Determining the Culturability of the Rumen Bacterial Microbiome

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Determining the Culturability of the Rumen Bacterial Microbiome bs_bs_banner Determining the culturability of the rumen bacterial microbiome Christopher J. Creevey,1,2 William J. Kelly,3,4* list of cultured rumen isolates that are representative Gemma Henderson3,4 and Sinead C. Leahy3,4 of abundant, novel and core bacterial species in the 1Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal rumen. In addition, we have identified taxa, particu- and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, larly within the phylum Bacteroidetes, where further Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland. cultivation efforts are clearly required. 2Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural This information is being used to guide the isola- Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, tion efforts and selection of bacteria from the rumen Ceredigion, UK. microbiota for sequencing through the Hungate1000. 3Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Introduction 4New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Ruminants have evolved a symbiotic relationship with a Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand. complex microbiome consisting of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses located in their fore-stomach Summary (reticulorumen) that allows these animals to utilize the lignocellulose component of plant material as their main The goal of the Hungate1000 project is to generate a energy source. The microbial degradation of lignocellu- reference set of rumen microbial genome sequences. lose, and fermentation of the released soluble sugars, Toward this goal we have carried out a meta-analysis produces short-chain fatty acids that are absorbed across using information from culture collections, scientific the rumen epithelium and utilized by the ruminant for literature, and the NCBI and RDP databases and growth, while the microbial cells pass from the rumen to linked this with a comparative study of several rumen the digestive tract where they become the main source of 16S rRNA gene-based surveys. In this way we have amino acids and protein for the animal. Other fermenta- attempted to capture a snapshot of rumen bacterial tion end-products, including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, diversity to examine the culturable fraction of the formate and methyl-containing compounds, are important rumen bacterial microbiome. Our analyses have substrates for methanogenesis. Consequently, rumen revealed that for cultured rumen bacteria, there are microbes are central to the optimal digestive functioning many genera without a reference genome sequence. of the animal, and the lack of sufficient understanding of Our examination of culture-independent studies high- the rumen microbiome is one of the major knowledge lights that there are few novel but many uncultured gaps hindering effective enhancement and modification of taxa within the rumen bacterial microbiome. Taken rumen function (Kingston-Smith et al., 2013). together these results have allowed us to compile a Bacteria are the most numerous organisms in the rumen microbiome, being present at 1010 to 1011 g−1 of Received 3 February, 2014; revised 14 May, 2014; accepted 2 June, content and making up more than 50% of the cell mass. 2014. *For correspondence. E-mail [email protected]; Tel. Studies of rumen bacteria began with the development of (+64) 6 351 8118; Fax (+64) 6 351 8032. techniques for cultivating strictly anaerobic organisms and Microbial Biotechnology (2014) 7(5), 467–479 doi:10.1111/1751-7915.12141 have attempted to answer three questions: ‘Who is Funding Information This work was made possible through a Global there?’, ‘How many?’ and ‘What are they doing? As a Research Alliance Senior Scientist Award from the Livestock Emis- consequence, most of the knowledge we have of rumen sions & Abatement Research Network awarded to CJC. CJC is cur- rently part of the BBSRC (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences bacteria has arisen from traditional microbiological Research Council) Institute Strategic Programme Grant, Rumen methods involving the isolation and cultivation of pure Systems Biology, (Grant Number BB/J004413/1) and was also funded strains and species. Microscopic examination of rumen from the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Stokes Lectureship Pro- gramme (Reference Number: 07/SK/B1236A; http://www.sfi.ie) during contents shows that the rumen contains a rich diversity of this work. SCL was awarded a New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse microbes, and many different bacteria have been isolated Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC) Travel Award to progress part of this from this environment. Some, such as Lampropedia and work. The Hungate1000 project is funded by the New Zealand Gov- ernment in support of the Livestock Research Group of the Global Quinella, are distinctive enough to be identified by mor- Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases. phology alone (Clarke, 1979), but most have been © 2014 The Authors. Microbial Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 468 