314 BOOK REVIEWS

Trumbull was apparently ill-advised again, possibly by expatriate administrators, as seen in his claim that, , Finally, the leadership class already existing under ancient custon is being expanded in depth everywhere by the spread of education, and I have found no significant disposition among the conservative oldsters to stifle the progressive young, despite the generation gap that obtrudes in family life. (282) Most observers of Micronesia would agree that one of the saddest aspects of develop- ment and change in the U.S. administered islands is the fact that the traditional leaders were, for the most part, by-passed in both education and political development. Of all the traditional leaders of Micronesia, there are but a few who are reasonably conver- sant in English, which is the language of government. None of the traditional para- mount chiefs holds an elected office of any consequence. Since I seem to be picking at the author, I may as well advise him to avoid giving spurious etymologies of exotic words. The item he cites as ghoose(p. 135) doesn't mean "bribe" or anything else in any of the languages of Fiji. Nor does Guahan by itself mean "we have". It is simply a place name, the Chamorro version of Guam. Possibly the best feature of this book is the anecdotal and personal touches that come from Mr. Trumbull's familiarity with and love for the islands themselves. Like many a Pacific War vet, he feels for the islands in a very special way which comes through in his writing. In commenting on the saga of Ocean Island, he writes: The dauntless spirit of the Banabans, and their ultimate triumph, lifted morale among ex- ploited peoples throughout the Pacific. It also inspired new respect for the judicial process bequeathed by the former colonizing powers. Thus a handful of Micronesians on a tiny, remote equatorial island, lost in the immensity of the Pacific, left their mark on history. Trumbull is probably at his best when he lets his narrative unfold from interviews with the people who are central to the story of the Pacific as it enters the post-colonial era. The story of the Cooks as perceived by Sir Albert Henry and Dr. Tom Davis is an engaging one. And finally, we must thank Trumbull for the flashes of the nostalgic war years, with which several chapters open, and the choice bits of not commonly known history, such as how Nauruan phosphate was discovered, why the road up the middle of Viti Levu never got built, and why the maidens of Tongatapu were removed to Ha'apai and Vava'u during World War II-` `to preserve the racially pure Polynesians of Tongatapu from unsanctified dilution". (p. 148). DONALDM. TOPPING Research Institute Honolulu, U.S.A.

T. G. McGee and Y. M. Yeung, Hawkers in Southeast Asian Cities: planning for the bazaar economy. International Development Research Center, Ottawa, 1977. pp. 139.

This study, organized by two geographers well-known for their writings on the Southeast Asian city, is a comparative analysis of street vendors in six cities: Kuala Lumpur and Malacca in Malaysia, Manila and Baguio in the Philippines, and Jakaar- ta and Bandung in Indonesia. Street vendors, or hawkers, are very conspicuous elements in the city life in Southeast Asia and obviously meet a real need. Equally ob- 315

viously, they also generate major problems for city authorities through cluttering up streets, sidewalks and other public places thus impeding traffic flow, through generating rubbish, and particularly in the case of hawkers of cooked food through constituting a potential health hazard. Hence almost everywhere they are subjected to varying degrees of control, often harassment. The three national teams directed by the authors employed a common research strategy of direct observation and sample surveys of hawkers in areas of marked hawker concentration within the chosen cities, to test the conventional wisdom concerning hawkers and their operations. On the basis of this analysis the organizers hoped to be able to assist administrators in making judgments about hawker activities, and if possible, to suggest some recommendations for policy. In this goal they have succeeded, probably beyond their expectations. Are the conventional stereotypes of hawkers broadly correct? The answer, not surprisingly, is both a qualified yes, and no. The study begins with three vignettes of a day in the life of Juanita, Kartomo and Ahmad, hawkers in Manila, Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur respectively, and proceeds to discuss the research strategy adopted for the study. The cities selected for analysis were chosen to exhibit variation in the level of economic development, to allow comparison between large private cities and small regional centers, and to examine the role of hawkers in marketing networks. Although Singapore and Hong Kong were not part of the survey proper, these cities, aspects of whose hawker activities have previously been studied by the authors, are frequently cited as a basis for comparison. One may ques- tion why the authors have confined such comparisons to quantitative assessments, and have not included the city-states in the quantitative analysis; their experience might of- fer some indication of the future of hawking as a higher level of economic development is attained. On this question also the conventional wisdom appears both true, and un- true. The study discusses the complex of economic, cultural and legal definitions of hawkers employed within Southeast Asia, and adopts as a working definition of hawkers, 'those who offer goods and services for sale from public places, primarily streets and pavements', thus excluding truly itinerant hawkers who move from door to door. Against a background of the general characteristics of urbanization in Southeast Asia, offical policy towards hawkers is examined, and is found to be essentially negative. In general, these policies trace their origins deep into the colonial period, and have changed very little with political independence; Jakarta exhibits the most negative policies, and largely in consequence of a national development policy aimed at en- couraging bumiputera (Malay) enterprise, the Malaysian cities have the most positive. To establish their stalls and acquire stock, potential Malay hawkers have been able to apply for loans, which are guaranteed by a national organization of Malay hawkers which the applicant is compelled to join. The major thrust of government action is locational: to move squatters from congested busy streets and to relocate them in established markets, open spaces, car parks etc., for which funds can be generated through licensing hawkers. In Manila and Jakarta, however, hawkers are often driven away from busy areas by the police. But control is difficult and expensive, and often in- effectual. ' The study classifies hawkers by type of activity; process-food sellers, other food vendors (these two together constituting by for the largest class), nonfood sellers, and providers of personal services. Hawkers are further differentiated according to their degree of mobility; mobile, semistatic (that is, selling from stalls which are removed at the end of each day) and static, those operating from established stalls in permanent