DOCSLIB.ORG

Echinococcus Granulosus (Taeniidae) and Autochthonous Echinococcosis in a North American Horse

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Echinococcus Granulosus (Taeniidae) and Autochthonous Echinococcosis in a North American Horse University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 2-1994 Echinococcus granulosus (Taeniidae) and Autochthonous Echinococcosis in a North American Horse Eric P. Hoberg United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, [email protected] S. Miller Maryland Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Laboratory M. A. Brown Middletown, Maryland Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Hoberg, Eric P.; Miller, S.; and Brown, M. A., "Echinococcus granulosus (Taeniidae) and Autochthonous Echinococcosis in a North American Horse" (1994). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 604. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/604 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. RESEARCH NOTES J. Parasitol.. 80(1).1994. p. 141-144 © American Society of Parasitologjsts 1994 Echinococcus granulosus (Taeniidae) and Autochthonous Echinococcosis in a North American Horse E. P. Hoberg, S. Miller·, and M. A. Brownt, United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. Biosystematic Parasitology Laboratory. BARC East No. 1180, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville. Maryland 20705; ·Maryland Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Box 1234, Montevue Lane, Frederick, Maryland 21702; and t1631 Mountain Church Road, Middletown, Maryland 21769 ABSTRAcr: We report the first documented case of fluid and contained typical protoscoliees that ap­ autochthonous echinococcosis in a horse of North peared to be viable (Figs. 1, 2) (Williams and American origin. Three fully maturll and viable uni­ Sweatman, 1963; Thompson and Smyth, 1975; locular hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) were an incidental finding at necropsy Kumarati1ake et al., 1986). Rostellar armature in the liver of a 14-yr-old gelding thoroughbred that consisted of 28-37 hooks (x = 33.27 ± 2.03; n had been foaled in Virginia and raised in Maryland. = 30 scoliees) usual1y arranged in 2 rows (in 1 Protoscolices were armed with 2 rows of 28-37 ros­ tellar hooks; small hooks measured 23-30 ).lm; large specimen there was a single minuscule hook in hooks measured 26-33 ).lm. Morphologically, these were an incomp1ete third row); large hooks measured compatible with rostellar armature considered typical 26-33 ).lm long (x = 30.1 ± 1.097; n = 216 for the equine strain ofE. granulosus currently known hooks); small hooks measured 23-30 ).lm long (x primarily from the United Kingdom. This horse had = 26.8 ± 1.46; n = 216 hooks) (Figs. 3,4). Spec­ a history offox hunting, and huntsman at sorne prem­ ises in the region are known to feed uncooked viscera imens were deposited in the U.S. National Par­ from horse carcasses to their dogs. These factors would asite Collection, USDA, ARS, Biosystematic support maintenance of infection by E. granulosus in Parasitology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland equine hosts. The putative introduction and establish­ (USNM No. 83058). ment of the equine strain of E. granulosus and rec­ ognition ofendemic equine hydatid disease in the east­ Recognition ofthe larval stage ofE. granulosus ern U.S.A. warrants monitoring and additional in the intermediate host is based on a combi­ investigation. nation of morphological characters, epidemio­ logical data, and biological features (Williams A 14-yr-old thoroughbred ge1ding, foaled in and Sweatman, 1963; Rausch, 1967, 1986; Ku­ Virginia and raised in Maryland, was referred to maratilakeetal., 1986; Thompson and Lymhery, the Animal Hea1th Laboratory of the Maryland 1988). Originally recognized as a subspecies, DepartmentofAgriculture for evaluation ofmi1d Echinococcus granulosus equinus Williams and neuro10gica1 signs. Subsequently, it was consid­ Sweatman, 1963, occurring in Great Britain, the ered unsafe to ride and was killed. At necropsy, cestode whose larval stage develops in horses no gross lesion was evident, exeept for the in­ currently is recognized only as a biological strain cidental finding of 3 cysts and numerous white (Thompson and Lymbery, 1988, 1990). In hors­ foci visible, beneath Glisson's capsule, at the he­ es, larvae usually are found as multiple uniloc­ patic surface. Materia1 was fixed in buffered 10% ular hydatids that occur in the liver (rarely in the formalin for later detailed study. Histo10gica1 lungs) and the dimensions ofthe rostellar hooks sections stained in hematoxylin and eosin re­ on infective protoscoliees are distinct (Williams vea1ed the foca11esions, 2-3 mm in diameter, to and Sweatman, 1963; Kumaratilake et al., 1986). he eosinophi1icl1ymphocytic granulomas of un­ Hydatid cysts of equine origin can he distin­ determined etiology. guished unequivocally, and the present material Gross examination and dissection ofthe cysts clearly is within the ranges established previously confirmed their identification as typica1 uni10c­ for the length of large (range = 26-35, x = 30.4 u1ar, fluid-filled metaeestodes ofthe taenüd ees­ ).lm; x = 29-31 ).lm) and small hooks (21-31, x tode Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786). The = 27.8 ).lm; x = 26-28 ).lm) (Williams and Sweat­ cysts were ovoid, lacked internal septa, and mea­ man, 1963; Kumaratilake etal., 1986). However, sured 3.5-5.0 cm in greater diameter. Numerous identity of the present specimens could he con­ brood capsules were attached to the germinal founded by recent studies that indicate that the membrane or detached and floating in the cyst structure ofthe rostellar hooks may he influenced 141 142 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 80, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1994 FIGURES 1-4. Echinococcus granulosus collected from the liver ofan equine host in Maryland. J. Protoscolices from several brood capsules collected from a unilocular cyst (scale bar = 100 !Lm). 2. Protoscolices from a single brood capsule, note typical suckers (arrows) and rostellar hooks (pointers) (scale bar = 50 !Lm). 3. Rostellar armature on a protoscolex with 35 hooks (not ail visible), showing form of large (pointers) and small hooks (solid arrows) distributed in 2 primary rows and single minuscule hook (open arrow) in an incomplete third row (scale bar = la !Lm). 4. Rostellar hooks from a protoscolex with 34 hooks, showing typical structure and distribution in 2 rows (scale bar = la !Lm). by the intermediate host (Hobbs et al., 1990; Equine hydatid disease is apparently rare in Constantine et al., 1993). This phenomenon, yet North America and there have only been 5 pre­ to be evaluated for the equine strain, could have vious records of E. granulosus in horses: in applications for potential epidemiological sur­ Washington state (Cordy and Eastlick, 1951), Il­ veys (Constantine et al., 1993). linois (Gelberg et al., 1984), New York (Foley RESEARCH NOTES 143 and Georgi, 1986), North Carolina (Binhazim et to be enhanced by the feeding ofraw uninspected al., 1992), and Kentucky (Rezabek et al., 1993). viscera from infected horses to hunting dogs, re­ In contrast to the present report, all ofthese hors­ sulting in a dramatic increase in prevalence (ex­ es had been imported from Ireland or the United ceeding 60% in horses from some regions) during Kingdom and were considered to have been in­ the 1960s and 1970s. The potential for intro­ fected prior to arrivaI in North America. There duction ofthe equine strain ofthis parasite into is no previous record ofautochthonous echino­ North America had been suggested previously coccosis in an equine host of North American by its broad occurrence in the United Kingdom origin. (Thompson and Smyth, 1975) and a history of Several potential explanations must be con­ exportofhorses (and hounds) from this area (Ku­ sidered to explain hydatid cysts of autochtho­ maratilake et al., 1986; Binhazim et al., 1992). nous origin in an equine hosto Two major bio­ In North America, although the possibility for types of E. granulosus currently are recognized widespread occurrence exists, practices associ­ in North America (Rausch, 1967, 1986; Bryan ated with fox hunting were considered to be a and Schantz, 1989; Thompson and Lymbery, limiting factor for the distribution and preva­ 1990). A northern (sylvatic) biotype (without lence of infection by this cestode (Binhazim et recognized strains), with cervid intermediate and al., 1992). The potential has also existed for the canine definitive hosts, was historically endemic importation of this cestode with hunting dogs in the Holarctic region at higher northern lati­ brought into the U.S.A. from the United King­ tudes (in North America mainly above ca. lat. dom; hounds from the latter region have been 48~; i.e., the southern limit ofthe boreal forest). used in some local hunts in Maryland and south­ A European or domestic biotype (with a number ern Pennsylvania. of recognized strains and cosmopolitan in dis­ In regard to the currentcase, the host was foaled tribution), circulatingin a synanthropic cycle with in northern Virginia by 1978, brought to Mary­ domestic ungulates (sheep, swine, and cattle) and land at the age of 8 or 9 mo, and raised in prox­ dogs was introduced with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Specific Status of Echinococcus Canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) Inferred from Nuclear and Mitochondrial Gene Sequences
