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CHILEAN ANTARCTIC SCIENCE PROGRAM 2005 2006 2007 2008 17 projects, grouped by 20 projects. A new program for Lab projects is 24 projects. Total funding for Antarctic 28 projects. Funds available for six scientific disciplines: defined for initiatives that will analyse samples research grows to USD 600,000 due Antarctic research grows to USD Earth, Atmospheric, Marine, and data obtained during previous expeditions (4 to an increase in regular funding from 1,149,000 thanks to new projects Biological, and Social Sciences. projects). Funding available for the various programs INACH, a second Antarctic Ring, and from Fondecyt and financing from A significant number of these for Antarctic research grows to USD 261,700 thanks an agreement with Fondecyt (Fondo Corfo (Corporación de Fomento projects are not selected by to the “Antarctic Science Rings” program, an Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y de la Producción, the Chilean a panel of peers but instead agreement between INACH and Conicyt (the Chilean Tecnológico), the Chilean national Economic Development Agency), correspond to institutional National Science and Technology Commission) fund for scientific and technological through its Innova group (Innova programs established from within the framework of the 2007-2008 International development. The PROCIEN (Programa is the innovation Committee agreements between INACH Polar Year. The agreement spans three years and Nacional de Ciencia Antártica, the within Corfo). Funding from Corfo and Chilean universities. has funding of USD 160,000 per year. Projects are Chilean Antarctic Science Program) InnovaChile is destined for Antarctic Funding reaches USD 100,000 reorganized in accordance with the new priorities of regroups its projects in accordance with laboratory infrastructure. From this plus logistical support valued the five-year plan running from 2006 to 2010, which the research programs suggested by year on, all projects incorporated at USD 850,000 (a funding level are defined during the evaluation seminar for the the Scientific Committee on Antarctic into the PROCIEN are selected which has increased to only period 2001-2005. The Postgraduate Thesis Support Research (SCAR). through a peer-reviewed process. USD 1,276,600 in 2010). Program gets underway, with four projects, to bring outstanding young researchers into the Antarctic community. INTRODUCTION

What does Antarctica mean to Chile?

referring to a relationship As a fourth aspect, the Antarctica Peninsula ween South America and area is one of the three regions on the Earth can be measured on a with a rate of warming higher than the this relationship has also global average: in just 50 years the surface air climate of our nation and temperature has increased nearly three degrees from the Atacama Desert Celsius. This trend is nearly five times the global serves of forests in the average and within half the time. The species uality and quantity of our that live there are being affected yb global ources. climate change and are sending signals about how mainland Chile could be affected in a not dealing with a unique so far away future. where the adaptation of ditions of cold, dark, UV Science often teaches sets of rules to y, and so on, has brought memorize, resulting in a sort of distorted survivors holding many view that alienates many young people d, and perhaps adapted from the adventures of seeking knowledge. uch as health, agriculture, Nevertheless, the marvel of scientific activity but a few. lives in the ever-changing nature of discovery, as vibrant as life itself. general and the Antarctica articular (where Chile has This is the opportunity that nearby Antarctica ns and shelters) continue offers to us, a place where we all work together any completely unknown for research in the Last Frontier of knowledge, explored areas. The task the White Frontier. Our readers have in their 3 at lives in and beneath hands the details of how Chileans are going ntarctic waters, is not yet about this challenging work. new step taken here is nternational science and