C. J. Creevey, W. J. Kelly, G. Henderson and S. C. Leahy described on the basis of their metabolism and probable data. This was done not only to assess the diversity functional role in the rumen. Many of the best character- present and to identify cultured taxa that remain unrepre- ized rumen bacteria were described in the pioneering sented in reference genome collections, but also to iden- studies of rumen microbiology which isolated representa- tify taxa that require more cultivation effort. The resulting tives of the functionally significant bacterial groups list of taxa is currently being used by the Hungate1000 for (Bryant, 1959; Hungate, 1966). Knowledge of rumen bac- sequencing of previously unsequenced organisms found terial diversity has increased in subsequent years as addi- in association with ruminants. It is hoped this list of taxa tional genera of rumen bacteria have been isolated and will serve as a resource for the rumen microbiology com- characterized. These culture-based studies of bacterial munity interested in the isolation of novel members of the morphology, physiology and metabolism have revealed a microbiome. Sequencing of these organisms will bring us bacterial community that includes both generalists and closer to completing a comprehensive reference genome specialists able to convert large plant polymers into a collection for the rumen microbiome. variety of smaller organic compounds. However, in recent years, emphasis on bacterial cultur- Results and discussion ing has been reduced and our knowledge of the rumen Rumen bacteria in culture bacteria across different diets, ruminant species and geo- graphical locations has quickly expanded through the Using information from culture collections, scientific litera- insights of culture-independent methods, such as 16S ture, the National Center for Biotechnology Information rRNA gene surveys aimed at classifying and quantifying (NCBI) and Ribosomal Database Project (RDP, Cole et the microbes present (Brulc et al., 2009; Kong et al., al., 2014) databases we identified cultivated rumen bac- 2010; Pitta et al., 2010; De Menezes et al., 2011; Hess teria, which include members of 88 different bacterial et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011; Fouts et al., genera belonging to nine phyla (Table 1 and Supporting 2012; Jami and Mizrahi, 2012; Kav et al., 2012; Pope Information Table S1). A survey of five international et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2012). These studies are providing culture collections (American Type Culture Collection new answers to the questions ‘Who is there?’ and ‘How (ATCC), Culture Collection University of Göteborg many?’, and it is clear that the number of rumen cultured (CCUG), Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of representatives has not kept pace with this expansion in Microorganisms and Cell Culture, Japan Collection of knowledge. While 16S rRNA gene sequences are useful Microorganisms (JCM), The Belgian Co-ordinated Collec- to take a census of bacteria present in the community, tions of Micro-organisms (BCCM/LMG) gave 146 bacterial they provide only very limited functional genetic informa- cultures of rumen origin (Supporting Information tion and thus do not address the question of ‘What are Table S2), but members of only seven phyla. These col- they doing?’ As a result, genome sequencing has now lections are dominated by members of the phyla become a starting point for analyses that reveal a Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, which microbe’s metabolic potential. However, cultivation and together make up 90% of the cultures listed. Members of isolation of strains remain a challenge, and there is a need the Firmicutes and the family Lachnospiraceae in particu- for physiological studies to verify predictions based on lar, appear more amenable to laboratory culture, as there genome sequence data. are 45 genera of Firmicutes that have been cultured from The Hungate1000 project (www.Hungate1000.org.nz) the rumen. In contrast, it is notable that the phylum seeks to produce a reference set of rumen microbial Bacteriodetes is represented by just five isolates belong- genome sequences from cultivated rumen bacteria and ing to two genera. While these culture collection isolates archaea, together with representative cultures of rumen cover all the major taxonomic groups and include several anaerobic fungi and ciliate
Recommended publications
  • Bovine Host Genome Acts on Speci C Metabolism, Communication and Genetic Processes of Rumen Microbes Host-Genomically Linked To