    Accepted Manuscript Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences Tetsuya Yanagida, Antti Lavikainen, Eric P. Hoberg, Sergey Konyaev, Akira Ito, Marcello Otake Sato, Vladimir A. Zaikov, Kimberlee Beckmen, Minoru Nakao PII: S0020-7519(17)30212-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.07.001 Reference: PARA 3980 To appear in: International Journal for Parasitology Received Date: 20 January 2017 Revised Date: 27 June 2017 Accepted Date: 3 July 2017 Please cite this article as: Yanagida, T., Lavikainen, A., Hoberg, E.P., Konyaev, S., Ito, A., Otake Sato, M., Zaikov, V.A., Beckmen, K., Nakao, M., Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences, International Journal for Parasitology (2017), doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.07.001 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda: Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences Tetsuya Yanagidaa,*, Antti Lavikainenb, Eric P. Hobergc, Sergey Konyaevd, Akira
    [Show full text]
  • Echinococcus Canadensis G8 Tapeworm Infection in a Sheep, China, 2018
    Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2507.181585 Echinococcus canadensis G8 Tapeworm Infection in a Sheep, China, 2018 Appendix Appendix Table. The host range and geographic distribution of Echinococcus canadensis tapeworm, 1992–2018 Definitive Genotype hosts Intermediate hosts Geographic distribution References E. canadensis Dog, wolf Camel, pig, cattle, Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Tunisia, Algeria, (1–15) G6/7 goat, sheep, Libya, Namibia, Mauritania, Ghana, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, reindeer Somalia, Kenya, South Africa, Spain, Portugal, Poland, Ukraine, Czechia, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Russia, Vatican City State, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovakia, France, Lithuania, Italy, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Mongolia E. canadensis Wolf Moose, elk, muskox, America, Canada, Estonia, Latvia, Russia, China G8 mule deer, sheep E. canadensis Dog, wolf Moose, elk, Finland, Mongolia, America, Canada, Estonia, Latvia, G10 reindeer, mule deer, Sweden, Russia, China yak References 1. Moks E, Jõgisalu I, Valdmann H, Saarma U. First report of Echinococcus granulosus G8 in Eurasia and a reappraisal of the phylogenetic relationships of ‘genotypes’ G5-G10. Parasitology. 2008;135:647–54. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182008004198 2. Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Yanagida T, Ito A. Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae). Int J Parasitol. 2013;43:1017–29. PubMed http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.002 3. Thompson RCA. Biology and systematics of Echinococcus. In: Thompson RCA, Deplazes P, Lymbery AJ, editors. Advanced parasitology. Vol. 95. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press Inc.; 2017. p. 65–110. Page 1 of 5 4. Ito A, Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Hoberg E.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Larval and Adult Stages of Taenia Pisiformis
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Larval and Adult Stages of Taenia pisiformis Shaohua Zhang State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; [email protected]; Tel.: +86-931-8342837 Received: 19 May 2019; Accepted: 1 July 2019; Published: 4 July 2019 Abstract: Taenia pisiformis is a tapeworm causing economic losses in the rabbit breeding industry worldwide. Due to the absence of genomic data, our knowledge on the developmental process of T. pisiformis is still inadequate. In this study, to better characterize differential and specific genes and pathways associated with the parasite developments, a comparative transcriptomic analysis of the larval stage (TpM) and the adult stage (TpA) of T. pisiformis was performed by Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology and de novo analysis. In total, 68,588 unigenes were assembled with an average length of 789 nucleotides (nt) and N50 of 1485 nt. Further, we identified 4093 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TpA versus TpM, of which 3186 DEGs were upregulated and 907 were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) analyses revealed that most DEGs involved in metabolic processes and Wnt signaling pathway were much more active in the TpA stage. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) validated that the expression levels of the selected 10 DEGs were consistent with those in RNA-seq, indicating that the transcriptomic data are reliable. The present study provides comparative transcriptomic data concerning two developmental stages of T.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern
    World Health Organization World Organisation for Animal Health WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern Edited by J. Eckert, M.A. Gemmell, F.-X. Meslin and Z.S. Pawłowski • Aetiology • Geographic distribution • Echinococcosis in humans • Surveillance • Echinococcosis in animals • Epidemiology • Diagnosis • Control • Treatment • Prevention • Ethical aspects • Methods Cover image: Echinococcus granulosus Courtesy of the Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich © World Organisation for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties) and World Health Organization, 2001 Reprinted: January 2002 World Organisation for Animal Health 12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France http://www.oie.int ISBN 92-9044-522-X All rights are reserved by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and World Health Organization (WHO). This document is not a formal publication of the WHO. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, provided reference is made to the source and a cutting of reprinted material is sent to the OIE, but cannot be sold or used for commercial purposes. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this work, including tables, maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE and WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. The mention of specific companies or specific products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the OIE or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Genus Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 6-1963 A Review of the Genus Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801 Robert L. Rausch Arctic Health Research Center (Anchorage, Alaska), [email protected] George S. Nelson London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Rausch, Robert L. and Nelson, George S., "A Review of the Genus Echinococcus Rudolphi, 1801" (1963). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 516. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/516 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Rausch & Nelson in Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology (June 1963) 57(2). A REVIEW OF THE GENUS ECHINOCOCCUS RUDOLPHI, I80! BY ROBERT L. RAUSCH AND GEORGE S. NELSON* (From the Arctic Health Research Center, U.S. Department ofHealth, Education and Welfare, Anchorage, Alaska, and the Medical Research Laboratory, Nairobi, Kenya) (Received for publication January 26th, 1963) During a recent investigation in Kenya, Echinococcus adults were obtained from 25 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), three hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), three wild hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus), and a jackal (Thos mesomelas) (Nelson and Rausch, 1963). In view of the occurrence of several species of Echir.JCOCCUS reported from South Africa by Cameron (1926) and by Ortlepp (1934, 1937), a detailed study was necessary before the specific status of the Kenya material could be determined.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Distribution Patterns of Echinococcus Multilocularis
    Epidemiol. Infect. (1998), 120, 101–109. Printed in the United Kingdom # 1998 Cambridge University Press Spatial distribution patterns of Echinococcus multilocularis (Leuckart 1863) (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea: Taeniidae) among red foxes in an endemic focus in Brandenburg, Germany " " " # # K.TACKMANN *, U. LO> SCHNER , H.MIX , C.STAUBACH , H.-H.THULKE " F.J.CONRATHS "Institute for Epidemiological Diagnostics and # Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany (Accepted 18 August 1997) SUMMARY Over a period of 40 months, 4374 foxes were randomly sampled from an area located in northwestern Brandenburg, Germany, and examined parasitologically for infections with Echinococcus multilocularis. Spatial analysis of the origin of infected animals identified two (one central and one southeastern) high-endemic foci with an estimated prevalence of 23±8%. By contrast, a prevalence of 4±9% was found in the remaining (low-endemic) area. The prevalences among juvenile and adult foxes were compared in the high-endemic and the low-endemic areas. To analyse the central high-endemic focus further, the random sample was stratified by zones representing concentric circles with a radius of 13 km (zone 1) or xn−"­7 km for the remaining three zones from the apparent centre of this focus (anchor point). Prevalences calculated for each zone showed a decrease from zone 1 (18±8%)tozone4(2±4%) with significant differences for all zones but zones 3 and 4. The relative risk of an infection decreased rapidly in a distance range of 26 km around the high-endemic focus, whereas the relative risk remained unchanged within a distance of 5 km around the anchor point.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Cysticercosis: Diagnosis and Treatment 11 2
