horizontal force, by the vertical force. Hence, tan = v2/r.g. The mass (m) cancels itself out. For HO scale, the velocity squared is divided by 87 squared and radius is divided by 87, but g is not divided by a scale amount, because it remains a constant value. Hence the angle of cant in HO scale is only one eighty-seventh of the full-size prototype.

We often run our model trains faster than is realistic and around much tighter curves than the prototype. For a model train travelling at 0.32 metres/sec (HO scale equivalent of 100 km/hr) around a 1 metre radius curve, the angle of cant is calculated to be only 36 minutes. Hence, a strip of 80gsm copy paper under the outer rail is enough. By comparison, for a full-size train travelling at 100 km/hr around a 1 kilometre radius curve, the cant angle would need to be 4º 30’ (or possibly less, with some cant deficiency).

As mentioned by Richard Stallard in the Mar-Apr 2013 issue of “Journal”, when modellers choose to employ superelevation on their layouts, a transitional curve is also necessary so that the elevation of the outer rail can be increased (or decreased) gradually. When a full-size train enters a curve, the centripetal force must increase at a steady rate of change, otherwise the passengers would experience the centrifugal force of their bodies tending to slide sideways as a significant lateral jerk. A transitional curve is in the form of a spiral, where the radius gradually becomes tighter, simultaneously the elevation of the outer rail increases uniformly and the centripetal force also increases at the same rate of change. For modellers, the mathematics is perhaps easier to explain as a train is leaving a curve. The last part of the curve should be divided into 5 equal short lengths and another 5 equal lengths allocated from the adjoining straight track, giving 10 sections. The radius towards the end of each section is then progressively increased by dividing the original radius succes- sively by 0.9 then 0.8 then 0.7 etc. It might be noted that half of the transition is in the original curve and the other half is in the original straight track, which is a peculiarity of the mathematics.

Since I do not have my own layout, I am restricted to running my trains on the Stonnington Valley layout at Glen Iris and the Murri layout at exhibitions, where the superelevation, if any, is negligible, and my trains run reliably. As a retired engineer, my professional background favours sound engineering argument, for the sake of reliable running, in preference to artistic realism.

Yours faithfully, Peter J Burman, (Vic Branch, member no. 1552) PAGE 62 AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013

