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Presidential Address: Parasitology: Retrospect and Prospect University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 4-1985 Presidential Address: Parasitology: Retrospect and Prospect Robert L. Rausch University of Washington, [email protected] Gerald D. Schmidt University of Northern Colorado Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Rausch, Robert L. and Schmidt, Gerald D., "Presidential Address: Parasitology: Retrospect and Prospect" (1985). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 348. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/348 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY VOLUME71 APRIL1985 NUMBER2 J. Parasit., 71(2), 1985, pp. 139-151 ? American Society of Parasitologists 1985 PRESIDENTIALADDRESS* Robert L. Rausch Division of Animal Medicine SB-42, School of Medicine, Universityof Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Introduction of President Rausch, by Gerald D. Schmidt Ladies and Gentlemen,it is a distinct pleasurefor me to introducePresident Robert Rausch to you today. With the modesty characteristicof him, ProfessorRausch asked me to make this introduction brief and unpretentious.That will be difficult, for the list of Bob's accomplishmentsis long. Also, becausemy admirationof him is so great,I find it hard not to carryon once I get started,but I'll try. RobertRausch earnedhis B.A. and D.V.M. degreesat Ohio State University, his M.S. at Michigan StateUniversity, and his Ph.D. at the Universityof Wisconsin.From 1949 through1974, he progressed from MedicalParasitologist to Chief, InfectiousDiseases Section,Arctic HealthResearch Center, U.S. Public Health Service in Alaska. He retiredfrom the Public Health Service in 1974 with the rank of VeterinarianDirector. He held several professorshipsduring that time and since, and is currently Professorof Pathobiologyat the University of Washington,along with four other appointments.He belongsto 20 professionalorganizations, and is a Fellowin five of them. He is a consultant,collaborator, or associate with other organizationstoo numerousto mention. During his years of tireless research he has published over 200 papers, on subjects rangingfrom gartersnakes (his first paper), to bears (his 100th paper),to Echinococcus(his 205th paper).Some of you might not realize that Bob is also a mammalogist,and is as well known in that field as he is in parasitology. It is naturaland inevitable that honors and recognition should befall such a scientist. Foremost among them are: (1) the Henry BaldwinWard Medal;(2) the MeritoriousService Medal of the U.S. Public Health Service; (3) the Lederle Prize, 5th Colombian Congressof InternalMedicine; (4) the K. F. Meyer Award, American VeterinaryEpidemiology Association; (5) the DistinguishedService Award, Wildlife Disease Association;and (6) most recently,the first Arctic Science Prize, including a $10,000 honorarium,given by the Alaskan North Slope Borough. So you can see why I become enthusiasticwhen I talk about RobertRausch. Ladies and Gentlemen, it is my honor to present your President, who will speak to us on "Parasitology:Retrospect and Prospect." PARASITOLOGY:RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT represents the cumulative effort of many investi- gators in numerous disciplines over a Until recently, few of us would have suspected long period of time. The faunas of such logs are both abun- that rotting logs on the forest floor represent dant and diversified; in addition to bacteria and complex biocenoses that may be essential in per- fungi, components include nematodes, annelids, petuating organisms of great diversity and in the insects, and mites, as well as higher plants and cycling of nutrients, on which the well-being of vertebrate animals. About 300 species of insects the forest depends (Maser and Trappe, 1984). have been found to be associated with fallen This perception of fundamental processes in old- Douglas fir, menziesii Fran- growth forest has far-reaching implications, and Pseudotsuga (Mirb.) alone. The of it adds a new dimension that must be considered co, identity involved organisms was required before the investigation of their in the formulation of management-policy in the functions and interactions could be undertaken. future. The understanding of natural processes As we are not confront- involved in the decomposition of logs was based parasitologists, usually ed with problems of such we do in part on an extensive body of knowledge that complexity (or not recognize them), but we, too, strive to un- derstand interactions-those ecological systems * PresidentialAddress, 59th Annual Meeting, Amer- involving parasites and their hosts. We also must ican Societyof Parasitologists,9 August 1984, Snow- first know the organisms with which we are con- bird, Utah. cerned before rational investigation of their at- 139 P<?'l^~n4U^Zu 140 THEJOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY,VOL. 