Opuscula Philolichenum, 16: 312-316. 2017. *pdf effectively published online 25August2017 via (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/)

Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula is a synonym of scabrida

KERRY KNUDSEN1, JANA KOCOURKOVÁ2 AND JAMES C. LENDEMER3

ABSTRACT. – smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula is lectotypified and synonymized with Myriospora scabrida. The use of the epithet at the species level as A. flavoviridula is shown to be illegitimate, as is the combination into Myriospora.

KEYWORDS. – , Czech Republic, France, Germany, lectotype, nomenclature, .

INTRODUCTION

We are currently working on the revision of Acarosporaceae in central Europe to produce better illustrated keys for the region. This contribution continues a series of studies revising difficult, little known or forgotten European species in preparation for the aforementioned keys (Knudsen et al. 2014, 2015, in press; Knudsen & Kocourková 2016 & 2017; Knudsen & Nordin 2015). Here we resolve the taxonomy and typification of Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula Harm. ex H. Magn. (Magnusson 1929).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Hand sections of specimens from PRM, UPS and the personal herbarium of Hans Ulrich (hb. Ulrich) were studied using standard microscopy (following Brodo et al. 2001). Measurements were made in water. Spot tests were carried out with KOH and C and amyloid hymenium reactions were tested with fresh undiluted Lugol’s (I). A small sample of rock from the lectotype of Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula was tested with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Macromorphological photographs were taken with a digital camera Olympus DP72 mounted on an Olympus SZX 7 Stereomicroscope with image stacks processed using the software Olympus Deep Focus 3.1.

TAXONOMIC SECTION

Myriospora scabrida (Hedl. ex H. Magn.) K. Knudsen & L. Arcadia, Opuscula Philolichenum 11: 23. 2011. ≡ Acarospora scabrida Hedl. ex H. Magn. Götebergs Kgl. Vet. och Vitterh. Samh. Handl. 28: 55 1924. ≡ Silobia scabrida (Hedl. ex H. Magn.) M. Westb., Lichenologist 43(1): 20. 2011. ≡ Trimmatothelopsis scabrida (Hedl. ex H. Magn.) Cl. Roux & Nav.-Ros., Bull. Soc. linn. Provence 62: 176. 2011. TYPE: NORWAY: SØR-TRØNDELAG: Røros, På jord å vägkant, 15.vii.1895, on soil, E. Vrang & J.P. Gustafsson s.n. (UPS!, lectotype selected by Knudsen (2008)).

1KERRY KNUDSEN – Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, CZ–165 21, Czech Republic. – e-mail: [email protected] 2JANA KOCOURKOVÁ – Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, CZ–165 21, Czech Republic. 3JAMES C. LENDEMER – Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, U.S.A. – e-mail: [email protected]

312

Figure 1. Type material of Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula. A–C, lectotype (Crozals s.n., UPS) identified as Myriospora scabrida illustrating thallus on HCl- rock with calcium carbonate deposit probably from adjacent eroding calcareous rocks (A and B), and thallus with typical mature elevated apothecia (C). D, syntype (Kuták 1800, UPS) identified as M. tangerina. Scales 0.5 mm in A, 1.0 mm in B–D.

= Acarospora verruciformis H. Magn. Göteborgs Kgl. Vet. och Vitterh. Samh. Handl. 28: 58. 1924. TYPE: NORWAY. SØR-TRØNDELAG: Rörås, 600 m, 24.vii.1919, on siliceous rock, A.H. Magnusson 3688 (UPS[n.v.], lectotype (selected by Jørgensen & Nordin (2009)), S[n.v.], isolectotype) = Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula Harm. ex H. Magn., Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.- Acad. Handl., ser. 3, 7(4): 145. 1929. TYPE: FRANCE. LANGUEDO-ROUSILLON: Hèrault, Lamalou-des-Bains, iv.1906, on non-calcareous rock, A. de Crozals s.n. (UPS!, lectotype designated here).

Based on the available data Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula was first validly published by H. Magnusson in his monumental monograph on Acarospora (Magnusson 1929) wherein he associated a description with a what was then presumably an unpublished manuscript name of Harmand. The description in Magnusson (1929) was simple: “This is a mean form certainly due to the station: moist or shady situation. Squamules very thick and convex, often irregular in shape. Apothecia sometimes pale. There are often transitional stages”. For Magnusson, this taxon was basically a color form caused by shade and water as alluded to in the epithet “fulvoviridula”. He did not designate a type specimen and instead listed three gatherings in the protologue: a collection from France, a collection from Romania, and a collection from Krkonoše in the Czech Republic. We examined two of the three collections cited by Magnusson, specifically the collections from France and the Czech Republic. The French specimen (Fig. 1A–C; Fig.2) was collected by André de Crozals and likely originally belonged to the French botanist Julien H.A.J. Harmand (1844–1915), who gave it to Maurice Bouly de Lesdain. If a duplicate of the specimen existed in the herbarium of Bouly de Lesdain it would have been lost in the bombing of Dunkerque during World War II as was the case for the rest of Bouly de Lesdain’s herbarium (Abbayes 1966, DePriest 1996, Knudsen et al. in press). The collection from France is typical

