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Grupos Funcionales Del Fitoplancton Y Estado Trófico Del Sistema Lagunar Topolobampo-Ohuira-Santa María

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Grupos Funcionales Del Fitoplancton Y Estado Trófico Del Sistema Lagunar Topolobampo-Ohuira-Santa María INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS GRUPOS FUNCIONALES DEL FITOPLANCTON Y ESTADO TRÓFICO DEL SISTEMA LAGUNAR TOPOLOBAMPO-OHUIRA-SANTA MARÍA TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN MANEJO DE RECURSOS MARINOS PRESENTA: GERMÁN ARÓN AYALA RODRÍGUEZ La Paz, B.C.S, Diciembre de 2008. AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas CICIMAR-IPN por la recepción de un servidor y por las facilidades para hacer uso de sus instalaciones para el desarrollo de mis estudios. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca otorgada para la realización de mis estudios. Al Instituto Politécnico Nacional por el apoyo hacia los proyectos CGPI: 20061157 y 20071127 para el desarrollo y culminación del presente estudio, así como a la beca PIFI derivada de estos proyectos y a la beca tesis para la culminación de los estudios de un servidor. Al Consejo Estatal de Ciencia y Tecnología del estado de Sinaloa, por los apoyos brindados hacia una parte de este proyecto. A la Secretaria de Marina (Estación Oceanográfica Topolobampo) por las facilidades otorgadas para hacer uso de sus instalaciones y el apoyo brindado en algunos muestreos. A la Dra. Aída Martínez López por el constante esfuerzo, apoyo, amistad y PACIENCIA hacia un servidor para la culminación de este proyecto, sus atinados comentarios, sugerencias y consejos y a la ayuda y conocimiento brindado a lo largo de estos años. GRACIAS. A los miembros de mi comité revisor, Dra. Christine Band Schmidt, Dr. Gerardo Verdugo Díaz, Dr. Ángel Jiménez Illescas y M. C. Ricardo Palomares García quienes con sus comentarios y observaciones enriquecieron este trabajo. Al C.P. Humberto Ceseña Amador, por su amistad y la atinada labor en este tiempo en cuanto a los trámites administrativos a lo largo de mi estadía en este centro. Al personal del Departamento y Laboratorio de Medio Ambiente CIIDIR-IPN Unidad Sinaloa (M. C. Diana C. Escobedo Urias, M. C. Ana Elsí Ulloa Pérez, M. C. Alan A. Zavala Norzagaray y C. Renato Leal) por su amistad y su excelente labor en campo hacia este proyecto, así como a todas las personas de este mismo centro que contribuyeron en parte para el desarrollo de este proyecto, así como la ayuda brindada durante las estancias de un servidor en la ciudad de Guasave. Al personal de la biblioteca de CICIMAR-IPN por la disponibilidad y buen trato brindado en las visitas en busca de bibliografía. A Gabriela, por ser siempre un apoyo constante a lo largo de esta travesía con su amor y compañía durante este proyecto (gracias por siempre estar). A mis padres por nunca quitar el dedo del renglón y lograr que esto se hiciera realidad debido a su constante amor, cariño y consejos. LOS QUIERO VIEJOS. A mis hermanos Iván, Marla, Eduardo, Mara, por sus constantes muestras de amor, cariño; apoyo y consejos durante toda la vida a pesar de la distancia. A ese reciente y pequeñito rayo de luz en mi familia (Marely) por llegar. A mi familia paceña adoptiva (Tía Mireya, Chapo, Claudia y Oli) por todo el apoyo brindado en mi estancia en esta ciudad, así como su compañía y amistad. Infinitas gracias a la M. C. Gabriela Galindo Cortes por su excelente ayuda y asesorías en la cuestión logística referente a paquetes estadísticos y de graficas. A todos los compañeros y amigos que he hecho a lo largo de estos años en el laboratorio, la escuela, el futbol, el basket y la convivencia paceña por la amistad brindada y aminorar un poco la lejanía de la familia, así como la agradable compañía y ayuda desinteresada, es una lista interminable pero creo que ellos saben quienes son. Gracias!! Por último, a mis amigos de toda la vida con quienes nos hemos trazado metas para lograr ser mejores y mantener algo firme a lo largo de nuestra vida (Aarón, Paco, Tao, Kike y Cochi). A mis amigos y profesores de la carrera de Biología del Tec Los Mochis por inspirarme a salir adelante. DEDICATORIA A Gabriela, por ser esa molécula creadora que me impulsa seguir adelante. A mis padres, por toda su fortaleza, amor y apoyo constante a lo largo de todos estos años. A mis hermanos por su espíritu de lucha y su amor. A mis cuñadas por su cariño y el amor hacia mis hermanos. A mi abuelita Petra, por siempre estar y al final no poder estar. A ese pedacito de vida (Marely) que vino a iluminar todo. ÍNDICE ÍNDICE .………………………………………………………………………………….. I LISTA DE FIGURAS .………………………………………………………………….. V LISTA DE TABLAS ..…………………………………………………………………… VIII GLOSARIO .…………………………………………................................................. IX RESUMEN ……………………………………………………………………………… XIV ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………… XV 1. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………….. 