By Geoff Brown (Vic) Mention was made in the last Journal on the op- ity study into the proposed Western Interstate Freight eration of the standard gauge QRN 2800 class loco- Terminal (WIFT) at Truganina. For those not aware motives between Melbourne Adelaide and Perth. To- the northern most boundary of Truganina is adjacent wards the end of January locomotive 2815 was for- to the Ballarat line between Deer Park and Rockbank. warded to New South Wales so that further modifica- The Regional Rail Link will ultimately pass through tions could be made that may allow the locomotives to Truganina however the Interstate Rail Freight Network meet the strict environmental requirements of that (standard gauge) that is mentioned in the proposal, state. If the modifications are successful all three of and which will be linked to the site is well away from the locomotives will go back to their normal opera- the boundary of Truganina. The nearest standard tions. gauge line is the Tottenham Brooklyn Newport connection, many kilometres from the proposed site. It As if the previous couple of years were not bad seems the concept of the freight terminal will be to enough, Queensland was again struck with wild load and unload interstate trains at the terminal and weather at the end of January this year, ranging from have the containers delivered by truck. The proposal Cairns down to the border with New South Wales. also says it will avoid the need for most trains to go Again the rail infrastructure was badly affected with into Dynon, and the Port of Melbourne precinct. Ap- sections of the central coal lines washed away. The parently this is supposed to produce efficiency gains City of Bundaberg suffered with heavy prolonged by reducing the time and length of truck trips. The lo- flooding. The City of Brisbane also received extensive cal area newspaper The Leader of April 23 has a letter damage to the metro rail network. It is attribute to the from a resident concerned about an increase in freight resilience of the staff of Aurizon and the people of train operations through Deer Park to the yet to be Queensland that rail, and other services were quickly established Freight Terminal. The letter infers freight restored, sometimes in days, sometimes taking a bit trains will travel on the existing Ballarat line, a bit of a longer. Aurizon estimated the repair costs for below problem as the track is 1600mm width, however a rail repairs to be as much as $15 million. In New South third rail could be installed to create dual gauge track- Wales at about the same time Sydney’s commuter age. I really can not see rail operators bringing a full services were thrown into disarray following heavy length train from either Brisbane-Sydney or Perth- sustained rains. In the following month rail services in Adelaide into Tottenham Yard, then drag the train northern New South Wales suffered similar problems. back out to the Truganina site. I am yet to be con- For us Victorians it is hard to believe that it is the vinced it will benefit rail at all. Perhaps the planners of end of line for Sydney’s suburban S sets. For many this terminal are not aware we have two rail gauges in this state. As an adjunct the Victorian government on years they have epitomised rail travel in harbour city. nd As a result of a more generous loading gauge Sydney April 22 announced the launch of B triple trucks onto was able to introduce the double deck carriage con- Victorian roads. What effect this will have on Victorian cept for suburban trains. No other Australian city has broad gauge train operations is yet to be determined. the capacity to do this. Melbourne did experiment with In February both Asciano and Aurizon reported their a four car set, but it was limited to just part of the net- respective half year results. Asciano announced a work where overhead clearances allowed. Recent strong result with a 74.4 per cent rise in net profit after information now indicates future Melbourne trains will tax while Aurizon posted a 36 per cent increase pre tax profit. However Aurizon has paid out a substantial amount in redundancies. The next six months will not be good for Aurizon with losses due to storm damage in January and a serious derailment in February. In early February the Alamein, Belgrave and Lilydale lines were closed for two days as the result of a bat hitting the overhead power line. Normally this would not have been a problem however the copper earthing wires in the area had been stolen (copper theft is an ongoing problem for Metro) and as a result the short circuit destroyed the signalling system between Camberwell and Glenferrie. To combat the copper theft problem Metro have hired covert helicopters with special night vision cameras in an effort to identify consist of nine cars in an effort to increase capacity, and apprehend the offenders. but these trains will only run on lines where extended platforms can be constructed. Noted in the March NEWSRAIL was a photo taken in the mid 70’s showing two South Australian OBf At the end of January both the Federal and Victori- pressed door grain wagons being used to transport an governments announced funding for a pre feasibil- brown coal briquettes from the Latrobe Valley to AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 PAGE 63 goods yards in metropolitan Melbourne. When I men- A new threat has emerged for the South Australian tioned this to Fred Tetzler in an email he replied, ‘it Penrice limestone traffic. This time it is not from works proves the point that the prototype do a lot things that associated with the upgrade of the Adelaide suburban we modellers would be castigated for’. And yes, Orient network but from the availability of cheaper imports. Express has done a re-run of both versions of the SAR The company has stated it will cease the manufacture OBf wagon which arrived towards the end of April. of soda ash mid year as the product can be imported at 40 per cent less than can be made locally. In the last issue of Journal I mentioned the size of the CM3 trains from Griffith. Reports indicate the trains are now built up to the 1800 metres maximum allowed so an 80 wagon train is about right. In a move that can only be applauded the Victorian government and the rice producer SunRice have part- nered the re-opening of the Echuca to Toolamba line. The $7.1 million joint project will involve upgrading the track and installing new signalling at Toolamba junc- tion. The upgrade will commence mid year and will allow the Deniliquin rice trains to use the Shepparton Seymour Melbourne line thereby avoiding the congest- ed Bendigo route with its current pathing problems. With the withdrawal of suitable motive power However I was intrigued by the wording in the govern- (typically the A class) Pacific National are now using P ment statement which said, ‘there will be minor over- and H class on the Waurn Ponds to Somerton cement head line works at Coolaroo which will enable clear- train. Other broad gauge trains now include a P or H ance of more productive taller container trains in the class, but only as trailing units future’. How big are the containers going to be? On April 25th AMRA Member Daniel Norman ad- The latest edition of Australian Railway Illustrated vised those of us on his email list that the last V/Line has the Chicago Freight CGDY grain wagon as its Passenger A class locomotive hauled train from Bac- feature item. , Their design came out of a need for chus March would run on the morning of April 26th. All wagons that would fit under the existing grain loading the A class members of the V/Line passenger fleet will equipment in NSW. Previously Chicago Freight had now be placed into storage. So ends an era. While at been building the CGAY which are a larger wagon South Dynon Diesel when the A class locomotives design. The 100 tonne gross weight CGAY wagons where being delivered. I remember a young engineer went to South Australia and are still being used by at that time describing the A Genesee & Wyoming in that state. The CGDY are D.Norman class as ‘locomotives with balls’. currently under a five year contract to AWB Limited (now Cargill) which expires towards the end of this year. With record grain crops still expected into the future it is anticipated Cargill will renew their contract with Chicago Freight. EL Zorro Transport Solutions are the end users of the CGDY on behalf of Cargill and the train of 42 CGDY wagons has operated into South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. Wagon specifications are; length 15.5m, tare weight 22.7t, carrying capacity 69.3t.

As far as I am concerned that description neatly sums up a great locomotive. In Western Australia the CBH group have proposed they take over the maintenance and operation of the tier three grain lines from the current operator Brookfield Rail. CBH suggest that specific investments can keep the lines in a suitable condition. In the mean- time CBH have received all their standard and narrow gauge locomotives from the US builder MotivePower Incorporated.