José Retamales, PhD Director Chilean Antarctic Institute – INACH

2005 - 2011 2009 2010 2011 36 projects. As a result of an innovative 43 projects. Never in the history The PROCIEN supports 55 projects, tripling the number of projects agreement between INACH, CorreosChile (the of the Chilean Antarctic Science conducted in 2005. 52 percent of the PROCIEN projects are affiliated Chilean Post Office) and the Chilean Air Force, Program have so many projects with international universities and research centres. the Undergraduate Thesis Support Program is been performed at the same It is calculated that the maximum number of logistically supportable established to allow young university students to time. The Bicentennial Scientific projects has been reached, given the present level of infrastructure. travel to Antarctica to complete their professional Expedition also breaks the record Nearly USD 1,063,800 has been provided in competitive funding, development. The PROCIEN doubles the number for participation of women in with nearly USD 1,276,600 in logistics investment from the National of projects it had just four years earlier, having research (29 scientists). Funding Antarctic Program. All told, the Chilean investment in Antarctic now a strong and transparent funding program obtained from grants begins science is above USD 2,000,000, considerably lower than the evaluated by both national and international to diminish due to a gradual funding level of other Antarctic Programs and only possible due to peers, whose proposals are presented in English. reduction of the Corfo InnovaChile various competitive funds and financing by various governmental This effort will determine the regional leadership infrastructure program. agencies, in particular the Chilean Defence Department and the of Chile in the field of Antarctic science. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs. PROCIEN now coordinates seven funds subject to competition which reach USD 1,527,660, compared to only USD 100,000 in 2005. 1 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOUTH AMERICA AND ANTARCTICA