    Bovine host genome acts on specic metabolism, communication and genetic processes of rumen microbes host-genomically linked to methane emissions Marina Martínez-Álvaro SRUC https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2295-5839 Marc Auffret SRUC Carol-Anne Duthie SRUC Richard Dewhurst SRUC Matthew Cleveland Genus plc Mick Watson Roslin Institute https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4211-0358 Rainer Roehe ( [email protected] ) SRUC https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4880-3756 Article Keywords: bovine host genome, rumen, CH4 Posted Date: May 17th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-290150/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 Bovine host genome acts on specific metabolism, communication and 2 genetic processes of rumen microbes host-genomically linked to methane 3 emissions 4 Marina Martínez-Álvaro1, Marc D. Auffret1, Carol-Anne Duthie1, Richard J. Dewhurst1, 5 Matthew A. Cleveland2, Mick Watson3 and Rainer Roehe*1 6 1Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, UK 7 2Genus plc, DeForest, WI, USA 8 3The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of 9 Edinburgh, UK 10 11 *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] 12 13 14 Introductory paragraph 15 Whereas recent studies in different species showed that the host genome shapes the microbial 16 community profile, our new research strategy revealed substantial host genomic control of 17 comprehensive functional microbial processes in the rumen of bovines by utilising microbial 18 gene profiles from whole metagenomic sequencing. Of 1,107/225/1,141 rumen microbial 19 genera/metagenome assembled uncultured genomes (RUGs)/genes identified, 203/16/352 20 were significantly (P<2.02 x10-5) heritable (0.13 to 0.61), revealing substantial variation in 21 host genomic control.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrostatic Pressure Helps to Cultivate an Original Anaerobic Bacterium from the Atlantis Massif Subseafloor (IODP Expedition 357): Petrocella Atlantisensis Gen
    fmicb-10-01497 July 16, 2019 Time: 16:31 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 16 July 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01497 Hydrostatic Pressure Helps to Cultivate an Original Anaerobic Bacterium From the Atlantis Massif Subseafloor (IODP Expedition 357): Petrocella atlantisensis gen. nov. sp. nov. Marianne Quéméneur1, Gaël Erauso1, Eléonore Frouin1, Emna Zeghal1, Céline Vandecasteele2, Bernard Ollivier1, Christian Tamburini1, Marc Garel1, Bénédicte Ménez3 and Anne Postec1* Edited by: 1 Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM110, Marseille, France, 2 INRA, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Isabelle Daniel, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France, 3 Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS UMR 7154, Paris, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France France Reviewed by: Rock-hosted subseafloor habitats are very challenging for life, and current knowledge Ida Helene Steen, University of Bergen, Norway about microorganisms inhabiting such lithic environments is still limited. This study Lotta Purkamo, explored the cultivable microbial diversity in anaerobic enrichment cultures from cores Geological Survey of Finland, Finland recovered during the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 357 from *Correspondence: ◦ Anne Postec the Atlantis Massif (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30 N). 16S rRNA gene survey of enrichment ◦ [email protected] cultures grown at 10–25 C and pH 8.5 showed that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were generally dominant. However, cultivable microbial diversity significantly differed Specialty section: This article was submitted to depending on incubation at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa), or hydrostatic pressures Extreme Microbiology, (HP) mimicking the in situ pressure conditions (8.2 or 14.0 MPa). An original, strictly a section of the journal anaerobic bacterium designated 70B-AT was isolated from core M0070C-3R1 (1150 Frontiers in Microbiology meter below sea level; 3.5 m below seafloor) only from cultures performed at 14.0 MPa.
    [Show full text]
  • Perilla Frutescens Leaf Alters the Rumen Microbial Community of Lactating Dairy Cows
    microorganisms Article Perilla frutescens Leaf Alters the Rumen Microbial Community of Lactating Dairy Cows Zhiqiang Sun, Zhu Yu and Bing Wang * College of Grass Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; [email protected] (Z.S.); [email protected] (Z.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 September 2019; Accepted: 12 November 2019; Published: 13 November 2019 Abstract: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., an annual herbaceous plant, has antibacterial, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant properties. To understand the effects of P. frutescens leaf on the ruminal microbial ecology of cattle, Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used. Fourteen cows were used in a randomized complete block design trial. Two diets were fed to these cattle: a control diet (CON); and CON supplemented with 300 g/d P. frutescens leaf (PFL) per cow. Ruminal fluid was sampled at the end of the experiment for microbial DNA extraction. Overall, our findings revealed that supplementation with PFL could increase ruminal fluid pH value. The ruminal bacterial community of cattle was dominated by Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The addition of PFL had a positive effect on Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Spirochaetes, but had no effect on Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria compared with the CON. The supplementation with PFL significantly increased the abundance of Marvinbryantia, Acetitomaculum, Ruminococcus gauvreauii, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Selenomonas_1, Pseudoscardovia, norank_f__Muribaculaceae, and Sharpea, and decreased the abundance of Treponema_2 compared to CON. Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, and norank_f__Muribaculaceae were positively correlated with ruminal pH value. It was found that norank_f__Muribaculaceae and Acetitomaculum were positively correlated with milk yield, indicating that these different genera are PFL associated bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • ( 12 ) United States Patent