PAGE 64 AMRAAMRA JOURNALJOURNAL NO.333NO.333 –– MAY/JUNMAY/JUN 20132013 Also in the Australian Railway Illustrated is a photo Model rail news. Orient Express has advised they taken at the SSR Bendigo Workshop of the recently are producing the South Australian OX bogie ex- completed locomotive BRM002. The loco was road change wagons in two packs, the National Rail Muse- hauled to Bathurst on March 18th and later railed to um mixed pack, the Steam Ranger mixed pack and Lithgow for further testing. the open grain (OG) mixed pack will be available in

June. The OX wagons travelled far and wide and where not just confined to South Australia. Your interstate freight train of the sixties and seventies should contain at least one OX. Powerline have available at the moment the T class, the 48 class and the 81 class. They also have the VSX/VLEX louvre vans and the Specialised Container Transport PBGY and PBHY In the past few months rumours have persisted indi- vans available. Southern Rail has released some of cating that El Zorro is in financial difficulties. The Man- their tank car range, with more to come. They are aging Director of EZ has said that while they have had available in single and three car packs. They also some disruptions, the company is still a commercial have the U series inter urban car sets and the con- and viable rail operator. However the latest rumour is crete sleeper transporter wagons available. that QUBE Logistics is making overtures to El Zorro to buy the business as is. From the pages of MotivePower comes news that Downer Rail is building five model GT46Ace locomotives, no doubt for leasing. Will they also be classed LDP, i.e. Locomotive Demand Power, or something else? Also from MotivePower is a reference to Engenco Ltd, otherwise known as GreenTrains disposing a number of locomotives to Access Recycling Services. The locomotives are 4828, 4837, 4841, 4842, 48s32, 48s37, 442s3, 8008, 8010, 8014, 8016, 8016, 8018, 8019, 8021, 8022, 8023, 8024, 8028, 8034, 8038, 8041 and 8048.

Media. On April 4th the Opposition Leader has said Eureka Models advise the Victorian Railways R that if elected he will only fund road projects. He indi- class locomotive and the E open and O tank wagons cated that urban rail is the responsibility of state gov- and the NSW 40 class are now due mid year. The VR ernments. I am not so sure about interstate rail. K class and the NSW 50 class have been pushed back to early 2014. So there is plenty left if you start th Also on April 4 the Shell Company indicated it in- saving now. Happy modelling. tends to sell its Corio (Geelong) refinery. The new owners may decide to convert the refinery into a storage facility and source the fuel requirements from Sin- gapore. I believe that only leaves two refineries left in Austalia.

AMRAAMRA JOURNAL JOURNAL NO.333 NO.333 – – MAY/JUN MAY/JUN 2013 2013 PAGEPAGE 65

INSTALLING A DECODER IN HORNBY’S THOMAS THE TANK ENGINE The following guide is to assist you with the fitting of a standard Hornby decoder into the Thomas the Tank Engine (0-6-0) Locomotive.. Step 1. Remove the body of the locomotive by sliding a small screwdriver behind the rear buffer and carefully pry the retaining clip inwards to free the rear of the chassis from the body. Once this is free, gently pull the chassis down and back to free the front of the chassis from the body.

Step 2. With the body removed you will see two black capacitors (1) and an orange capacitor (2) visible on top of the motor housing. Step 3. Using a pair of small wire cutters, remove a section of wire approximately 10mm long from in between one of the black capacitors and the orange capacitor, then Repeat the same process on the other black capacitor wire (see below for guide).

Step 4. Tin (apply a coating of solder to the bare end of a wire to make soldering joins easier) the four ends of the freshly cut wires. Step 5. Remove the decoder from the protective pack- aging, taking care not to handle the PCB directly as this will cause irreparable damage due to static electricity. It is important to protect the decoder by wrapping the PCB with insulating tape. To prepare the decoder, remove the plug and separate the red, black, orange and grey wires. The rest can but cut as short as possible and insulated with a piece of insulating tape. Strip the red and black wires and lightly "tin" them with solder. Tinning the wires will make the installation easier. Care must be taken when soldering not to breathe in the fumes.

PAGEPAGE 66 66 AMRAAMRA JOURNAL JOURNAL NO.333 NO.333 – MAY/JUN – MAY/JUN 2013 2013

Step 6. Strip and tin the orange and grey wires Step 7. Solder the black decoder wire to the first black capacitor "leg".

Step 8. Solder the red decoder wire to the second black capacitor "leg". Step 9. Solder the grey decoder wire to the orange capacitor's "legs".

Step 10. Solder the orange wire to the remaining leg of the orange capacitor.

AMRAAMRA JOURNAL JOURNAL NO.333 NO.333 – MAY/JUN – MAY/JUN 2013 2013 PAGEPAGE 67 67

Step 11. Place the locomotive onto the program- ming track and test to make sure that the installation has been successful. Remember that the decoder has a default number of “3” and it is recommended

that you code the locomotive to the number you re- quire and test again.

Step 12. Once you are satisfied that the decoder is functioning correctly, insulate the exposed ends of both the black capacitor legs to prevent a short circuit.

Step 13. Replace the loco body, ensuring that all wires are kept clear of any moving parts and cannot be trapped between the chassis and the body. Test once more to ensure that the installation has been totally successful.

AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 PAGE 68 Daniel Norman Vic. AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 PAGE 69

FRANS’ FATIDIC VALE: ALAN JAMES HIGGS

It was with great sadness that we heard about the We were all saddened to hear of the tragic pass- death of Alan Higgs, a long time WA Branch mem- ing of our friend and member Alan Higgs. Alan was ber of AMRA who undertook so much. He will be struck by a car when out walking on the morning of sadly missed. the 20th of February.

This will be my last report as I will be stepping Alan was born 15th November 1947 in Korumbur- down as President. Rosemary and I will be away ra, located in country Victoria. Upon graduation from the middle of June to mid-September on a well- from Melbourne University in civil engineering he deserved overseas holiday. moved to Perth in 1969 to employment with WAPET.

The reason I will be stepping down is because of He met his wife to be, Sue Style in 1970 and they other commitments and I have been unable to get to were married in 1971. Alan worked for WAPET for the clubrooms as often as I would have liked and not over 30 years until retrenched in 1996, when he being able to commit myself fully to the position. I formed a Consulting Trust and worked with Chevron, am very grateful to the rest of the committee step- Woodside and others as a Civil Petroleum engineer ping in when required. doing Economic Analysis. He gradually retired from paid employment and began to develop his hobbies. I have enjoyed leading the club thus far but I feel that it is time I stepped down. We need someone Being born in Victoria, Alan modelled the Victorian who will be able to take over and continue to have railways in HO scale in the period of transition of the club thriving with new and younger members. steam to diesel. He accumulated a small but grow- Whoever takes over will have the backing of a good ing collection of VR locos and rolling stock mainly kit committee. built but in recent years he purchased some RTR VR diesels that had just become available. He was a A very special thanks must go to Ron Fryer for his meticulous modeller and a stickler for detail, so continuing work in making sure the clubroom exten- much so that he rebuilt a number of his kits so the sion will be finished on time and within budget. As details would be correct. Not only did he have an the extension is nearly finished has any member got eye for detail but he was blessed with the most suggestions on how to set up the space that will be- amazing eyesight that he never needed magnifiers come vacant? There have been suggestions that to see the minutest detail. These attributes he exer- maybe the membership should look at rebuilding/ cised to good effect on the construction of the renewing some of the older layouts so more mem- Branch’s American HO layout, “The Valentine Run’ bers can use facilities to run trains. Any suggestions where he oversaw the track laying ensuring a high will be most welcome by the committee. standard of tracklaying.

Graham Bell is organising the Exhibition this year Alan was a member AMRA for nearly twenty four and his report will be front page in the next issue of years having joined on the 23rd of March, 1989. He Branchline served the Branch in a number of capacities, serv- ing on the Committee of Management as Vice Presi- I would like to thank the membership for their con- dent for two years and in recent years was respon- tinued support while I was President.. sible for the designing of the barricading for the Branch’s annual Model Railway Exhibition, a task he Frans Ponjee completed with his usual thoroughness and accura- President cy.

PAGE 70 AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 Alan had an unassuming disposition so he may have not been well known by many members but The tragedy of his untimely passing was com- those who did know him held him in high regard not pounded by the fact that he had survived cancer in only for his understated sense of humour and friend- 2010, and when it reappeared 2012 he had intense liness but also for his commonsense, excellent radiation treatment. judgement and his forthright manner when matters of principle were at stake. Alan and his contribution to the Branch’s activities will be sorely missed and our deepest sympathies As his wife Sue wrote “Alan was a quiet observer. are extended to Sue and her family. An honest straightforward man who held strong be- lief in values of importance in life. He had integrity Graham Watson and intelligence and did not compromise on what the right thing to do. Near enough was not good enough”.

THE DAIRY COMMUTE Rob Kay passes on an email he received recently of a Guinness World Record attempt using chocolate to make a large sculpture. A steam train and a local type of DMU capture the public’s imagination, using 1260kgs of chocolate in total. Compare that to your typical hatchback car. At 34.5 metres (or 112.1 feet for those who prefer such things), it’s no shrinking violet either! 700 hours went into making the sculpture, with considerably less time to consume all the chocolate a very large possibility! Whether this is a fairly recent event or not cannot be deduced from the email itself, but the pictures are all you really need anyway, it’s such a work of art! AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 PAGE 71

PRESIDENT’S REPORT that time, it was in single use by the electrical trans- mission supplier Thew & McCann. The branch has just enjoyed the culmination of These views show what we bought in November months of work in cataloguing and offering for sale 2001. (all AMRA NSW archives) part of the estate of one of our members, John Bain, who passed away last year.

John was a storeman at the Sydenham XPT Cen- tre and had a keen interest in all forms of public transport. This could be seen in his vast collection of railway models in both Australian and British outline. He also had a large collection of scale model buses and cars. All of this was backed up by an enormous library of books, magazines and DVDs covering railways, buses, trams and ferries. He also had a video library that could have put the local video shop out of business.