SOUTH AMERICA AND ANTARCTICA: AGING SISTERS WHO STILL NEED ONE ANOTHER

The rich fisheries of Chile, the It is difficult to characterise the nature Such effects, which determine desertification of the Atacama of Chile’s dependence on Antarctica. the present and future of Chile, are area, the present and future Scientific advances in recent years being studied in projects in this line have shown a considerable degree of of research, using modern geological, climates of Chile - these have interdependence between our nation palaeontological, and biogeographical been and will continue to and the White Continent. The stormy techniques. A group of biologists has be moulded by the dramatic past that shows in the rocky strata of proposed using certain organisms as both land masses tells us of an exuberant a sort of living marker of the recent interdependencies of South dance taking place with Patagonia and and remote pasts, by looking into that America and Antarctica. the Antarctic Peninsula joined together. ultimate indicator for evolutionary The set of projects in this The thin physical contact seen in some processes: DNA. Thanks to such studies, chapters of natural history once served as there has been considerable success area of research is searching a land bridge for many terrestrial species in establishing complex evolutionary for ways to characterise which today inhabit the Subantarctic relationships between the Antarctic these links, using modern forests of Chile, but which slowly fauna and that of distant places such techniques in the fields of disappeared from Antarctica. At other as the Subantarctic islands of Australia, times the two land masses remained South Africa, and Chile. As an example geology, palaeontology and disconnected and this separation allowed of the link between science and tourism, biogeography. These will be the ocean currents to modify the climate, one project studies the ichthyosaurs, applied to the species that with changes of up to 11 degrees Celsius marine reptiles similar to dolphins, from average temperature on the planet. the age of dinosaurs. These were found today populate the forests in the rocks of a marine basin common of southern Chile and in The last separation (which began 40 to both the southern region of Chile 4 the past made Antarctica million years ago) led to the formation and the Antarctic Peninsula, bringing of the most powerful ocean current on new opportunities to special-interest a verdant region. Likewise hhh l ilfhl there are dolphin-like reptiles belonging to the age of dinosaurs, whose fossil remains have surfaced in Torres del Paine National Park, opening up promising opportunities for special- interest tourism there. E. BarticevicE. 1. GEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL EVOLUTION 5. THERMOCHRONOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NORTHERN OF THE MAGELLAN AND LARSEN BASINS DURING ANTARCTIC PENINSULA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR THE MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC: SOURCE AREAS AND MESOZOIC TO CENOZOIC TECTONIC AND CLIMATIC POSSIBLE SIMILARITIES (2010-2013) EVOLUTION (2008-2011) Principal Investigator. Teresa TORRES. Principal Investigator. Mauricio CALDERÓN. A. Palma Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile, Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Museo Universidad of Arizona (US) and Universität Nacional de Historia Natural, Universidad Bochum (Germany). de Magallanes and Empresa Nacional del Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Lab). Biologist Angie Díaz (left), one of the first Chilean Petróleo. Main objective. To resolve the distribution women in scuba diving for scientific purposes in Antarctic waters, investigating the evolutionary Funding source. Programa de Investigación pattern of zircon and apatite fission track relationships between South America and the White Asociativa (PIA-Antarctic Rings) and INACH ages in the northern region of the Antarctic Continent, using molecular markers. (logistic support). Peninsula. Main objective. To compare the geological and palaeontological evolution of the backarc 6. VERY LOW GRADE METAMORPHISM IN THE VOLCANIC Associated institutions. INACH, Geologisches Magellan and Larsen Basins situated in SUCCESSIONS OF THE SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS Institut der Universität Heidelberg and Patagonia and Antarctica, respectively, and (2009-2011) Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde to determine the sources of their clastic Principal Investigator. Francisco HERVÉ. Karlsruhe (Germany). components. Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile. Funding source. DFG (Germany) and INACH Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Lab). (logistic support). 2. PALAEOPHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY Main objective. To determine the mineral Main objective. To evaluate the conditions RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOUTHERN PATAGONIA characteristics - paragenesis, zonation - of related to the excellent preservation and AND ANTARCTIC PENINSULA FLORAS DURING THE the metamorphic process to compare it concentration of marine vertebrates in the CRETACEOUS (2008-2011) with the similar phenomena observed in the enigmatic fossil deposit of Torres del Paine Principal Investigator. Marcelo LEPPE. Andes, including Patagonia. National Park. Associated institutions. INACH and Geologisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg 7. EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AND 10. HIGH LATITUDE MEIOFAUNAL MACROECOLOGY AND (Germany). DIVERSIFICATION PROCESSES OF THE GENUS DIVERSITY ASSESSED USING BOTH MORPHOLOGICAL Funding source. Fondecyt (Initiation Grant) and STERECHINUSS (ECHINODERMATA, ECHINOIDA) FROM AND MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES (2010-2014) INACH (logistic support). SHALLOW AND DEEP-SEA AREAS OF THE SOUTHERN Principal Investigator. Matthew LEE. Main objective. To contribute to the OCEAN (2009-2011) Associated institutions. Universidad Austral de understanding of the complex geological Principal Investigator. Angie DÍAZ. Chile, Universidad Católica de la Santísima 5 and palaeontological history of the Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile. Concepción, Universidad de Concepción, Cretaceous sedimentary units of the Funding source. INACH (Thesis support Grant- University of Plymouth and British Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula and South Patagonia. Doctorate). Survey (UK). Main objective. To evaluate the evolutionary Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). 3. GENETIC STRUCTURE AND ANCESTRAL NICHE relations between the Antarctic and Main objective. Characterise the nematode and MODELING APPROACH OF SANIONIA UNCINATAA (HEDW.) Subantarctic areas, shallow and deep zones tardigrade fauna, using both morphological LOESKE AS SUPPORT FOR STUDIES ON CONSERVATION on Sterechinus genus, utilizing nuclear and and molecular techniques, associated with (2009-2012) mitochondrial molecular markers. intertidal micro-habitats in Antarctica, and Principal Investigator. Ingrid HEBEL. compare the results with those found in the Associated institutions. Universidad de 8. PETROGRAPHIC AND GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Magellanic region of South America. Magallanes, Fundación Cequa, and Albert- THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA BATHOLITH, NORTHERN 11. ADDRESSING BIOGEOGRAPHIC AND Ludwig-Universität Freiburg (Germany). ANTARCTIC PENINSULA: PETROGENETIC AND TECTONIC PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC SCENARIOS REGARDING ORIGIN IMPLICATIONS (2010-2011) Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). AND PERSISTENCE OF MACROALGAL FLORAL DIVERSITY Main objective. To analyze the genetic structure Principal Investigator. Hernán BOBADILLA. IN SUB-ANTARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC REGIONS USING and phylogenetic relations of populations Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile, TAXONOMIC, ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR of Saniona uncinata in the South Shetland Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) and APPROACHES (2011-2014) Islands, Antarctic Peninsula and Tierra del Universität Stuttgart (Germany). Principal Investigator. Andrés MANSILLA. Fuego. Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support Grant- Associated Institutions. Universidad de Master). Magallanes and Pontificia Universidad 4. COMPARATIVE GENOMIC SEQUENCING IN MARINE Main objective. To make a contribution to the Católica de Chile. PATELOGASTROPODS SPECIES (NACELLAA, SCHUMACHER, understanding of the tectonic history of the Funding source. Fondecyt (Regular Grant) and 1817) INHABITING ROCKY SHORES FROM CENTRAL CHILE north end of the Antarctic Peninsula in its INACH (logistic support). TO ANTARCTIC PENINSULA (2010-2013) Pacific rim. Main objective. To investigate the potential origin and persistence of the tremendous Principal Investigator. Leyla CÁRDENAS. representative orders of macroalgae. The Associated institutions. 9. ICHTHYOSAURS OF LATE JURASSIC/EARLY CRETACEOUS Universidad Austral de study will combine analysis of distribution, AGE IN THE TORRES DEL PAINE NATIONAL PARK, Chile and Universidad de Chile. genetic diversity, phylogeny and Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). SOUTHERNMOST CHILE (2008-2011) physiological responses of species found in Main objective. To study the genetic Principal Investigators. Wolfgang STINNESBECK and the Magellan Region, sub-Antarctic islands mechanisms through which the aim Marcelo LEPPE. and the Antarctic Peninsula. organisms are responding to environmental changes, leading to adaptation and Funding over Funding between Funding between Funding under USD 851,000. USD 212,700 and 851,000. USD 106,400 and 212,700. USD 106,400. diversification. 2 ADAPTATIONS TO THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT AND ITS BIORESOURCES