    WHO/FAO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, prevention and control of taeniosis/cysticercosis Editor: K.D. Murrell Associate Editors: P. Dorny A. Flisser S. Geerts N.C. Kyvsgaard D.P. McManus T.E. Nash Z.S. Pawlowski • Etiology • Taeniosis in humans • Cysticercosis in animals and humans • Biology and systematics • Epidemiology and geographical distribution • Diagnosis and treatment in humans • Detection in cattle and swine • Surveillance • Prevention • Control • Methods All OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) publications are protected by international copyright law. Extracts may be copied, reproduced, translated, adapted or published in journals, documents, books, electronic media and any other medium destined for the public, for information, educational or commercial purposes, provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE. The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. –––––––––– The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization or the World Organisation for Animal Health concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Esox Lucius) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Northern Pike (Esox lucius) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, February 2019 Web Version, 8/26/2019 Photo: Ryan Hagerty/USFWS. Public Domain – Government Work. Available: https://digitalmedia.fws.gov/digital/collection/natdiglib/id/26990/rec/22. (February 1, 2019). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2019a): “Circumpolar in fresh water. North America: Atlantic, Arctic, Pacific, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River basins from Labrador to Alaska and south to Pennsylvania and Nebraska, USA [Page and Burr 2011]. Eurasia: Caspian, Black, Baltic, White, Barents, Arctic, North and Aral Seas and Atlantic basins, southwest to Adour drainage; Mediterranean basin in Rhône drainage and northern Italy. Widely distributed in central Asia and Siberia easward [sic] to Anadyr drainage (Bering Sea basin). Historically absent from Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean France, central Italy, southern and western Greece, eastern Adriatic basin, Iceland, western Norway and northern Scotland.” Froese and Pauly (2019a) list Esox lucius as native in Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Monaco, 1 Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Canada, and the United States (including Alaska). From Froese and Pauly (2019a): “Occurs in Erqishi river and Ulungur lake [in China].” “Known from the Selenge drainage [in Mongolia] [Kottelat 2006].” “[In Turkey:] Known from the European Black Sea watersheds, Anatolian Black Sea watersheds, Central and Western Anatolian lake watersheds, and Gulf watersheds (Firat Nehri, Dicle Nehri).
    [Show full text]
  • Echinococcus Granulosus (Dog Tapeworm) ---> Hydatid Disease Taenia Saginata the Beef Tapeworm “Field O’ Beeves”
    Helminths • Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) - “Nematodes” • Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) – Class Cestoidea (segmented flatworms) - “Cestodes” – Class Trematoda (non-segmented flatworms) - “Trematodes” The tapeworms (Cestodes): Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) ---> Cysticercosis Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm) ---> Hydatid Disease Taenia saginata The beef tapeworm “Field o’ beeves” D. Despommier, master photographer and fly-fisherman “Plate o’ Beef” a la “Wellington D. Despommier, expert chef Cysticerci - heart of cow Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Univ. Penn Cestode hosts T. saginata Definitive Host: Human Intermediate Host: Cow Adult Taenia saginata Mature proglottids Scolex Immature proglottids Gravid proglottids cm scale Taenia saginata scolex Suckers Taenia saginata adult “Bowl o’ Worms” www.Healthinplainenglish.com/health/infectious_diseases/tapeworm Gravid Proglottid of Taenia saginata Uterine branches Uterus The central uterus of T. saginata has more than 12 branches on a side Embryonated, infectious taeniid eggs Hexacanth larva Hooklets Egg “Envelope” Cannot distinguish species of Taenia tapeworms based on morphology of eggs Pathogenesis: None Clinical Disease: None in humans Diagnosis: 1. Find eggs or proglottids in stool 2. Identify species based on proglottid morphology, after formalin and India Ink 3. Identify scolex Drug of Choice Praziquantel O C N N O Mode of Action: Increases permeability of flatworm tegument to Ca 2+ ions, Causing muscle tetany and worm detachment. Prevention and Control: 1. Sanitary disposal of human feces Prevention and Control (cont’d): 2. Prevent cows from coming into contact with human feces, ie good sanitation and physical restraints. 3. Freeze and/or cook all beef until well-done Good luck, NYC restaurants!! (No more rare filet mignon or steak tartar) 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Echinococcus Multilocularis Phylum: Helminthes Subphylum: Plathelminthes (Tapeworm) Parasite