John nominated AMRA to sell this part of his estate for him and so after many months of collection of the items and them sorting, cataloguing and pric- ing them the sale was held at the clubrooms today. The 2 ground floor rooms were filled with tables lad- en with the sale items. After successful advertising to the modelling fraternity we had a bumper crowd turn up and the buying did not let up for 6 hours. Whilst everything did not sell it was a very successful day.

I would like to thank the committee members who gave freely of their time to assist in the moving of the sale items and the setting up and running of the sale. It was extremely hard work but an honour to perform it for our good friend John. Barry Wilcockson

MORTDALE RETROSPECTIVE 48 Barry Avenue Mortdale was a subdivided twin unit factory prior to our discovery of it in 2001. By PAGE 72 AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013

AMRA NSW Branch Inc. PROGRAMME – June to August 2013

JUNE Sun 9th General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 4pm Mon 10th Public Holiday – Layout Operation (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Wed 12th “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 14th Layout Operation / Structured Running (see Notes) 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 15th General Activities / Layout Construction (see Notes) & Monthly Forum 10am until late Sun 16th Stoney Creek Work Day No Facility Fee 10am until finished Wed 19th “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 21st Layout Operation – Australian Diesel / Structured Running (see Notes) 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 22nd Layout Operation (see Notes) 10am until late Sun 23rd General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 4pm Wed 26th “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 28th Train Maintenance and Testing Night 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 29th Layout Operation (see Notes) 10am until late

JULY Wed 3rd “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 5th Layout Operation / Structured Running (see Notes) 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 6th General Activities / Layout Construction (see Notes) 10am until late Wed 10th “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 12th Layout Operation / Structured Running (see Notes) 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 13th Layout Operation (see Notes) & Monthly Forum 10am until late Ladies Needles & Natter 2pm Sun 14th General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 4pm Wed 17th “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 19th Layout Operation – American / Structured Running (see Notes) 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 20th General Activities / Layout Construction (see Notes) 10am until 5:30pm 10th Anniversary of Mortdale - Dinner Booking Required 6pm Sun 21st Stoney Creek Work Day No Facility Fee 10am until finished Wed 24th “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 26th Train Maintenance and Testing Night 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 27th Layout Operation (see Notes) 10am until late Sun 28th General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 4pm Wed 31st “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm

AUGUST Fri 2nd Layout Operation / Structured Running (see Notes) 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 3rd General Activities / Layout Construction (see Notes) 10am until late Wed 7th “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 9th Layout Operation / Structured Running (see Notes) 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 10th Layout Operation (see Notes) & Monthly Forum 10am until late Ladies Needles & Natter 2pm Sun 11th General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 4pm Wed 14th “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 16th Layout Operation – Electric Traction / Structured Running (see Notes) 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 17th General Activities / Layout Construction (see Notes) & Monthly Forum 10am until late Sun 18th Stoney Creek Work Day No Facility Fee 10am until finished Wed 21st “Daylighters” - General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 5pm Fri 23rd Train Maintenance and Testing Night 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 24th Layout Operation (see Notes) 10am until late Sun 25th General Activities (see Notes) 10am until 4pm Fri 30th Layout Operation / Structured Running (see Notes) 7:30pm until 10pm Sat 31st General Activities / Layout Construction (see Notes) 10am until late

NOTES WORK NIGHTS: every Monday night, please check with the appropriate layout supervisor, 7:30pm until 10pm, No Facility Fee LAYOUT OPERATION: O and N Gauges operational, HO (fixed) as permitted during construction STRUCTURED RUNNING: Sequenced or timetabled operation as organised for each layout GENERAL ACTIVITIES: the facilities may be used as permitted e.g. layout construction, some running, modelling, library, etc Members Facility Fee unless otherwise indicated: Adults $6, Juniors/Seniors (70+) $3. Guests are welcome unless otherwise indicated This program may be subject to change without notice where necessary. Updated programmes available from the Clubrooms, or from www.amransw.asn.au Address: 48 Barry Avenue (PO Box 277), Mortdale NSW 2223 - Phone (02) 9153-5901, Fax (02) 9153-5905 AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 PAGE 73