THE EXCEPTIONAL WEALTH OF ADAPTATION AND SURVIVAL MECHANISMS IN ANTARCTICA

Extremophiles, psychrophiles, The powerful geologic and climatic Several of the projects in this area hyperthermophiles, changes suffered by Antarctica have will also study the physiological created an environment that is unique adaptations to low temperatures seen in halophiles… strange on this planet. The life forms have marine invertebrates, algae, and plants. names for organisms that evolved to the point of creating biotas Knowledge in this area results from a live in Antarctica under found nowhere else. In terrestrial growing interest related to possible environments we find microorganisms effects from climate change and the extreme cold and heat (yes, that live on the ice at very low capacity of organisms to respond to heat in Antarctica), high temperatures, but also others that live such changes. salinity, and other extreme at nearly the boiling point of water, the latter within the active volcanic calderas In the last five years, the PROCIEN conditions, including on Deception Island. These organisms has experienced a significant change ultraviolet radiation. What inhabiting extreme conditions are called regarding bio-prospecting or the search are the characteristics of the “extremophiles” and are able to generate for new and improved bio-products Antarctic organisms that various mechanisms for adaptation to of technological processes from new cold, heat, high salinity, UV radiation, biological sources. In Antarctica we have allow them to tolerate these etc. A group of projects in this area of access to a new range of biodiversity extreme environmental research is attempting to understand which presents unique adaptations conditions? Could these these mechanisms, and to isolate certain to extreme environmental conditions. extremozymes that may be of use to Will we discover Antarctic products characteristics be of use to humankind. With the added stimulus which have impacts comparable to humanity? These are some of proximity to the Antarctic Peninsula aspirin or penicillin in the plants and and the support platforms, this PROCIEN microorganisms there? 6 of the questions awaiting reflects the universal scientific tendency answers from the projects that is seen in the sustained increase in in this line of research. The proposals to study bacteria, yeasts, fungi, results could be as promising lichens, plants and marine invertebrates as effective low-temperature as new sources of biocompounds. detergents, new sunburn protection products, frost- resistant plants or even antibiotics that could be effective against multi- resistant nosocomial bacteria. J. Muñoz 1. SURFACE SPECTRAL UV RADIATION AND UV-LINKED 4. STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURAL EFFECTS INDUCED 7. BIODIVERSITY AND METABOLIC CAPACITIES OF THE EFFECTS ON ENDEMIC SPECIES (2010-2013) BY INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, THERAPEUTICAL DRUGS BATERIAL COMMUNITY IN DIFFERENT HABITATS IN Principal Investigator. Raúl CORDERO. AND NATIVE PLANT EXTRACTS ON CELL MEMBRANES FILDES PENINSULA (KING GEORGE ISLAND) AND IN CAPE Associated institutions. Universidad de Santiago (2009-2012) SHIRREFF (LIVINGSTON ISLAND) (2008-2011) de Chile, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Principal Investigator. Mario SUWALSKY. Principal Investigator. Gerardo GONZÁLEZ. María, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Associated institutions. Universidad de Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile and Universität Hannover (Germany). Concepción and Pontificia Universidad Concepción. Funding source. Programa de Investigación Católica de Valparaíso. Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). Asociativa (PIA-Antarctic Rings) and INACH Funding source. Fondecyt (Regular Grant) and Main objective. To determine how the (logistic support). INACH (logistic support). differences between microhabitats influence Main objective. To determine some of the Main objective. To study how biologically bacterial communities diversity in the characteristics of the local surface UV relevant chemical components (with Fildes Peninsula and Cape Shirreff, and climatology, and therefore to generate potential pharmaceutical and medical to contribute to the knowledge of their better estimations of the UV doses affecting interest) that grow on Antarctic lichens metabolic capacities. endemic species. and mosses, interact and affect the cell membrane structures. 8. RELATIOSHIPS BETWEEN SUCROSE ACCUMULATION 2. ANTARCTICA: SOURCE OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND SPS ACTIVITY INDUCED IN COLD ACCLIMATED (2007-2011) 5. BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OBTAINED FROM NEW FUNGI COLOBANTHUS QUITENSISS WITH SUCROSE PHOSPHATE Principal Investigator. Jenny BLAMEY. ISOLATED FROM ANTARCTIC MARINE SPONGES (2009- SYNTHASE (SPS) ISOFORMS EXPRESSION; DAY LONG Associated institutions. Fundación Biociencia, 2013) AND LIGHT MODULATION AND NATURALS POPULATIONS Universidad de Santiago de Chile and INACH. Principal Investigator. Inmaculada VACA. DIFFERENCES (2009-2012) Funding source. Corfo InnovaChile (Grant) and Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile Principal Investigator. Marely CUBA. INACH (logistic support). and Instituto de Productos Naturales y Associated institutions. Universidad de Main objective. To create a platform to facilitate Agrobiología del CSIC (Spain). Concepción and Universidad de Magallanes. the access to Antarctic resources, such as Funding source. Fondecyt (Initiation Grant) and Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). microorganisms and plants. INACH (logistic support). Main objective. To study potential SPS gene Main objective. To search for new bioactive regulation by low temperature and 3. NEW PSYCHROPHILIC BIOFERTILIZERS (2010-2013) compounds in fungi isolated from marine photoperiod in C. quitensis under laboratory Principal Investigator. Manuel GIDEKEL. sponges living under the Antarctic sea. and natural conditions. 7 Associated institutions. VentureL@b, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Uxmal S.A. and Universidad 6. THE BIOGEOCHEMICAL IRON AND SULFUR CYCLES IN 9. SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM MARINE de La Frontera. THE ANTARCTIC – FROM MICROBIAL SULFIDE OXIDATION ORGANISMS (2009-2012) Funding source. Corfo InnovaChile (Grant) and TOWARDS SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE Principal Investigator. Aurelio SAN MARTÍN. INACH (logistic support). (2008-2011) Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile, Main objective. Isolate psychrophilic Principal Investigator. Bernhard DOLD. Instituto de Productos Naturales y microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) Associated institutions. Instituto GEA-Universidad Agrobiología del CSIC (Spain), Instituto de associated with Deschampsia antarctica, to de Concepción and Centro de Astrobiología- Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentarias farm them in-vitro. INTA-CSIC (Spain). (IRTA) (Spain) and Universidad de Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). Magallanes. Main objective. To investigate the Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). The Antarctic pearlwort (C. quitensiss) is a real biogeochemical interactions of element Main objective. To find new chemical survivor: it blooms in the polar summer despite liberation from the source, over flow path compounds with bioactive properties in the UV radiation, the darkness of winter, low temperat res lo n trients and lo soil to the sink by an interdisciplinary approach marine Antarctic macro organisms such as