    US010435714B2 (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 10 ,435 ,714 B2 Gill et al. (45 ) Date of Patent : * Oct. 8 , 2019 (54 ) NUCLEIC ACID -GUIDED NUCLEASES 8 ,569 ,041 32 10 / 2013 Church et al. 8 ,697 , 359 B1 4 / 2014 Zhang 8 , 906 ,616 B2 12 / 2014 Zhang et al. ( 71 ) Applicant: Inscripta , Inc. , Boulder, CO (US ) 9 , 458 ,439 B2 10 / 2016 Choulika et al . 9 ,512 ,446 B112 /2016 Joung et al. (72 ) Inventors : Ryan T . Gill, Denver , CO (US ) ; 9 ,752 , 132 B2 9 / 2017 Joung et al. Andrew Garst , Boulder , CO (US ) ; 9 , 790 , 490 B2 10 / 2017 Zhang et al. Tanya Elizabeth Warnecke Lipscomb, 9 ,926 ,546 B2 3 / 2018 Joung et al . 9 , 982 ,278 B2 5 /2018 Gill et al. Boulder, CO (US ) 9 , 982 ,279 B1 5 / 2018 Gill et al. 10 ,011 , 849 B1 7 / 2018 Gill et al . ( 73 ) Assignee : INSCRIPTA , INC ., Boulder, CO (US ) 10 ,017 , 760 B2 7 / 2018 Gill et al . 2008 /0287317 AL 11/ 2008 Boone ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this 2009 /0176653 Al 7 / 2009 Kim et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 2010 /0034924 Al 2 / 2010 Fremaux et al . 2010 / 0305001 A1 12 /2010 Kern et al . U .S . C . 154 (b ) by 48 days . 2014 / 0068797 A1 3 / 2014 Doudna et al . 2014 / 0089681 A1 3 / 2014 Goto et al. This patent is subject to a terminal dis 2014 /0121118 A1 5 / 2014 Warner claimer . 2014 / 0199767 A1 7 /2014 Barrangou et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A Microbiologist's View on Improving Nutrient Utilization in Ruminants
    A Microbiologist’s View on Improving Nutrient Utilization in Ruminants T. G. Nagaraja1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Introduction Ruminants, particularly cattle, sheep, and goats, are important production animals for food to humans worldwide. Their importance comes from their unique ability to convert, because of foregut microbial fermentation, fiber-based feeds with or without grains, into high quality, protein-rich products like milk and meat. The rumen, the first compartment of the complex stomach, is inhabited by a multitude of microbes that work in concert to breakdown feeds to produce energy (volatile fatty acids; VFA), protein (microbial cells) and other nutrients like vitamins (microbial cells) to the host. The production of VFA, mainly from carbohydrates. is central to the ruminal fermentation because the process provides energy (ATP) for microbial growth, which serves as the major source of protein to the host, but also provides the animal with the precursors necessary to generate energy (mainly acetate), glucose (mainly propionate), and lipid (mainly acetate and butyrate). The fermentation of nitrogenous compounds is also an integral process because it provides the molecules necessary to build microbial cell protein. In addition to the importance of the rumen microbial function to the host nutrition and food production, rumen microbes and their enzymes are also of considerable interest to the biofuels and biotechnology industries (Hess et al., 2011). Despite the tremendous importance, rumen remains an under investigated, hence, under-characterized, microbial ecosystem. At one time, rumen was the most extensively investigated anaerobic ecosystem. In the past 10 to 12 years, human gut microbial studies have far outpaced rumen microbiology studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Long-Acting, Broad Spectra Anthelmintic Treatments on The
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Efects of long‑acting, broad spectra anthelmintic treatments on the rumen microbial community compositions of grazing sheep Christina D. Moon1*, Luis Carvalho1, Michelle R. Kirk1, Alan F. McCulloch2, Sandra Kittelmann3, Wayne Young1, Peter H. Janssen1 & Dave M. Leathwick1 Anthelmintic treatment of adult ewes is widely practiced to remove parasite burdens in the expectation of increased ruminant productivity. However, the broad activity spectra of many anthelmintic compounds raises the possibility of impacts on the rumen microbiota. To investigate this, 300 grazing ewes were allocated to treatment groups that included a 100‑day controlled release capsule (CRC) containing albendazole and abamectin, a long‑acting moxidectin injection (LAI), and a non‑treated control group (CON). Rumen bacterial, archaeal and protozoal communities at day 0 were analysed to identify 36 sheep per treatment with similar starting compositions. Microbiota profles, including those for the rumen fungi, were then generated for the selected sheep at days 0, 35 and 77. The CRC treatment signifcantly impacted the archaeal community, and was associated with increased relative abundances of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanosphaera sp. ISO3‑F5, and Methanomassiliicoccaceae Group 12 sp. ISO4‑H5 compared to the control group. In contrast, the LAI treatment increased the relative abundances of members of the Veillonellaceae and resulted in minor changes to the bacterial and fungal communities by day 77. Overall, the anthelmintic treatments resulted in few, but highly signifcant, changes to the rumen microbiota composition. Anthelmintic treatment of adult ewes is practiced by about 80% of sheep farmers in New Zealand1, and many of these treatments use active compounds with broad-spectrum persistent activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodegradation Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewaters
    UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA VEGETAL Biodegradation treatment of petrochemical wastewaters Catarina Isabel Nunes Alexandre Dissertação Mestrado em Microbiologia Aplicada Orientadores Doutora Sandra Sanches Professora Doutora Lélia Chambel 2015 Biodegradation treatment of petrochemical wastewaters Catarina Isabel Nunes Alexandre 2015 This thesis was fully performed at the Institute of Experimental and Technologic Biology (IBET) of Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Bioquímica (ITQB) under the direct supervision of Drª Sandra Sanches in the scope of the Master in Applied Microbiology of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. Prof. Drª Lélia Chambel was the internal designated supervisor in the scope of the Master in Applied Microbiology of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer a todas as pessoas que estiveram directamente ou indirectamente envolvidas na execução da minha tese de mestrado, pois sem eles a sua realização não teria sido possível. Queria começar por agradecer à Doutora Sandra Sanches, que se demonstrou sempre disponível para esclarecer dúvidas quando precisei, e que fez questão de me ensinar de forma rigorosa e exigente. À Doutora Maria Teresa Crespo, que assim que lhe pedi para me orientar me disse que sim imediatamente, fez questão de me treinar em vários contextos e sempre estimulou o meu envolvimento nas rotinas do laboratório. À Professora Doutora Lélia Chambel, que sempre me esclareceu dúvidas sobre processos burocráticos, me deu conselhos quando eu mais precisei e que me apoiou durante toda a minha tese. Queria também agradecer à Doutora Dulce Brito, que sempre se mostrou disponível para ajudar quando a nossa equipa mais precisava dela, e sempre me ajudou a realizar as tarefas mais básicas do meu trabalho até eu ter ganho a minha autonomia no laboratório.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Starter Feeds of Different Physical Forms on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Composition for Pre-Weaning and Post-We
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.03.235580; this version posted August 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Effects of Starter Feeds of Different Physical Forms on Rumen Fermentation and 2 Microbial Composition for Pre-weaning and Post-weaning Lambs 3 4 Yong Li,* Yanli Guo,# Chengxin Zhang, Xiaofang Cai, Peng Liu, Cailian Li 5 6 College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 7 730070, P.R. China 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 #Address correspondence to Yanli Guo, [email protected]. 20 *Present address: Yong Li, Zhoukou Vocational and Technical College, Zhoukou, P. R. 21 China. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.03.235580; this version posted August 4, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 22 ABSTRACT 23 This study aimed to evaluate the effects of starter feeds of different physical forms 24 on rumen fermentation and microbial composition for lambs. Twenty-four eight-day-old 25 male Hu lambs (5.04 ± 0.75 kg body weight) were fed either milk replacer (MR) and 26 pelleted starter feed (PS), or MR and textured starter feed (TS) in pre-weaning (day 8 to 27 35) and post-weaning (day 36 to 42) lambs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Early Life Nutrition on Rumen Microbial Community Development and Impact on Lifetime Performance in Ruminants
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. THE EFFECT OF EARLY LIFE NUTRITION ON RUMEN MICROBIAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT ON LIFETIME PERFORMANCE IN RUMINANTS A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Veterinary Sciences At Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand Omar Cristobal Carballo 2019 Abstract Manipulation of the rumen microbiota in adult ruminants has been intended to improve animal performance and decrease greenhouse gas emissions, but results have only shown a short- or non-lasting effect after intervention. Changes in the ruminal microbiota during rumen development have recently shown promising results in the short-term. Therefore, the purpose of the present body of work was to determine how dietary management and chemical interventions, during rumen development, modify the ruminal microbial community composition, and whether these changes affect rumen fermentation and development, and consequently, performance in the young ruminants. The objectives of this thesis were to: (i) evaluate the impact of early weaning on rumen development and function in artificially-reared lambs; (ii) characterize the impact of early weaning in lambs on the rumen microbiota in the first 16 weeks of life and examine the relationships between rumen microbiota composition and rumen fermentation profiles, rumen development and blood metabolites; (iii) assess whether contrasting feeding regimes in the first 7 months of life lead to an imprint in the rumen microbial community structure, fermentation profiles and methane emissions in the rumen of calves; (iv) and evaluate the effect of methane inhibitors on the rumen microbial community composition, fermentation pathways, and gas emissions in calves.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gut Microbiota in Young and Middle-Aged Rats Showed Different