BRANCH PRESIDENTS REPORT community event. I would thank the model railway clubs, layout Queensland beautiful one day perfect the next! operators, museums and commercial businesses The phoenix has risen. who all contributed to the success of the BMTS. Despite the cancellation of the May Labor Day Without their assistance and support the BMTS long weekend by the Queensland Government, the would not be the event that it is today. venue change and the prophecies of the prophets I will take this opportunity to thank all those mem- of doom the 2013 Brisbane Model Train Show was bers who contributed to the success of the BMTS. an outstanding success. More than 9,000 visitors In particular, I would thank Russell Smith, Arthur (including 1,000 pre-schoolers) attended the show Hayes, Chris Lynch, Ian Renshaw, Terry Daley, over the two days. Brian Heal, Norn Rawlings, Daniel Te Moni, Robert The opening ceremony (the traditional ringing of Mawson, Andrew Lebsanft, Kerrie Hayes, Jo-Anne the bell and flag waving) was performed by leading Dusha, Pamela Rawlings, Faye Anderson and last Brisbane Radio Announcer Spencer Howson from but not least our rest room supervisor Bill Blannin. 612 ABC Breakfast. Spencer is a model railway You will be aware that the new venue, Doomben enthusiast who has regularly attended our previous Race Course Complex presented numerous chal- exhibitions. The committee appreciated Spencer’s lenges for the Show Committee. The Management acceptance to undertake this activity. Committee will undertake a review of the 2013 Bris- Our young and ‘not so young’ visitors were able bane Model Train Show in the coming weeks. A to view model train layouts, watch scratch building determination will then be made on the BMTS fu- of locomotives and rolling stock, be photographed ture at that time. in a helicopter, ride Thomas, operate model trains, Russell Smith has indicated his retirement from participate in face painting, balloon styling, and oth- the position of Show Manager. The Management er numerous activities. The BMTS is now a true Committee is now seeking nominations for the positions Show Manager and Layout Manager for the 2014 Brisbane Model Train Show. Chris lynch has indicated that he will not be re-nominating for the position of Treasurer Queensland Branch. I will also indicate that I will be standing down from the positions of President and Secretary Queens- land Branch. I have provided this advice early in order that nominations for these positions can be finalised prior to the October Annual General Meet- ing. I believe that the time is right for the renewal of members within the Management Committee. I would remind members that 2014 is the 60th Anniversary of AM- RA Qld and the 20th Anniversary of our Zillmere facility. Peter Dusha Branch President (Qld) Spencer Howson and Peter Dusha open the 2013 BMTS PAGE 74 AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013

S SCALE GROUP Rusty Smith has been very busy over the last few months acting as BMTS Manager and managing to produce a kit of the QR 1900 class railmotor. As QR modellers should know, the 1900 class was an experiment in producing dual-motored diesel railcars that was not successful. Only two of the class were constructed of which only 1901 remains. There were several design differences between 1900 and 1901, and there are kits for both versions. There is significant interest in these models so I expect they will quickly become unavailable. Kenneth A. Duncan

AMRA Journal Qld Sub-editor Prior to the 2012 AMRA(Q) AGM I advised the committee that I would not be continuing in the sub- editor role past the 2013 AGM. That time is now get- ting close and I’d like to thank the contributors who have helped with articles and branch news since October 07. Of course, I’m also looking for my re- placement. If you’re interested in taking up the role please contact me via the details elsewhere in Jour- nal.

KD BRISBANE MODEL TRAIN SHOW 2013

 Aurizon 2100 class loco – a new addition to the AM- RA (Q) garden layout.  Union Pacific F3 1455 descends the grade on North Empty cane train leaves the Victoria Creek Sugar Kogan (N scale). Company Mill (HOe 2’6”)  Steve Malone’s recently completed QR AC16 in S Scale  AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 PAGE 75

PRESIDENT’S REPORT COMPETITIONS

Steve Colby and Family have returned to North The competition results for the previous months Carolina after twelve months. They enjoyed their are advised as follows:- time here. Photo We have received many entries for the Caulfield Ex- February:- Street Sign with Railway Connection. Re- hibition. Now the task is to fit as many as possible! sult yet to be advised. This includes four new layouts. Reminder to mem- March:- Maintenance of way train. , Result yet to be bers wishing to dispose of items, they must be sub- th advised. mitted to Willsland no later than the 15 . July with April:- Loco hauled passenger train :- Yet to be detailed listings. The Exhibition is only three months Judged. away. We will need assistance in many ways so, please keep your diary free and tell us you are avail- Models able! March:- Maintenance of Way, Winner Tony Hough with NSWGR 1896 Fettlers Replenishment Water It is pleasing to see an increase in the number of Wagon with 73 points. Three entries were received members helping Roger Lloyd complete on the night. Maryborough.

Attendance at running sessions has been very good including recent visitors Ben and Denis Gil- more to the Austrian session.

Gary Danson President.

SECRETARY’S REPORT We welcome new members: John Divers– Member(7821) Jenny Divers—Member(7822), Mi- chael Ragg—Member(7826), Shane Emmanuelle— Member(7835) and Guy Ahmed—Member(7843) to AMRA and extend an invitation to visit the Victorian Branch clubrooms to participate in branch activities.

