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Harmful Algal Bloom 2012 Event Verification in Lampung Bay Using Red Tide Detection on Spot 4 Image

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Harmful Algal Bloom 2012 Event Verification in Lampung Bay Using Red Tide Detection on Spot 4 Image International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences Vol. 14 No. 1 June 2017: 1 – 8 HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM 2012 EVENT VERIFICATION IN LAMPUNG BAY USING RED TIDE DETECTION ON SPOT 4 IMAGE Emiyati1, Ety Parwati, and Syarif Budhiman Remote Sensing Applications Center, LAPAN Jl. Kalisari No.8 Kelurahan Pekayon Kecamatan Pasar Rebo Jakarta Timur, Indonesia 1e-mail:[email protected] or [email protected] Received: 8 May 2017; Revised: 13 June 2017; Approved: 15 June 2017 Abstract. In mid-December 2012, harmful algal bloom phenomenon occurred in Lampung Bay. Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) is blooming of algae in aquatic ecosystems. It has negative impact on living organism, due to its toxic. This study was applied Red Tide (RT) detection algorithm on SPOT 4 images and verified the distribution of HAB 2012 event in Lampung Bay. The HAB event in 2012 in Lampung Bay can be detected by using RT algorithm on SPOT 4 images quantitatively and qualitatively. According to field measurement, the phytoplankton blooming which happen at Lampung Bay in 2012 were Cochlodinium sp. Image analysis showed that Cochlodinium sp has specific pattern of RT with values, digitally, were 13 to 41 and threshold value of red band SPOT 4 image was 57. The total area of RT distribution, which are found in Lampung Bay, was 11,545.3 Ha. Based on the RT classification of RT images and field data measurement, the RT which is caused many fishes died on the western coastal of Lampung Bay spread out from Bandar Lampung City to Batumenyan village. By using confusion matrix, the accuracy of this this method was 74.05 %. This method was expected to be used as early warning system for HAB monitoring in Lampung Bay and perhaps in another coastal region of Indonesia. Keywords: harmful algal bloom, Lampung Bay, SPOT 4 image, red tide algorithm 1 INTRODUCTION 2012. It was caused the red color of In mid-December 2012, algal bloom coastal water (Red Tide). According to occured in Lampung Bay (Radar (Sutardjo, et al 2013), the red tide Lampung 2012). The algal bloom was distribution was found firstly at Hurun indicated not only by many fishes died in Bay, then it was spreaded out widely to the west coast of Lampung Bay the west coast of Lampung Bay with high (Pesawaran district), but also the concentration and its found on floating occurrence of algal species in coastal net. It was found, the specific waters. According to (Radar Lampung phytoplanktons blooming were 2012), the phenomenon of algal bloom Cochlodinium sp. However, Harmful Algal occurred from TPI Lempasing to Bloom (HAB) in Lampung Bay has been Batumenyan Village. The areas which observed since 2006 when Pyrodinium had the biggest impact regarding algal Bahamense was found at Hurun Bay bloom was Hurun Bay. (Sidabutar 2007). According to (Damar 2012) HAB Pyrodinium Bahamense and 2012 event in Lampung Bay started Cochlodinium sp are Dinoflagellata are gradually since October 2012 and the known as harmful algal bloom due to its peak of blooming occurred in December toxic (Ahmad, et al 2009). Harmful algal @National Institute of Aeronautics and Space of Indonesia (LAPAN) 1 Emiyati et al. bloom (HAB) is defined as the blooming of water absorption. Therefore, based on algae population in aquatic ecosystems. previous studied and SPOT 4 HAB has negative impact on living characteristics, the objectives of this organisms, because it tends to be toxic. study were to applied and verification the Algae is one of phytoplankton which have distribution of HAB 2012 event in a pigment colors such as green, blue or Lampung Bay using RT detection red color. The blooming of certain algorithm on SPOT 4 image. This method phytoplankton in waters will affect the was also expected to be utilize as early color of waters. That is why the color of warning system for monitoring and waters at Lampung Bay become red when reducing the HAB effects. Cochlodinium sp blooming, due to its has the red pigment. According to (Anderson 1989) and 2 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY (Wardiatno, et al 2004), HAB increased in The study was carried out in frequency, intensity and widely Lampung Bay, Indonesia with latitude distribution spatially. HAB causes the 5⁰25’57.74”- 5⁰38’12.67” South and decreasing of fisheries resources, economic longitude 105⁰8’45.26” - 105⁰19’40.05” losses in aquaculture and wild fisheries, East (Figure 2-1). This study used two even human life due to it could be toxic images, which are SPOT 4 image on 16 (Tang, et al 2004; Wardiatno, et al 2004). June 2012 (before the events of algal Thus, early warning