    Zhu et al. BMC Microbiology (2016) 16:281 DOI 10.1186/s12866-016-0895-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The gut microbiota in young and middle-aged rats showed different responses to chicken protein in their diet Yingying Zhu1,2,HeLi1, Xinglian Xu1, Chunbao Li1* and Guanghong Zhou1* Abstract Background: Meat protein in the diet has been shown to be beneficial for the growth of Lactobacillus in the caecum of growing rats; however, it is unknown whether gut microbiota in middle-aged animals have the same responses to meat protein diets. This study compared the composition of the gut microbiota between young and middle-aged rats after being fed 17.7% chicken protein diet for 14 days. Methods: Feces were collected on day 0 and day 14 from young rats (4 weeks old) and middle-aged rats (64 weeks old) fed with 17.7% chicken protein diets. The composition of the gut bacteria was analyzed by sequencing the V4-V5 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Results: The results showed that the composition of the gut microbiota was significantly different between young and middle-aged rats on both day 0 and day 14. The percentage of Firmicutes decreased for middle-aged rats (72.1% versus 58.1% for day 0 and day 14, respectively) but increased for young rats (41.5 versus 57.7% for day 0 and day 14, respectively). The percentage of Bacteroidetes increased to 31.2% (20.5% on day 0) for middle-aged rats and decreased to 29.6% (41.3% on day 0) for young rats.
    [Show full text]
  • Computational Genomics of Lactobacilli
    Department of Biosciences Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Finland Computational genomics of lactobacilli Matti Kankainen ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in the lecture room 228 at Koetilantie 5, Viikki, on 24 April 2015, at 12 o’clock noon. Finland 2015 Supervisor Professor Liisa Holm Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Reviewers Professor Mauno Vihinen Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Lund, Sweden Docent David Fewer Department of Food and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Opponent Adjunct Professor Laura Elo Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of Turku Turku, Finland Custos Professor Liisa Holm Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland Published in Dissertationes Scholae Doctoralis Ad Sanitatem Investigandam Universitatis Helsinkiensis ISBN 978-951-51-0886-9 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951-51-0887-6 (PDF) ISSN 2342-3161 (print) ISSN 2342-317X (online) Hansaprint Vantaa 2015 “If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the universe.” - Carl Sagan Contents Abstract 1! List of original publications 3! Abbreviations 4! 1 Review of the literature 1! 1.1 Bacterial whole-genome sequencing 1! 1.1.1 DNA sequencing technologies 3! 1.1.2
    [Show full text]
  • Different Drugs in Modulating Gut Microbiome of Colitis Mice
    Research Article J Complement Med Alt Healthcare Volume 9 Issue 2 - March 2019 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Chunjiang Zhang DOI: 10.19080/JCMAH.2019.09.555757 Different Drugs in Modulating Gut Microbiome of Colitis Mice Xinjun Chen1, Pingshun Song2,3, Pingrong Yang2,3, Yaping Jing4,5,6, Chenhui Li4,5,6, Junshu Wei4,5,6, Anping Li2,3, Xiao Ma2,3, Tuanjie Che5* and Chunjiang Zhang4,5,6* 1Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Hainan Medical University, China 2Gansu Institute of Drug Control, China 3Gansu Tebetan Herbal Medicine Engineering Laboratory of Testing and Detection, China 4School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China 5Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, China 6Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, China Submission: February 22,2019; Published: March 11, 2019 *Corresponding author: Chunjiang Zhang, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu province, China Tuanjie Che, Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou730000, China Abstract Background: therapeutics aimed at restoring microbial community structure. Saccharomyces boulardii The gut microbiome plays a key role in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which has spurred the development of novel is a new probiotic that has not been commonly used to treatment IBD. Although the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Sijunzi Tang (SJZT) decoction has been widely used to alleviate the symptoms of ulcerativeMethods: colitis (UC), its underlying mechanismS. remains boulardii unknown. Codonopsis pilosula S. boulardii The efficacy of four drugs named , SJZT, Dangshen ( ) polysaccharide or in combination with Dangshen polysaccharide were test during treatment with Dextran Sulphate Sodium (DSS)-induced mice colitis.
    [Show full text]