WILLSLAND SALES AT CAULFIELD April:- Passenger Rolling Stock, Joint winners Peter EXHIBITION. Burman and Tony Hough each with 69 points. Pe- If members are interested in selling any railway ter’s model is of a NSWGR Three car DEB set while paraphernalia at this year’s Caulfield Exhibition, Tony’s was the Victorian Railways Standard Gauge could you please contact Leigh Sargent who is in passenger car, 1VBW. Three entries were received charge of Willsland Sales. All items need to be listed th on the night. See photos next page. and given to him no later than 15 July so as to give Ron Polistena, Secretary him time to catalogue all entries prior to the exhibition. Leigh advises that he has considerable work to SOCIAL MEETINGS undertake in the listings he already has to undertake The March Social Meeting was attended by 22 so, don’t delay in advising of your needs. members. President Gary Danson paid thanks to those members who had assisted at the recent Sandown (AEP) exhibition, but took the opportunity to remind members that their active participation and availability at events like our Exhibition and Open PAGE 76 AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 conclusion of the meeting. Guest Speaker Michael Formaini presented a se- lection of slides from 1972/73 covering his trips through NSW, Victoria, South Aust. and Western Aust. Shots of locomotives in locations that no longer exist or have been massively altered showed just how important it is to take photographs of your fa- vourite locos and locations before they disappear. To see how much some locations have changed in 40 years is almost unbelievable – and that is not just confined to small stations or yards or branch lines but to major yards and operations. Photos of 60 Class Garrett locomotives hauling coal trains, a 43 Class at the head of a milk train, a pair of GMs on crossing trains on the Nullarbor, 3801 and 3820 in parallel running with R707, 930 and 700 Classes in Above: Peter’s NSWGR Three car DEB set while South. Aust. along with Blue Birds and Red Hens, S below is Tony’s Victorian Railways Standard Gauge Class diesels at the head of long Overland sets, a passenger car, 1VBW. flat top T Class on the now extinct Cudgewa line and many more bygones had the audience in reminis- cence mode. Treasurer Don Nimon.

31 Members at our April meeting were welcomed by President Gary. At models for display Roger Lloyd had a model of the Presbyterian Sunday School destined for the Maryborough layout to display. Roger pointed out that the building had since the period modelled, been modified with the addition of a lean-to structure and the fact that it had become a Lions Club property in 1959. The building while still very identifiable today, it no longer retained it’s

Day was critical if we were going to be able to continue to conduct these events. On a more positive note, Gary spoke of the success of the 60th Anniver- sary Dinner, and thanked the organisers for their work. He also announced that the Branch was in- tending to produce more promotional DVDs of the Stonnington Valley and outdoor layouts for use at exhibitions and related shows. On the subject of the Exhibition, Gary advised that Ronnie Hansen has had to step down from his role of Exhibition Manag- er and that the Branch was now seeking a member to fill that position. Gary drew attention to the an- nouncement that the CoM was seeking the for- Chapel style window frames. The model of course mation of a sub-committee to further explore the recreates this architectural feature. Alan Mckenna viability of relocating to new premises. Whilst relo- showed his Auscision locomotive twin pack. He had cation is a probability, it is not definite, and there is a stumbled on this while visiting the Auscision web myriad of issues to sort out hence the need for a sub site. What he considered was a bonus was the fact -committee. that the twin pack offered the purchaser a $100 dis- The proposed European prototype operating ses- count over buying the models singularly. The web sion notionally set for Good Friday had been can- site is the only location Alan has seen this offer. celled. The Raffle (swindle) was draw by and won by Geoff Brown displayed his new SDS Models M John Harry who promptly said “no have a redraw”. Cattle Wagons, and his method of adding additional On the second attempt Christian Barrett on number weight and/or a load of cattle. 14 won the voucher drawn on a local model shop. President Gary closed the formal part of the meet- Three entries were received in both the Mainte- ing by inviting members to suggest to the CoM pre- nance of Way Vehicles photo and modelling compe- senters for the future social meetings. titions, however the results were not available by the AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013 PAGE 77 Our presenter for the night was our member Rob items exchanged which indicates that our members Dall who was invited to share his recent overseas are communicating with each other outside of meet- trip with us. His fast moving Power Point presenta- ing days, a healthy sign for the club. tion took us along with his journey to the UK and in We welcomed a new member who heard about us particular Scotland. Rob gave us a commentary as at the Sandown exhibition, he came and stayed all each scene popped automatically up before us. The day. presentation moved at a pace that kept the viewer Around lunchtime, the rain had stopped and the interested. So much so that your scribe couldn’t sun shone brightly on a busy afternoon’s running. keep up to give a reasonable record to share with The usual fare of battery and electric ran on the you the reader. As we progressed toward the end of outer main whilst the five live steam locos that Rob’s talk he shared scenes of western USA rail- turned up made the best of the ideal conditions. roads which formed the return the part of his tour. The day’s activities ended at 4.30 pm – A great All in all a very entertaining evening. time was had by all who attended. MARYBOROUGH LAYOUT REPORT Pete Ogier. The Caulfield Exhibition in August is looming and APOLOGY there is a considerable amount of work yet to be The sub editor wishes to extend an apology to Bill undertaken to meet the target of including Secker for spelling his name incorrectly and with a Maryborough in this exhibition. The number of volun- lower case letter at that, in the last issue of Journal. teers working on the layout has increased in recent LATE ITEM time in an effort to expedite readiness for Caulfield. It is with regret that late news came just as this Progress to date includes completion of track report was ready for submission, that long term work on module 7 along with completion of track member Jack Treseder (member No. 566) had wiring on modules 1 to 7. The first loco completed a passed away on Sunday 29th. April. A full Vale for th test run on Saturday 13 April (who said 13 was an Jack is yet to be prepared for the next issue of Jour- unlucky number?). The segments of the turnback nal. (Victorian Branch member Reg Monash has loop modules have been glued and will soon be also sent in this brief Vale for Jack.—Editor) ready for track laying. Of the building models to be complete only one is outstanding and this is 50% John (Jack) James Treseder was born in Ouyen, complete. The building models of the Sunday School Victoria, on 18/8/1929. Passed away 28/4/2013 in and “Brecon”, the cottage in the attached photo, be- Ringwood, Victoria, aged 84 years. ing recently completed. Also shown is a photo taken Survived by his wife, Dot and 3 children, 11 grand- by Ron Polistena of a recent work night where mod- children and 4 great-grand-children. ules 1 to 7 were being wired. Left to Right, our busy Jack and Dot joined AMRA, Vic. Branch – team is David Marsden, Rob Dall, President Garry 15/12/1950. (supervising?) and Roger Lloyd. Their backs only Club President 5 times - 1963, 1969, 1975, 1976 and reflect a commitment to the job at hand. 1984. Received the Victorian Branch Meritorious Award – 1970. Jack and Dot were awarded an 'Honorary Life Membership in 1965 in recognition of their hard work which helped make the club what it is and what it stands for today.

