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Energy Cooperatives FULL VERSION Energy cooperatives Comparative analysis in Eastern Partnership countries and Western Balkans Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, Moldova, Serbia, Ukraine Potential of energy cooperatives to meet emission targets and supply society with affordable, safe and renewable energy and gender-sensitive participation opportunities wecf I Women Engage for a Common Future Energy cooperatives in the context of the SDGs In 2015, the 193 member states of the United Nations (UN) adopted the 2030 Agenda with its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With the help of the Agenda, the world community wants to tackle global challenges such as poverty, hunger and climate change. Gender-just energy cooperatives offer an equal and democratic solution for women and men (SDG 5) to benefit from and boost access to affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), become skilled entrepreneurs (SDG 4, 8 and 9) and improve their standard of living (SDG 1, 2 and 3), while protecting the environment (SDG 13 and 15). About this publication This publication aims to provide analysis for politicians and energy stakeholders. Imprint Authors: Johanna Eichermüller, Melani Furlan, Katharina Habersbrunner, Zoran Kordić Women Engage for a Common Future (WECF), Zelena energetska zadruga (ZEZ) Editors: Johanna Eichermüller and Katharina Habersbrunner - WECF For more information please contact: [email protected] Cover and production: Krisztina André, WECF Images: Tatyana Gavrilova on Unsplash, WECF, ZEZ ©WECF, ZEZ March 2018 • Copying parts of this publication is allowed if source is mentioned wecf I Women Engage for a Common Future www.wecf.org Energija u rukama građana WECF Netherlands WECF Germany ZEZ Croatia Korte Elisabethstraat 6 St.-Jakobs-Platz 10 Bukovačka 110 • 10 000 Zagreb • Croatia NL – 3511 JG Utrecht D – 80331 Munich [email protected] Phone + 31 - 30 - 2 31 03 00 Phone + 49 - 89 - 23 23 93 80 www.zez.coop Fax + 31 - 30 - 2 34 08 78 Fax + 49 - 89 - 23 22 39 38 11 WECF France Cité de la Solidarité Internationale 13 Avenue Emile Zola F – 74100 Annemasse Phone + 33 - 450-49 97 38 Fax + 33 - 4 50-49 97 38 Acknowledgements This publication was financially supported by the European Union, Heinrich Boell Stiftung, Berlin and Clean Power Europe SCE, Brussels. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of WECF and ZEZ and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union, Heinrich Boell Stiftung and Clean Power Europe. LONG VERSION Energy cooperatives Comparative analysis in Eastern Partnership countries and Western Balkans Armenia Belarus Bosnia-Herzegovina Croatia Georgia Moldova Serbia Ukraine Potential of energy cooperatives to meet emission targets and supply society with affordable, safe and renewable energy and gender-sensitive participation opportunities wecf I Women Engage for a Common Future Comparative study on energy cooperatives in Eastern Partnership countries and Western Balkans Armenia, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, Moldova, Serbia, Ukraine Potential of energy cooperatives for meeting emission targets and to supply the society with affordable, safe and renewable energy and gender-sensitive participation opportunities Summary: Key findings All target countries have ratified the Paris Agreement. Their national climate and energy goals as well as the European Union targets for renewable energy (RE) – a share of 27% and increase in energy efficiency of 30% by 2030 – are still not enough to reach (supra)national climate goals. Energy communities, and thus energy cooperatives, can have an essential role in supporting national governments and the EU to achieve their climate and energy objectives of a fossil free and socially sound transformation. This movement is helping to drive the development of local decentralised energy networks, contribute to public acceptance of the energy transition, enhance energy security and provide opportunities for local economic growth. If appropriately supported, the potential of energy communities can incentivise local implementation of energy and climate targets, sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the Paris Agreement. This study focuses on energy cooperatives as one important instrument for energy communities. Key findings are: • There is a high need to strengthen public energy administrations to implement policies: market regulation, energy efficiency, energy security, energy poverty and ecological impact of energy use: Energy cooperatives can act as intermediaries for a broader public consultation. • Available data on energy citizen projects in the target country is rather limited. Identifying good practice cases and measuring their impact requires platforms and knowledge transfer. • The few identified best