system in detecting bloom) and SPOT 4 image on 20 December of algal bloom and reducing the risks of 2012 (when the algal bloom happen). HAB is needed. The flowchart of data processing Detection and monitoring algal described briefly in Figure 2-2. The bloom could be carried out by using geometric, radiometric and atmospheric satellite remote sensing imagery. Remote correction were applied on SPOT 4 images sensing data has been used widely for firstly. Geometric correction was HAB detection, spatially and temporally, performed to reduce the bias that caused in a long time [Tester, et al 1991; Keafer by geometric error. While radiometric and and Anderson 1993; Tang, et al. 2004]. atmospheric correction were conducted to Previous studied which performed by reduce some errors during data recorded (Gower 1994) was analysed the HAB by sensor. using Red Tide (RT) detection on NOAA- This studied used two SPOT 4 AVHRR satellite data. While (Ahmad, et al images which has corrected geometric 2009) has detected RT by using green and systematically. While radiometric NIR channel from SPOT 4 image in Sabah correction was carried out using top of Malaysia. atmosphere formula by converting SPOT 4 (Satellite Pour'l Obseravtion radiance values into reflectance. de la Terre 4) imagery is medium- Furthermore, the atmospheric correction resolution satellite imagery (20 meters). conducted using dark pixel subtraction. SPOT 4 has four spectral channels After the atmospheric correction, visual (Green, Red, NIR and SWIR). It is known classification and false color composite that the green and red channel are were carried out to extract land cover sensitive with chlorophyll absorption, information of study area and RGB image, while NIR and SWIR are sensitive with which used for further analysis. 2 International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Science Vol. 14 No. 1 June 2017 Harmful Algal Bloom 2012 Event Verification in Lampung Bay Using ..... Figure 2-1: Study area SPOT-4 Image (before and after HAB event) Geometric correction Radiometric & atmospheric correction Red Tide (RT) Algorithm Visual False Color Classification Composite Density Slicing Land cover RGB Analysis Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Phenomenon Figure 2-2: Flow of data processing 푏 The qualitative analysis was carried 푅푇 = 퐺 × (푏 − 3 ) − 퐴 × 퐺 × 1 0.93 out by observing the Red Tide visually 푝−1024.5 ( )2 + 표푓푓푠푒푡 (2-1) using false color composite, which used 1024 NIR channels as Red, Green channel as If b2 > 푡ℎ푟푒푠ℎ표푙푑, then RT = 0 Green and Red channel as Blue. The quantitative analysis was carried out b1, b2, b3, are digital number of green, red using the Red Tide (RT) detection and NIR band respectively. A is algorithm developed by (Gower 1994) and atmospheric correction, G is physical gain (Ahmad, et al 2009). The algorithm is and p is number of pixel in one swath. shown below: International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Science Vol. 14 No. 1 June 2017 3 Emiyati et al. Physical gain value can be obtained composites from NIR band, green band from SPOT 4 image metadata while the and red band of both SPOT 4 images number of pixel in one swath can be seen (Figure 3-1). Figure 3-1 shows, the SPOT at SPOT 4 specification. According to 4 images on June 16, 2012 does not have (Gower 1994), the value of A=10 gives significant RT pattern. Whereas the SPOT good average correction for summer image on December 20, 2012 shows the daytime imagery. The threshold value is a green pattern which was thought as RT in digital number of band red from SPOT 4 Lampung Bay. image which is used for RT detection. The suspicious pattern which The analysis was performed for RT predict as HAB event in Lampung Bay can detection by using green, red and NIR also be seen digitally from the digital band of SPOT 4 image which applied on number distribution of SPOT 4 image formula (2-1). The formula (2-1) was bands as seen in Figure 3-2. According to applied on the image both SPOT 4 image, formula (2-1), red band has influence for before and after HAB event in Lampung RT detection, so an attempt was carried Bay to obtain RT image. Furthermore, out to found the threshold value of band density slicing technique was carried out red as indicator HAB and non HAB event. on RT image for observed the interval Based on Figure 3-2, It was found value of RT which contains information of that HAB event can be predicted using HAB in Lampung Bay. The density slicing threshold value of red band was 57. was carried out by divided the RT image Because HAB event did not found when into two classes which are RT and non- the digital number of red band were above RT. 57. The HAB event was found when digital This research used confusion number of red band lower than 57. By matrix to calculate the accuracy of RT using that threshold value of band red on detection using SPOT 4 images.
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