    Echinococcus multilocularis Phylum: Helminthes Subphylum: Plathelminthes (tapeworm) Parasite Characteristics and sources of Echinococcus multilocularis Main microbiological characteristics Echinococcus multilocularis is a small tapeworm of the Cestoda class. It is responsible for a parasitic zoonosis causing alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a potentially serious liver disease. The parasite’s life cycle mainly occurs in the wild, and the worm in its adult form is found in the intestine of a wild carnivore, the fox, which is the definitive host. In the intestines, the parasite develops between the villi and when mature produces eggs or oncospheres that are released into the environment via the faeces. Small rodents, which are the intermediate hosts, become infested by ingesting plant matter soiled by the eggs. The hexacanth embryos released from the oncosphere into the intestine of the rodents migrate to the liver where the larval form develops. The cycle is completed when these small mammals or rodents become the prey of carnivores. The parasite’s life cycle is summarised in Figure 1. Adult of Echinococcus multilocularis © Franck Boué Wild or domestic carnivores are the definitive hosts. The adult tapeworm develops in the intestine and regularly releases its end proglottids containing mature eggs. Adult tapeworm Carnivores prey on the small mammals and ingest Excretion of eggs protoscolices, giving rise to or oncospheres the development of adult Protoscolex Eggs in faeces tapeworms in the intestine. and dissemination on plants. Humans become infected directly Small mammals are the intermediate hosts, becoming infected by or indirectly by accidental ingestion ingesting plant matter soiled by the parasite’s eggs. of the parasite’s eggs.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Lloyd Rausch—A Life in Nature and Field Biology, 1921–2012 Eric P
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Laboratory of Parasitology 2014 In Memoriam: Robert Lloyd Rausch—A Life in Nature and Field Biology, 1921–2012 Eric P. Hoberg United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Biology Commons, Higher Education Commons, Parasitology Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Hoberg, Eric P., "In Memoriam: Robert Lloyd Rausch—A Life in Nature and Field Biology, 1921–2012" (2014). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 800. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/800 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Hoberg in Journal of Parasitology (2014) 100(4): 547-552. This article is a U.S. government work and is not subject to copyright in the United States. J. Parasitol., 100(4), 2014, pp. 547–552 Ó American Society of Parasitologists 2014 IN MEMORIAM Robert Lloyd Rausch—A Life in Nature and Field Biology 1921–2012 ‘‘For myself, I express gratitude for the opportunity to investigate some given ecosystem of which he is part must be a fundamental attribute of zoonotic diseases on the arctic coast. I received as well the kind man’’ (Rausch, 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • Echinococcus Spp. Tapeworms in North America Jacey Roche Cerda, Danielle Elise Buttke, Lora Rickard Ballweber
    Echinococcus spp. Tapeworms in North America Jacey Roche Cerda, Danielle Elise Buttke, Lora Rickard Ballweber Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are emerging and re- into one or more hydatid cysts (6). Definitive hosts ingest emerging in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The expansion of the cysts when feeding on the viscera of infected intermedi- Echinococcus spp. tapeworms in wildlife host reservoirs ap- ate hosts (6). Humans are aberrant dead-end hosts that are pears to be driving this emergence in some areas. Recent infected from accidental ingestion of eggs, typically from studies suggest a similar phenomenon may be occurring in interaction with domestic dogs, which act as bridge hosts North America. We describe the context of Echinococcus between wildlife and the human environment. Contamina- spp. research in North America, with a specific focus on the contiguous United States. Although studies were conducted tion of the human environment may occur either directly in the United States throughout the 1900s on various syl- (from feces) or indirectly (eggs carried on paws and fur) vatic and domestic Echinococcus spp. tapeworm cycles, (7). Humans may also become infected through foodborne data are lacking for the past ≈30 years. We review previous transmission, most often through eating inadequately research, provide analysis of more recent focal studies, and washed fruits and vegetables (8). Intermediate hosts and suggest that Echinococcus spp. tapeworms, in particular E. humans may develop alveolar, cystic, or polycystic echi- canadensis, may be underrecognized. As a result, we sug- nococcosis, depending on the parasite species involved (6). gest that additional research and surveillance be conducted Infection in livestock can cause substantial economic for these tapeworms in wildlife host reservoirs across the losses, including the condemnation of infected viscera; United States.
    [Show full text]