practices show that in almost all target countries, energy cooperatives could be established as a successful democratic and socio-economic business model. • There is insufficient knowledge to understand the eXtent to which this organisational form is able to unify a broad group of actors to promote an RE system (societal power), to gather capital for elaborating renewable energy supply structures (economic power) and to meet international climate and SDG targets (ecological power). • The operational phase, in addition to the preparatory stage, are both very important for the success of energy cooperatives. • Important factors for energy cooperative development are governance and actor variables: • Support mechanism for RE and legal and political framework • Planning policies and administration • Attitudes towards the cooperative model • Cultures and local energy activism • The main barriers are the lack of an appropriate support framework, lack of financing, lack of knowledge and cooperative pilots and the strong power of monopolistic energy utility companies adhering to fossil and centralized energy systems. • The legal and political framework is very important for RE systems, but with cooperation, capacity building and support schemes, energy cooperatives can be pushed from bottom-up. • Cooperative structures encourage strong commitment, they reduce transaction costs and also mistrust in authorities and they encourage individual actions for sustainable development. Property rights in the hands of citizens are likely to enhance the cooperative model’s credibility and trustworthiness. Cooperatives improve cohesion within communities by building trust and confidence. • Energy cooperative projects do not stand alone, rather they are part of a comprehensive ‘community developing’ policy, fostering a wider diffusion of new energy structures as technical, economic and societal models. • A transformation of the energy system towards a renewable and decentralized energy supply needs a European dimension. Decentralized citizen’s power could significantly reduce system peaks and strengthen a European-wide power grid. 4 Content List of Figures 7 List of Abbreviations 8 1. Introduction (background and regional scope) 10 2. Citizens’ energy and community energy 11 3. Energy cooperatives – a general overview 12 3.1. One model for citizens’ energy and energy communities 12 3.2 Energy cooperatives – interlinked with other cooperatives 13 3.3 Recent development in Central and Western Europe 14 3.4 New cooperatives in the conteXt of (post) socialist eXperience 15 3.5 Tool for women’s empowerment and gender justice 15 3.6 Driver for decentralized renewable energy supply with public participation 17 4. Situation analysis per country 18 4.1 Methodology 18 4.1.1 National climate and energy policies 18 4.1.2 Degree of gender equality in the countries 18 4.1.3 Situation and power of civil society 19 4.1.4 Legal framework for cooperatives 20 4.1.5 Existing pilots, business models and technologies 20 4.2 Croatia 20 4.2.1 National climate and energy policies 20 4.1.1 Degree of gender equality in the countries 21 4.1.2 Situation and power of civil society 22 4.1.3 Legal framework for coops 23 4.1.4 Existing pilots, business models and technologies 25 4.3 Georgia 26 4.3.1 National climate and energy policies 26 4.3.2 Degree of gender equality in the countries 28 4.3.3 Situation and power of civil society 29 4.3.4 Legal framework for cooperatives 30 4.3.5 Existing pilots, business models and technologies 32 4.4 Armenia 34 4.4.1 National climate and energy policies 34 4.4.2 Degree of gender equality in the countries 36 4.4.3 Situation and power of civil society 36 4.4.4 Legal framework for cooperatives 37 4.4.5 Existing pilots, business models and technologies 38 4.5 Ukraine 38 4.5.1 National climate and energy policies 38 4.5.2 Degree of gender equality in the countries 40 4.5.3 Situation and power of civil society 42 4.5.4 Legal framework for cooperatives 42 4.5.5 Existing pilots, business models and technologies 43 5 4.6 Moldova 45 4.6.1 National climate and energy policies 45 4.6.2 Degree of gender equality in the countries 46 4.6.3 Situation and power of civil society 48 4.6.4 Legal framework for cooperatives 48 4.6.5 Existing pilots, business models and technologies 51 4.7 Belarus 51 4.7.1 National climate and energy policies 51 4.7.2 Degree of gender equality in the countries 53 4.7.3 Situation and power of civil society 55 4.7.4 Legal framework for cooperatives 55 4.7.5 Existing pilots, business models and technologies 56 4.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina 56 4.8.1 National climate and energy policies 56 4.1.5 Degree of gender equality in the countries 58 4.1.6 Situation and power of civil society 59 4.1.7 Legal framework for coops 60 4.1.8 Existing
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