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Evaluation of Ambient Air Quality in Parts of Imo State, Nigeria

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Evaluation of Ambient Air Quality in Parts of Imo State, Nigeria Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ______________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606X Vol. 6(1), 41-52, January (2016) Res. J. Chem. Sci. Evaluation of Ambient Air quality in parts of Imo state, Nigeria Ibe F.C. 1,2* , Njoku P.C. 2, Alinnor Jude I. 2 and Opara A.I. 3 1Department of Chemistry, Imo State University P.M.B 2000, Owerri, Imo State, NIGERIA 2Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology P. M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, NIGERIA 3Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology 1526, Owerri, Imo State, NIGERIA [email protected] Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 30 th Augustr 2015, revised 24 th September 2015, accepted 12th November 2015 Abstract Evaluation of the ambient air quality in Imo State, Nigeria was carried out with reference to four criteria air pollutants which include PM 10 , NO 2, SO 2 and CO using Haze dust particulate monitor (µ10m) and Gasman air monitors. Air quality monitoring was conducted in three times daily (morning, Afternoon and evening) in 22 locations within the months of November, 2014 and June, 2015. The result showed that the mean concentration of the air pollutants ranged as follows: 3 PM 10 (5.22 – 7.43) mg/m , NO 2 (0.46 - 0.58) ppm, SO 2 (0.46 - 0.56) ppm and CO (30.15 – 40.98) ppm. The mean concentration of the air pollutants obtained exceeded the Nigerian NAAQS and US NAAAQS but NO 2 and SO 2 are within the permissible limit in some of the monitoring stations. Also AQI (air quality index) analysis revealed that CO is the conditional pollutant responsible for the observed deteriorated air quality index in the study area which calls for adequate attention and concern. Keyword : Air pollution, Pollutants, Air quality, Environment, Imo State . Introduction either absorb or disperse these pollutants which may vary spatially and temporarily resulting in the air pollution pattern to One of the major challenging environmental problems that has differ in many places at different times as a result of changes in bedeviled both the developed and developing countries in the topographical and weather condition 17 . world today is atmospheric pollution, which has been 1,2 associated with increased morbidity and date rates . It is a The air quality of a particular locality affects how they people condition in which certain substances, which include gases live and breathe. Air quality like weather could change daily or (sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, even hourly, hence the need to make information regarding the hydrocarbons, etc.), particulates (smoke, dust, fumes, aerosols, air quality of an area available is imperative for air quality etc), radioactive materials and others are present in high evaluation and forecast. An important tool in this regard is the concentrations that could result in an undesirable effects to man Air Quality Index (AQI), which can be used to provide 3 and the environment . information about the local air quality, as it regards to effect of unhealthy air and how to protect once health. AQI lays Human exposure to air pollutants is unavoidable in today’s emphasis on the probable health effects that people may perspective especially in the urban areas of most developing experience on few hours or days of exposure to polluted 4 countries . Though, air pollution could be due to natural atmosphere 18 . 5 sources . A major anthropogenic source of air pollution is due to man’s quest for a better standard of living, utilizing the natural Evaluation of air quality is necessary in view of its import ants resources for rapid industrialization, urbanization and in determining level of population exposure to atmospheric consequently causing excessive air pollution. Therefore, air pollution which may cause unpleasant health conditions pollution problems have continued to attract a lot of attention depending on the type of pollutant; its degree of occurrence, worldwide because of its negative effects on human health and length of time and rate of exposure; and the toxic level of the air 6-9 well-being . Among the extreme air pollution related effects pollutants in question 19 . This has become so important to carry 10,11 include high blood pressure and cardiovascular problems . out at intervals owing to increase in population, Pollution of the atmospheric environment posses significant industrialization, urbanization and paucity of air quality reports threat to environmental well-being in most cities of the in Imo State. 