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Human Trafficking in the Baltic Sea Region: State and Civil Society Cooperation on Victims’ Assistance and Protection

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Human Trafficking in the Baltic Sea Region: State and Civil Society Cooperation on Victims’ Assistance and Protection Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org State and Civil Society Cooperation on Victims’ Assistance and Protection Human Trafficking in the Baltic Sea Region: Human Trafficking in the Baltic Sea Region: State and Civil Society Cooperation on Victims’ Assistance and Protection Printed in Austria *1052463*V.10-52463—April 2010—1,200 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Human Trafficking in the Baltic Sea Region: State and Civil Society Cooperation on Victims’ Assistance and Protection UNITED NATIONS New York, 2010 Acknowledgements This study was made possible by the dedicated efforts of numerous public officials and representatives of non- governmental organizations consulted in the Baltic Sea Region. The joint UNODC – CBSS TF-THB team wishes to express its gratitude to all the people who have invested their time into the project, consented to be interviewed, and provided information and insight into specific areas of expertise. A special thank you to Sonja Busch, Isabella Orfano, Roberto Paganini and Wolfgang Klug who gave input and revised various drafts of the study. Written By: Barbara Sidoti Edited By: Tejal Jesrani United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC): Andrea Koller, Julie Platou Kvammen, Riikka Puttonen, Alexia Taveau, Albina Yakubova. Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) Secretariat: Marta Bociek, Anna Ekstedt, Anthony Jay, Ciaran Morrisey. CBSS Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings (CBSS TF-THB): Kira Appel, Jan Austad, Sergey Barsukov, Igoris Bazylevas, Lisa Cassina, Anna Esko, Dea Hannust, Eva Hermstad, Hildur Jónsdóttir, Urszula Kozłowska, Anu Leps, Agnese Marnica, Tero Mikkola, Anna Mironova, Christer Norling, Grete Pern, Julija Staškovskaja, Lāsma Stabiņa, Sandra Šarkutė, Brit Tammiste, Dimitrijs Trofimovs, Nicole Zündorf-Hinte. This study was produced with funding from the Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings. Photographs: CBSS TF-THB © United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, April 2010. The description and classification of countries and territories in this study and the arrangement of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. This publication has not been formally edited. This study was conducted within the Preparatory Regional Project on Fostering NGO – Law Enforcement Cooperation in Preventing and Combating Human Trafficking in, from and to the Baltic Sea Region – Jointly implemented by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Council of the Baltic Sea States Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings (CBSS TF-THB). iii LIST OF ACRONYMS1 BAGFW Coordination Group of the German Welfare Organisations BKA Federal Criminal Police Office BMAS Federal Ministry for Labour and Social Affairs BMFSFJ Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CBSS TF-THB Council of the Baltic Sea States Task Force against Trafficking in Human Beings CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CJA Criminal Justice Authorities CoE Council of Europe CMM Danish Centre against Human Trafficking DIS Danish Immigration Service EEA European Economic Area EU European Union FAFO Institute for Applied International Studies GARP Government Assisted Repatriation Programme IACB Inter-Agency Coordination Body ICMPD International Centre for Migration Policy Development ILO International Labour Organization IO International Organization IOM International Organization for Migration KOK German Nationwide Activist Coordination Group Combating Trafficking in Women and Violence against Women in the Process of Migration KOM Coordination Unit for Human Trafficking LEA Law Enforcement Agencies LKA Länder Criminal Police Offices NAP National Action Plan/Program NBI National Bureau of Investigation NC National Coordinator NCI National Centre for Investigation NCM National Coordination Mechanism NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMT National Support Operations against Prostitution and Trafficking in Human Beings NRG National Reference Group NRM National Referral Mechanism MIJ Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality MoU Memoranda of Understanding MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoI/A Ministry of Interior/Administration MoJ Ministry of Justice MoL Ministry of Labour ODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe REAG Reintegration and Emigration Programme for Asylum-Seekers in Germany RG Regional Groups ROSA Re-establishment, Organizing safe accommodation, Safety and Assistance Project 1 For ease of reference, acronyms referring to national institutions appear as they are used in the countries, while the corresponding names of national institutions are translated into English. iv RUA Foreigners/Immigration Unit SOLWODI Solidarity with Women in Distress THB Trafficking in Human Beings TIP Trafficking in Persons TRM Transnational Referral Mechanism UDI Directorate for Immigration UN.GIFT United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime VoT Victim of Trafficking v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . 1 The Study ............................................................................... 2 PART 1 – OveRvIew Of COOPeRATIOn MeChAnISMS And PRACTICeS In The COunCIl Of The BAlTIC SeA STATeS RegIOn . 8 1. Anti-Trafficking national Action Plans . 10 2. national Coordination Mechanisms ................................................... 14 2.1 National Coordinators . 16 2.2 Inter-Agency Coordination Bodies . 18 2.3 Anti-Trafficking Coordination Units/Centres/Agencies ................................... 20 2.4 Working Groups at the Operational/Local Level ........................................ 21 2.5 Specialised Units . 22 3. national Rapporteurs or equivalent Mechanisms . 24 4. formalised Cooperation Agreements .................................................. 26 5. Cooperation Practices at the Operational level . 28 5.1 Identification ..................................................................... 28 5.2 Referral . 31 5.3 Assistance and Support System . 32 5.4 Residence Regimes . 35 5.5 Victims/Witnesses in Court Proceedings . 36 5.6 Regional Cooperation for the Safe Referral, Return and Reintegration of Victims of Human Trafficking . 39 6. good Practices and Problem Areas .................................................... 40 7. Recommendations ................................................................... 45 vi PART 2 – COunTRy PROfIleS . 49 denmark . 50 estonia . 62 finland . 72 germany .............................................................................. 86 Iceland . 100 latvia ............................................................................... 108 lithuania . 118 norway .............................................................................. 128 Poland . 140 The Russian federation . 150 Sweden .............................................................................. 158 AnneX I – Anti-Trafficking Actors in the CBSS Region .................................... 170 Bibliography . 176 vii TABLE OF FIGURES – PART 1 Fig. 1 Anti-Trafficking Policy Tools in the CBSS Region . 11 Fig. 2 Implementation Timeframes of Policy Tools . 13 Fig. 3 Overview of National Coordination Mechanisms ......................................... 15 Fig. 4 National Coordination Mechanisms in CBSS Member States ............................... 16 Fig. 5 National Coordinators in CBSS Member States . 18 Fig. 6 Inter-Agency Coordination Bodies in CBSS Member States . 19 Fig. 7 Anti-Trafficking Coordination Units . 21 Fig. 8 Working Groups at the Operational/Local Level . 22 Fig. 9 Anti-Trafficking Specialised Units ...................................................... 23 Fig. 10 National Rapporteurs, Equivalent Mechanisms and other formulas . 25 Fig. 11 Cooperation Agreements . 27 Fig. 12 Multi-Stakeholders Identification Tools ................................................ 31 Fig. 13 Residence Regimes ................................................................ 36 viii TABLE OF FIGURES – PART 2 Fig. 1 Denmark: National Coordination Mechanism . 51 Fig. 2 Overview of the Danish Referral System ................................................ 53 Fig. 3 The Danish Centre against Human Trafficking . 53 Fig. 4 Estonia: National Coordination Mechanism ............................................. 63 Fig. 5 Finland: National Coordination Mechanism ............................................. 73 Fig. 6 Finland: Formalised Cooperation Agreements Overview Table . 75 Fig. 7 The System of Victims Assistance in Finland . 83 Fig. 8 Germany: National Coordination Mechanism . 88 Fig. 9 Iceland: National Coordination Mechanism . 101 Fig. 10 Latvia: National Coordination Mechanism . 109 Fig. 11 Latvia: Formalised Cooperation Agreements . 110 Fig. 12 Services offered by the Latvian NGO Shelter “Drosa Maja” (Safe House) ................... 113 Fig. 13 Lithuania: National Coordination Mechanism . 119 Fig. 14 Lithuania: Formalised Cooperation Agreements . 121 Fig. 15 Norway: National Coordination Mechanism . 129 Fig. 16 The Anti-Trafficking Coordination Unit (KOM) within the Norwegian coordination system . 130 Fig. 17 Identification Data gathered
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