Funding over Funding between Funding between Funding under USD 851,000. USD 212,700 and 851,000. USD 106,400 and 212,700. USD 106,400. 2 ADAPTATIONS TO THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT AND ITS BIORESOURCES

RADIATION (PAR AND UV-B) AND E IN THE EXPRESSION OF GENES INVOLVED Principal Investigator. ANS BIOSYNTHESIS IN DESCHAMPSIA Associated institutions. DESV. (2010-2012) Principal Investigator. Ariel PARDO. Funding source. Associated institutions. Universidad de Santiago Main objective. d Fundación Biociencia. Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support Grant-

Main objective. To determine the effects (including PAR and UV-B) rature on the expression and n of fructosyltransferases and in f fructans in D. antarctica.

HILIC LIPASES OF ANTARCTIC ORIGIN: IC LIQUIDS (2010-2012) Principal Investigator. Principal Investigator. Patricio MUÑOZ. Associated institutions. Associated institutions. Universidad de Santiago Funding source. d Fundación Biociencia. Main objective. Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support Grant-

Main objective. To determine the effect of ionic nzymatic activity, thermostability oselectivity of a purified lipase mophilic microorganism.

ING: ECOLOGY OF DIAZOTROPHIC RIA IN HOT SPRINGS ALONG A Principal Investigator. GRADIENT FROM ATACAMA TO Associated institutions. 2011-2014) Funding source. Principal Investigator. Beatriz DÍEZ. Main objective. Associated institutions. Pontificia Universidad Chile, Universidad de Atacama, d de Antofagasta, Instituto de l Mar-Barcelona (Spain) and s Universitet (Sweden). Funding source. Fondecyt (Regular Grant) and stic support). Main objective. To characterize the diversity, Principal Investigator. , abundance and activity of Associated institutions. rial diazotrophs present in hot ributed along the Chilean Andes Funding source. ica (between 19º to 42°- 62º S). Main objective. ve entails the study of both ommunities in mats and in ot water).

between Funding under ,400 and 212,700. USD 106,400. J. Muñoz 3 ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF ANTARCTIC ORGANISMS

SHEDDING LIGHT ON J. Plana ANTARCTIC LIFE

Humpback whale

A few decades ago the These projects are exploring the Investigation into marine mammals exploration of Antarctica biodiversity of new worlds for Science, has revealed the successful recovery of primarily the undersea worlds, in the Antarctic fur seal population in the would have meant only the search of understanding of the spatial South Shetland Islands, 170 years after physical dimension. This of course still implies major challenges. Nevertheless, the richness of polar life that unfolds mainly in the waters and coasts has demonstrated a degree of variety that has surprised the world. Everything that is alive has its story to tell, and in Antarctica those stories involve astonishment, biodiversity, and survival. The most dramatic case is the Antarctic fur seal, nearly hunted to extinction in the 19th century and now seeming to be recovering in population. Human beings may destroy habitats but also may in time revisit those habitats and preserve them.

Polar technology. Dr. Dirk Schories’ project finds a simple solution to the problems of georeferencing under water. Two divers swim the length of a transect: one is the photographer, while the other provides precise location and control above him using a GPS

with an antenna on the surface. Geo-referencing Proj. 3 ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF ANTARCTIC ORGANISMS