12-14 world , this is not unconnected to the fact that one of the basic requirements of human existence and fundamental human Materials and Methods necessity is clean air 15,16 . The degree of air pollution do not only depend on the amount that are generated from pollution sources Study Area: The study was carried out in Imo State as shown in but also on the capacity of the atmospheric environment to figure-1 The State is located in the tropical rainforest zone International Science Congress Association 41 Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606X Vol. 6(1), 41-52, January (2016) Res. J. Chem. Sci. climate. The area is dominated by plains with elevation ranging like motorcycles and tricycles used for transportation, known from 50-200m above sea level. The annual rainfall is about for their incomplete combustion of fuel which could lead to the 2400mm to 4000mm, which is concentrated almost entirely emission of noxious atmospheric air pollutants 17 . The study between April and October, with average relative humidity of therefore was carried out in these areas described above which about 80% and up to 90% occurring during the wet season. The include Owerri, Orlu, Okigwe and Egbema area of Imo and air maximum air temperature ranges from 28 to 38 0C, while the quality monitoring sites were chosen in these locations to minimum air temperature ranges from 19 0C to 24 0C20-23 . evaluate the ambient air quality level in Imo State, Nigeria. Description of Study area: The population of Imo State as at Air quality sampling Procedure: The air pollutants SO 2, CO, 24 27 2006 is about 3,934,899 . Imo State is blessed a lot natural NO 2 and PM 10, commonly used in air quality index AQI , were resources among which include natural gas and crude oil mainly sampled three times a day (morning, afternoon and evening) 15 , within Ohaji, Egbema and Oguta, and most of the oil wells with Gasman hand held detector (Crowcon Instruments Ltd, have enormous natural gas associated with them, which has a England), and Haze-dust particulate monitor 10µm, model rough estimated future supply of about 1422 billion cubic HD1000, Environmental Device Corporation, USA was used for 25 meters . Part of this gas has been continuously flared in the PM 10 . The concentration of the air pollutants were determined Niger Delta region since 1970 26 . Also, the presence of stone by the detector specific for the pollutants switch on and held at mining sites in Okigwe and quarrying activities in neighbouring about 2m above ground level, then concentration recorded from towns could be a huge source of particulate matter emission into the digital display when the reading becomes stabilized, and this the atmospheric environment of the state, and this quarry was done in each of the 22 air quality sampling sites. Sampling products or stones are transported to different places by heavy was carried out for six month during dry and wet seasons, duty trucks that uses diesel which could contribute significantly between November 2014 and June 2015. The sampling was to air quality deterioration. Also Orlu city is fast growing with a carried out once a week at each of the 22 air monitoring lot of commercial activities, use of power generators, high locations, three times per day, four times a month for a period of volume of vehicular traffic and presence of two stroke engine six (6) months. Therefore, the four air pollutants being automobiles like motorcycles and tricycle. Owerri, the capital of monitored equal to a total of 1584 round of air sampling. The air Imo State has high population density 24 , with a lot of quality sampling which was in two seasons, wet and dry season commercial activities, use of power generators, high volume of was monitored for three months during each season. vehicular traffic and presence of two stroke engine automobiles Figure-1 Map of Orlu showing air pollution monitoring locations International Science Congress Association 42 Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___________________________________________________________ ISSN 2231-606X Vol. 6(1), 41-52, January (2016) Res. J. Chem. Sci. Method of Data Interpretation: Data analysis was done using pollutant dispersion in dry season than in the wet season 28 . Microsoft excel 2007 and values of all the results from the 22 Another factor could be due to scavenging of the atmosphere sampling points in the four locations were recorded as pollutants emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources by calculated mean values for air pollutant concentration in the rain events 29 . The concentrations of the air pollutant observed morning, afternoon and evening hours, in addition the standard in this study were compared with permissible limits deviation (SD) and variance (VAR) were calculated. Spatial recommended by Nigerian NAAQS and US NAAQS 30,31 . The variation and 3-D surface plots of the air pollutant result indicates that the mean concentration of PM 10, NO 2, SO 2 concentrations were modeled using Surfer 12 software. Sim – and CO in all the air quality monitoring stations exceeded both Air Quality software was also used to calculate the air quality the annual and 24 hours limit of Nigerian NAAQS and US 3 3 index of the air pollutants using equation (1) below: NAAQS of 150µg/m (0.15mg/m ) for PM 10, 0.5ppm for SO 2 and (9 ppm and 35 ppm) for CO and 0.1 ppm for NO 2 in most of $ͯ * the locations but some of the locations are within the Ip = (C P - BP Lo ) + I Lo (1) $ͯ * permissible limit for this air pollutant.
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