71, NO. 2, APRIL1985 tributes is possible. How parasites and their hosts ubiquitous pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis. interact is usually determined by observations in For a tropical region, by comparison, the clas- the field. The more fundamental processes in- sification of mammals by the Aguaruna Jivaro volved in these interactions are usually investi- in the Amazonian region of Peru is of interest gated in the laboratory. During recent years, (Patton et al., 1982). technological advances have led to a shifting of Our understanding of the knowledge of natural interests in research, with greater emphasis on history of earlier peoples is based only on frag- the application of highly specialized procedures mentary records that extend back only a few in the laboratory. Nonetheless, we still must rely thousand years. The Ebers Papyri have shown on investigations in the field to complement lab- that the ancient Egyptians had a realistic percep- oratory investigation. Otherwise, we risk a loss tion of zoological systematics (von Oeffele, 1902). of perspective. Their ability as observers is indicated by hiero- My review considers some historical aspects glyphic inscriptions depicting the complete of parasitology, in part as a reminder of the com- metamorphosis of frogs. Nor did parasites escape paratively early and observational origins of our their attention. A veterinary papyrus excavated field of interest, in which natural history played at Kahun, a city founded during the 12th Dy- an important methodological role, and in part to nasty, contained a text on the warble fly of cattle, point out that some fundamental biological ques- describing not only the behavior of animals when tions recognized and studied by our professional the eggs were being deposited, but also the re- precursors around the middle of the last century sulting subcutaneous larvae (von Oeffele, 1901). still have not been resolved. On the whole, we Thus, the cycle of Hypoderma bovis was under- are probably less competent as biologists, al- stood by the Egyptians more than 4,000 years though we compensate to some extent by spe- ago. But knowledge gained can be knowledge lost. cialization. This review is intended to promote In Europe, it was not until the 17th Century that serious discussion, in consideration of the judge- Francesco Redi conducted his experiment to ment that basic investigations at the organismic demonstrate that fly larvae in exposed meat did level have not been superseded, but that our not arise by means of spontaneous generation. knowledge in this area remains regrettably de- The acquisition by Europeans of realistic ficient. My remarks here are limited mainly to knowledge concerning natural history resumed cestodes, particularly those in the family Tae- around the beginning of the 16th Century, after niidae. an hiatus of more than 1,000 years from the end The ability to distinguish, name, and catego- of the classical period. An interest in organisms rize the components of the given ecosystem of that we designate 'parasites' began to have tan- which he is a part must be a fundamental attri- gible expression around the end of the 16th Cen- bute of man. As is evident from the orally trans- tury. Based on the bibliography of cestodes pub- mitted knowledge of the few surviving peoples lished by Max Braun (1897), one can trace the whose cultures are usually termed "primitive," development of helminthology from its begin- that trait must have been developed by the ear- ning as part of general natural history to its pres- liest social units engaged in cooperative efforts ent status as a separate branch of zoology. Com- to subsist by means of hunting and gathering. mencing with the work of Felix Plater, in 1602, One of these peoples is the Nunamiut, an inland 143 publications concerning cestodes had ap- group of Iiiupik Eskimos, who 30 years ago were peared by the year 1800. An additional 172 were still nomadic hunters. These people knew and listed for the interval 1800 to 1851. designated by name birds of about 100 species The year 1850 might be taken to mark the (Irving, 1953), although few were used in any beginning of modem helminthology, for works way, and they also had a remarkable knowledge published around that time by Carl Th. von Sie- of the more obscure components of the arctic bold, Friedrich Kiichenmeister, Rudolf Leuck- flora and fauna. They recognized bumble bees art, and several others, remain sources of useful (igutchaq) and the warble fly of reindeer (igut- information. An increasing interest in parasitol- chachiaq), among other insects. Their awareness ogy was manifest in the second half of the 19th of the few parasites that accompanied them on Century, as shown by the publication of at least their long-ago dispersal from eastern Asia is ev- 964 works concerning cestodes from the period ident from their names for the organisms, and 1851 to 1894.
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