1. GENETIC DIVERSITY AND SMALL SCALE POPULATION 5. DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF COMMUNITIES OF 9. DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF ASCIDIANS AT STRUCTURE OF ABATUS AGASSIZIII (MORTENSEN, 1910), PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANKTONIC EUKARYOTES IN FILDES BAY (2010-2011) A BROODING ANTARCTIC ECHINOID FROM FILDES BAY, ANTARCTIC COASTAL WATERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN Principal Investigator. Thomas HERAN. KING GEORGE ISLAND, SOUTH SHETLAND (2009-2011) AUSTRAL SUMMER AND WINTER (2010-2013) Associated institutions. Universidad Austral de Principal Investigator. Karin GERARD. Principal Investigator. Rodrigo DE LA IGLESIA. Chile and Academia de Ciencias de Rusia. Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile. Associated institutions. Pontificia Universidad Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support- Funding source. Fondecyt (Postdoctorate Grant) Católica de Chile and Station Biologique de Undergraduate), CorreosChile and FACH. and INACH (logistic support). Roscoff (France). Main objective. To analyze the ascidians Main objective. To characterize the limits of Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). distribution in three exposed and possibly the population of Abatus agassiziii in the Main objective. To define the abundance and disturbed areas in Fildes Bay. Antarctic Peninsula region, in order to the taxonomic and functional composition of analyse its intrapopulation genetic diversity different sized fractions of phytoplanktonic 10. BIODIVERSITY AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF and determinate the occurrence of a genetic eukaryotes in Antarctic coastal seawater and GELATINOUS ZOOPLANKTON IN FILDES BAY, ANTARCTIC structure at small scale (from meters to its variations in winter and summer. (2010-2011) kilometers). Principal Investigator. Héctor Gonzalo MORA. 6. THE COMMON SEABIRD TICK IXODES URIAEE (WHITE, Associated institutions. Pontificia Universidad 2. FACTORS INVOLVED IN A CYANO-LICHEN ASSOCIATION: 1852) AS VECTOR OF PATHOGENIC VIRUS, BACTERIA Católica de Valparaíso. AVAILABILITY, SPECIFICITY AND SELECTIVITY (2010-2013) AND PROTOZOA TO PENGUINS OF THE ANTARCTIC Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support- Principal Investigator. Julieta ORLANDO. ENVIRONMENT (2010-2013) Undergraduate), CorreosChile and FACH. Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile Principal Investigator. Daniel GONZÁLEZ. Main objective. Analyze the taxonomic and Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto Associated institutions. Universidad de composition and spatial distribution of (Argentina). Concepción, Universidad Nacional Andrés gelatinous zooplankton collected in Fildes Funding source. Fondecyt (Initiation Grant) and Bello, Uppsala Universitet (Sweden), Instituto Bay (King George Island), according to INACH (logistic support). Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria oceanographic conditions of temperature Main objective. To evaluate the availability, (Argentina) and Linnéuniversitetet (Sweden). and salinity. specificity and selectivity in a cyano-lichen Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). symbiotic association (Peltigera-Nostoc) in Main objective. Generate information on the role 11. WINTER MIGRATORY CONNECTIONS OF MEGAPTERA Karukinka (Tierra del Fuego) and Livingston of Ixodes uriae in the health of penguins and NOVAEANGLIAEE FEEDING IN ANTARCTIC AND Island (Antarctica). detect how these ticks and their pathogens CONTINENTAL CHILEAN WATERS AS REVEALED BY PHOTO- vary in relation to the geographic location of IDENTIFICATION ANALYSES (2010-2012) 3. GEO-REFERENCING, BIODIVERSITY AND GROWTH RATE the penguin colonies. Principal Investigator. Jorge ACEVEDO. IN THE SOUTHERN OCEANS (2009-2012) Associated institutions. Fundación Cequa, Centro 10 Principal Investigator. Dirk SCHORIES. 7. PREDATION IMPACT AND ROLE IN THE VERTICAL Ballena Azul, Universidad Austral de Chile, Associated institutions. Universidad Austral CARBON FLUX OF CHAETOGNATHS AND AMPHIPODS IN Universidade Federal de Rio Grande (Brazil), de Chile, Universidade Federal do Rio de THE SOUTHERN OCEAN (2009-2011) Fundación Ballenas del Ecuador (Ecuador), Janeiro-Museu Nacional-Departamento Principal Investigator. Humberto GONZÁLEZ. Asociación Ambiental Voluntarios en de Inverterbrados (Brazil), Biozentrum- Associated institutions. Universidad Austral de Investigación y Desarrollo Ambiental (V. I. D. Universität Rostock (Germany), Independent Chile and Universidad de Concepción. A., Costa Rica), Panacetacea (US) y Fundación Zoologist-Hydrozoan Research Lab (France), Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Lab). Ecológica Sentir (Colombia). and Institute of Geography FEB of the Russian Main objective. To evaluate the role of both Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Lab). Academy of Science (Russia). predators in the SO as consumers of the Main objective. To identify winter migratory Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). zooplankton standing stock and secondary destinations and examine possible Main objective. Perform geo-referencing production and their role in the vertical preferences for differential migratory in submarine Antarctic areas using GPS carbon flux as efficient producers of glar e destinations of humpback whales that feed technology and compare results with and fast sinking faecal pellets. in the Antarctic Peninsula and those in the different zones in Chile, estimating flora and waters of continental Chile. fauna coverage and diversity using image 8. REPRODUCTIVE SEASONALITY AND MATING SYSTEM IN analyses and qualitative samples. THE ANTARCTIC BROODIND ECHINOID, ABATUS AGASSIZII (MORTENSEN, 1910) (2010-2011) 4. DIAZOPOLARSEA: MARINE DIAZOTROPHY IN THE Principal Investigator. Claudia MATURANA. SOUTHERN OCEAN (2011-2014) Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile. Principal Investigator. Beatriz DÍEZ. Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support Grant- Associated institutions. Pontificia Universidad Master). Católica de Chile, Stockholms Universitet Main objective. To increase the understanding of (Sweden), Instituto de Ciencias del Mar breeding systems in the Antarctic echinoids (CMIMA, Spain) and Massachusetts Institute through the study of the development of of Technology (MIT, US). Abatus agassiziii, in the Antarctic Peninsula Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). Region. Main objective. To characterize the diversity, distribution, abundance and activity of diazotrophs across hydrographic fronts and hypersaline systems represented by ice-brine in the Southern Ocean.