1 2. ANTECEDENTES ...………………………………………………………………… 3 3. OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………………….. 8 3.1 General ………..…………………………………………………………………... 8 3.1.1. Específicos ………..………………………………………………………….. 8 4. HIPÓTESIS …..……………………………………………………………………… 8 5. JUSTIFICACIÓN …………………………………………………………………….. 9 6. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ………………………………………………………………… 10 7. MATERIAL y MÉTODOS ….……………………………………………………….. 12 7.1 Trabajo de campo ………………………………………………………………... 12 7.2 Análisis de Laboratorio ………………………………………………………….. 15 7.2.1 Determinación de nutrientes y variables relacionadas ….……………….. 15 7.2.2 Determinación de pigmentos ………………..………………………………. 15 7.2.2.1 Espectrofotometría ……………………….……………….……………… 15 7.2.2.2 Cromatografía Liquida de Alta Resolución (HPLC) ……..……………. 16 7.2.3 Análisis cuantitativo del fitoplancton de botella ………………...…………. 17 7.3 Análisis de datos ……………………………………………………….………… 17 i 7.3.1 Exploración y tratamiento de datos ………………………………………… 17 7.3.2 Estado trófico …………………………………………………………………. 18 7.3.3 Determinación de Grupos Funcionales ……………………………………. 19 7.3.4 Interacción de los grupos funcionales con las variables ambientales ….. 19 7.3.5 Estimación de las clases algales presentes mediante Taxonomía 20 Química (CHEMTAX) …………………………………………………........................ 7.3.6 Biomasa zooplanctónica y cuantificación de abundancias de 21 microzooplancton ………………………………………………………....................... 7.4 Coeficiente de atenuación vertical de luz difusa ……………………………… 22 8. RESULTADOS …………………………………………………………………….… 23 8.1 Variables Meteorológicas ……………………………………………………….. 23 8.1.1 Dirección y Rapidez de los vientos dominantes ..………………………… 23 8.2 Variables Físico-Químicas ………………………………………………………. 24 8.2.1 Temperatura …………..………………………………………………………. 24 8.2.2 Salinidad …………….………………………………………………………… 25 8.2.3 Transparencia y Coeficiente de Atenuación vertical de Luz Difusa (Kd) .. 26 8.2.4 Oxigeno Disuelto y pH ……………………………………………………….. 27 8.2.5 Sólidos Suspendidos Totales ……………………………………………….. 28 8.2.6 Materia Orgánica Particulada ……………………………………………….. 29 8.2.7 Nitrógeno Inorgánico Disuelto (NID) …………………………………….…. 30 8.2.7.1 Componentes del NID ……………………………………………………... 31 8.2.8 Fósforo Reactivo …………………………………………………………..…. 33 8.2.9 Acido Silícico ……………………………………………………………….…. 33 8.2.10 Proporciones Redfield ……………………………………………………… 34 8.2.10.1 Proporción N:P …………………………………….…………….………. 34 8.2.10.2 Proporción Si:N …………………………………………………..……… 35 ii 8.2.11 Caracterización trófica del sistema ……………………………………….. 36 8.3 Variables Biológicas ……………………………………...................................... 37 8.3.1 Clorofila a ……………………………………………………….…………….. 37 8.3.2 Distribución espacio-temporal del fitoplancton ……………………………. 38 8.3.2.1 Fitoplancton Total …………………………………………………………. 38 8.3.2.2 Microfitoplancton ……….…………………………………………….…... 40 8.3.2.3 Nanofitoplancton ……….…………………………………………….…... 42 8.3.3 Distribución vertical de los grupos morfológicos del fitoplancton en la 43 Laguna Topolobampo (Est. 4 y 5) ……………………………………………….…… 8.3.4 Eventos de Proliferaciones algales nocivas ………………………….….… 44 8.3.5 Huellas pigmentarias …………………………………………………………. 46 8.3.5.1 Contribución de los grupos del fitoplancton al total de la clorofila a 46 (CHEMTAX) …………………………………………………………….………………. 8.3.5.2 Contribución relativa de los grupos pequeños ……...…………………. 51 8.3.5.3 Relación de los pigmentos marcadores con las abundancias de los 52 grupos del fitoplancton …………………………………………………………….…... 8.3.6 Grupos Funcionales ………………………………………………………….. 53 8.3.6.1 Laguna Santa María …………………………………………………….... 53 8.3.6.2 Laguna Topolobampo ……………………………..……………………... 56 8.3.6.3 Laguna Ohuira ………………………………………………………..…… 56 8.3.7 Influencia de las variables ambientales sobre el fitoplancton …………… 58 8.3.7.1 Laguna Santa María …………………………………..…………………. 58 8.3.7.2 Laguna Topolobampo ………………………………………………...…. 60 8.3.7.3 Laguna Ohuira ……………………………………………….…………... 60 8.3.8 Abundancia y biomasa del zooplancton …………………………………… 61 9. DISCUSIÓN ………………………………………………………………………….. 64 9.1 Variables Físico-Químicas ………………………………………………………. 64 9.1.1 Temperatura …………………………………………………………………... 64 9.1.2 Salinidad ………………………………………………………………………. 66 iii 9.1.3 Transparencia ………………………………………………………………… 68 9.1.4 Saturación de Oxigeno Disuelto ……………………………………………. 69 9.1.5 Sólidos Suspendidos Totales y Materia Orgánica Particulada ………….. 70 9.1.6 Nutrientes ……………………………………………………………………… 70 9.1.6.1 Nitrógeno Inorgánico Disuelto …………………………………………… 70 9.1.6.2 Fósforo Reactivo ………………………………………………………….. 75 9.1.6.3 Ácido Silícico ………………………………………………………………. 75 9.1.6.4 Estado Trófico …………………………………………………………….. 77 9.2 Variables Biológicas ……………………………………………………………… 79 9.2.1 Fitoplancton …………………………………………………………………… 79 9.2.1.1 Nanofitoplancton ………………………………………………………….. 79 9.1.2.2 Microfitoplancton ………………………………………………………….. 85 9.1.2.2.1 Santa María ……………………………………………………………. 87 9.1.2.2.2 Topolobampo ………………………………………………………….
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