313 Myriospora scabrida with pale yellowish-brown coloration, mature elevated apothecia, a thick cortex (30– 50 μm), a high (170–180 μm), amyloid hymenium, interrupted algal layer, paraphyses that are 1.0–1.5 μm wide at midlevel, ascospores that are mostly narrowly ellipsoid (4–5 × 1.5 μm), a typical subhymenium with scattered round cells, and no secondary metabolites (for descriptions of M. scabrida see Magnusson 1929, Knudsen 2008, and Westberg et al. 2011). Pruina is also present on some of the areoles, a character which infrequently occurs on some specimens of M. scabrida (Westberg et al. 2011, Purvis et al. in press). The lectotype occurs on non-calcareous rock (HCl-). Probably eroding adjacent calcareous rock deposited piles of calcium carbonate crystals on the naked rock as well as the areoles of the specimen (Fig. 1). The specimen from the Czech Republic, collected by Václav von Kuták (Fig. 1D), comprises areoles of Myriospora tangerina (M. Westb. & Wedin) K. Knudsen & L. Arcadia, growing on iron-rich rock collected in the Krkonoše Mountains, at Kiesberg, along the shady Rudný brook. Myriospora tangerina is common in the Krkonoše Mountains (Westberg et al. 2011; Knudsen et al. in press). The specimen is typical, with rounded orange areoles (faded from age), small punctiform apothecia, a thick cortex (40–70 μm), a high hymenium (160–200 μm), interrupted algal layer, paraphyses that are 1.0–1.5 μm wide at midlevel, ascospores that are mostly thin ellipsoid (4–5 × 1.5 μm), and no secondary metabolites (for a description of M. tangerina see Westberg et al. 2011). We designate the collection from France by André de Crozals the lectotype for Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula because we think Magnusson would have designated it as holotype based on Magnusson’s attribution of the name to Harmand. We synonymize the form with Myriospora scabrida. Clauzade and Roux (1981: 74) cited Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula (Harm.) H. Magn. when they published the name “Acarospora fulvoviridula Harm.”. Citation of the former name clearly linked it to the latter and strongly suggests that they intended to treat Magnusson’s infraspecific taxon at the species level using Harmand’s original unpublished manuscript name. Although Clauzade and Roux (1981) likely did not intend to introduce a nomenclatural novelity in their treatment, their publication must be treated as an attempt at a combination and status novum. This change was however, invalid under Art. 41.5 of the ICN because after 1953 a full and direct citation of the basionym was required (McNeill et al. 2012). Later, Roux et al. (2014) attempted to combine the epithet into the genus Myriospora, but in doing so only cited “Acarospora fulvoviridula Harm. in sched.” rather than the basionym published by Magnusson (1929) or the invalid treatment at the species level by Clauzade and Roux (1981). The new combination Myriospora is also invalid under Art. 41.5 of the ICN (McNeill et al. 2012). Clauzade and Roux (1985), without citing specimens, stated that A. fulvoviridula occurs in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, and Romania. However, those authors were probably referring to specimens identified by H. Magnusson as A. smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula (Magnusson 1929) and a suite of specimens collected by Hans Ulrich in Germany that were annotated by Roux in 1982 (cited in Wirth et al. 2013). Although Acarospora fulvoviridula was invalidly published by Clauzade and Roux (1981), their application of the name is relevant from the standpoint of Acarospora in Europe as their description reported at least three characters that do not match the lectotype selected here. A short description of A. fulvoviridula reported a hymenium height of 100–140 µm (Clauzade & Roux 1981). The lectotype from France has a hymenium height of 170–180 μm. The description also cited paraphyses as being up to 2 μm wide but all paraphyses measured were 1.0–1.5 μm in width in the lectotype. The taxon was also identified in their keys by its pruina, where it was placed in couplet with A. versicolor Bagl. & Car. (Clauzade & Roux 1981) and this was recently mentioned as a distinguishing character for the taxon (Roux et al. 2014). Pruina on the lectotype of A. smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula is variably present or absent on areoles and probably environmental in origin (see discussion in the preceding paragraph). The Ulrich collections from Germany annotated by C. Roux as A. fulvoviridula in 1982 (Ulrich 5182 & 5183) also have a hymenium height of 170–180 μm with thin paraphyses and do not match description in Clauzade and Roux (1981). They have pruina on some areoles but not on most of the areoles. We identified the Ulrich collections as M. scabrida. The specimen from the Czech Republic that we identified as M. tangerina has no pruina as well as a high hymenium and narrow paraphyses (see above). We did not see the specimen from Romania. We do not accept the species concept of Acarospora fulvoviridula proposed by Clauzade and Roux (1981, 1985; see also Roux et al. 2014) as objectively referring to any known taxon in Europe.

314

Figure 2. Labels for lectotype of Acarospora smaragdula var. lesdainii forma fulvoviridula (Crozals s.n., UPS).