GARDEN LAYOUT The weather looked threatening when we opened up for our monthly run on St. Patrick’s Day and it did in fact rain briefly in the morning. That did not at all trouble the dozen or so attendees and whilst under cover a very interesting “show and tell” session en- sued with members displaying their new and pre- owned acquisitions together with some surprisingly simple but effective kit bashing on show. There was also an informal market place happening with many PAGE 78 AMRA JOURNAL NO.333 – MAY/JUN 2013

AGENDA

JUNE 2013 2 SUN 1330-1730 Timetable Operation USA prototype (General) 13 THU 1930-2230 Social Meeting--TBA Model – Locomotive Photo—Green Locomotive 15 SAT 1230-1730 Timetable Operation General B.Y.O. train 15 SAT 1930-2330 DCC Operation Australian Prototype 16 SUN 1000-1700 Garden Railway Running (General) 21 FRI 1930-2330 Timetable Operation NSW Prototype (General) 22 SAT 1000-1500 Junior Running Day General-B.Y.O. Train 23 SUN 1330-1730 DCC Operation General-B.Y.O. DCC Train 28 FRI 1930-2330 Timetable Operation Dutch prototype (General) 29 SAT 1130-1730 DCC Waybill Session (SH-29/06-14/07) General-B.Y.O. DCC Train

JULY 2013 7 SUN 1330-1730 Timetable Operation Australian prototype (General) 11 THU 1930-2230 Social Meeting--TBA Model – Goods Rolling Stock Photo – Livestock Wagon 13 SAT 1230-1730 Timetable Operation General-B.Y.O. Train 13 SAT 1930-2330 DCC Operation UK Prototype 14 SUN 1000-1700 Garden Rail Running (General) 19 FRI 1930-2330 Timetable Operation USA Prototype (Steam era) 20 SAT 1000-1500 Junior Running Day General-B.Y.O. train 26 FRI 1930-2330 Timetable Operation Swiss prototype (General) 27 SAT 1130-1730 Waybill Session General-B.Y.O. Train 28 SUN 1330-1730 DCC Operation General-B.Y.O. DCC Train

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EDITORIAL BRANCH NEWS ADVERTISING MAILING DATES COVER MONTHS MATERIAL 4th Day Odd MATERIAL JOURNAL NO Last Monday Months

Odd Months Last week days 14th Day Even Even Months Odd Months Months

334 JUL/AUG 29/07/13 30/06/13 04/07/13 14/06/13

335 SEP/OCT 30/09/13 30/08/13 04/09/13 14/08/13

336 NOV/DEC 25/11/13 30/10/13 04/11/13 14/10/13

CLOSING DATES & REQUIREMENTS Set out above are the CLOSING DATES for JOURNAL, in the various categories of material, for 2013 KEEP THIS TABLE HANDY ( YOU MAY PHOTOCOPY IT OR, EVEN CUT IT OUT!) BUT, MAKE SURE YOU DON’T LOSE IT.—Editor. All material not in electronic form should be sent to the Editor or the Advertising Officer as appropriate, with hard copy to the editor. All material in electronic form should be directed to the Editor or the Advertising Officer. Deadlines will be strictly observed; that means material MUST be in the hands of either the Editor or Advertising Manager by the dates set out above. If you do write an article and you use a computer please send an email or disk copy to the Editor. It saves a lot of time as articles don’t have to be scanned and corrected. All deadlines will be STRICTLY enforced. Photo: Mark Dalli (NSW)