Other specimens examined. – CZECH REPUBLIC. North Bohemia: Krkonoše Mountains: Kiesberg, Rudný brook, on non-calcareous rock with iron, 1919, V. Kuták no. 1800 (UPS & PRM, annotated by K. Knudsen as M. tangerina, 2017). GERMANY. lNierdersachsen, Landkreis Goslar, auf zinkoxydhaltiger Räumasche und Ziegelbrocken entlang des Bahndammes nördlich von Hüttenwerk Oker, ± 250 m, 1981, H. Ullrich 5182 (herb. Hans Ullrich; annotated by C. Roux as “Acarospora fulvoviridula Harm. in sched.”, 1982; annotated K. Knudsen as M. scabrida, 2017), an erzhaltigen Silikatfelsen von Steilstufen, vorwiegend in Rissen im Kommunion-Steinbruch am NW-Hang des Rammelsberges, ± 500 m, xi. 1982, H. Ulrich 5183 (herb. Hans Ullrich; annotated by C. Roux as “Acarospora fulvoviridula Harm. in sched.” 1982; annotated K. Knudsen as M. scabrida, 2017).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the curators of PRM, UPS and the herbarium of Hans Ulrich for supplying us with specimens. We thank Volkmar Wirth for his help. The work of Kerry Knudsen and Jana Kocourková was financially supported by the grant ‘‘Environmental aspects of sustainable development of society’’ 42900/1312/3166 from the Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague.

LITERATURE CITED

Abbayes, H. des. 1966. Le Dr. Maurice Bouly de Lesdain (1869-1965). Revue Bryologique et Lichenologique 34: 370– 375. Brodo, I.M., S. Duran Sharnoff and S. Sharnoff. 2001. of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven & London. 795 pp. Clauzade, G. and C. Roux. 1981(1982). Les Acarospora de l’Europe occidentale et de la region mediterraneenne. Bulletin du Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Marseille 41: 41–93. Clauzade, G. and C. Roux. 1985. Likenoj de Okcidenta Europo. Ilustrita Determinlibro. Bulletin de la Societé Botanique du Centre-Ouest, Nouvelle Serie, Numero Spécial 7: 1-893. DePriest, P.T. 1996. Arsène and les Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes collections at the US National Herbarium pertinent to Bouly de Lesdain’s Lichens du Mexicque. Cryptogamie, Bryologie-Lichénologie 17: 87–102. Jørgensen, P.M. and A. Nordin. 2009. Lichens known mainly from Norwegian type specimens. Graphis Scripta 21: 1– 20. Knudsen, K. 2008(2007). Acarospora. In: T.H. Nash, III, C. Gries and F. Bungartz (eds.): Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Volume 3. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, pp. 1–38.

315 Knudsen, K. and J. Kocourková. 2016. Acarospora sphaerosperma (Acarosporaceae), new for Europe and the Czech Republic, and Acarospora irregularis, new for Austria. Herzogia 29: 465–472. Knudsen, K. and J. Kocourková. 2017. What is Acarospora nitrophila (Acarosporaceae)? The Bryologist 120:124–128. Knudsen, K., J. Kocourková and A. Nordin. 2014. Conspicuous similarity hides diversity in the Acarospora badiofusca group (Acarosporaceae). The Bryologist 117: 319–328. Knudsen, K, J. Kocourková, A. Nordin and H. J. M. Sipman. 2015. Acarospora cinerascens (Acarosporaceae), a poorly known species from the southern Central Alps (Italy and Switzerland). Herzogia 28: 690–696. Knudsen, K., J. Kocourková and U. Schiefelbein. In press. New Reports of Myriospora (Acarosporaceae) from Europe. Mycotaxon. Knudsen, K. and A. Nordin. 2015. The lectotypification of Acarospora trachytica Jatta (Acarosporaceae), a rare species from Italy. Opuscula Philolichenum 14: 90–92. McNeill, J., F.R. Barrie, W.R. Buck, V. DeMoulin, W. Greuter, D.L. Hawksworth, P.S. Herendeen, S. Knapp, K. Marhold, J. Prado, W.F. Prudhomme van Reine, G.F. Smith, J.H. Wiersema and N.J. Turland. 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne Code). Germany: Regnum Vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books. 240 pp. Magnusson, A.H. 1929. A monograph of the genus Acarospora. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar, ser. 3, 7: 1–400. Purvis, O., S. Fernandez-Brime, M. Westberg and M. Wedin. In press. Myriospora, a genus newly reported for Antarctica with a world-wide key to the species. The Lichenologist. Roux, C. et al. 2014. Catalogue des lichens et champignons lichénicoles de France métropolitaine. Fougères: Henry des Abbayes. 1525 pp. Westberg M., A.T. Crewe, O. Purvis and M. Wedin. 2011. Silobia, a new genus for the Acarospora smaragdula complex (, ) and a revision of the group in Sweden. The Lichenologist 43: 7–25. Wirth, V., M. Hauck and M. Schultz. 2013. Die Flechten Deutschlands. 2 Bd. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. 1244 pp.

316