Funding over Funding between Funding between Funding under USD 851,000. USD 212,700 and 851,000. USD 106,400 and 212,700. USD 106,400. 4 GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE EVOLUTION

WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING FOR NOW, AND LATER

At just two hours of flying Since the beginning of time, changing offers us broad opportunities for testing time from Punta Arenas, the climate has moulded the landscape and hypotheses and documenting the influenced the evolution of all forms of processes and mechanisms involved. This Antarctic Peninsula is one of life. Today we have better measurement knowledge is vital for the understanding the regions that has warmed tools and there is a worldwide concern of the climate phenomenon in this part the most on this planet - some with the ongoing debate centred on of the planet, as we continue to calculate climatic warming, climate evolution, current effects and predict the potential five times the global average and the consequences of human future impact on a global scale. Within - and in much less time. This activity upon the global environment. PROCIEN 2011 we find projects designed proximity, together with the The scientific evidence seems to be to answer the key questions, including: convincing and explicit. The last report unique characteristics of the from the Intergovernmental Group of - What are the current conditions and White Continent that make Climate Change Experts indicated that dynamics of the Antarctic Peninsula ice it an exceptional natural in the hundred years between 1905 shelf and how will these evolve? and 2005, the planet had warmed 0.74 laboratory, allow us to witness degrees Celsius, adding that the major - Will the sea water temperature the changes that the Earth part of the increase was probably due increase have an impact on the immune will experience in the future, to concentrations of greenhouse gases system of bottom-dwelling organisms? from anthropogenic sources. and which will affect the - What climate factors impact the lives of people in ways not Three regions on the Earth were population dynamics of penguins? yet known. Glaciers, plants, warming more than the global average, penguins, and algae involved and one of them is located just a step - How will the productivity of marine away from Chile: the Antarctic Peninsula. algae be affected under differing light 11 in the projects in this line of In just fifty years this region has shown conditions resulting from changes in study are sending signals of an average surface-air temperature marine ice thickness? the changes that will be part increase of almost three degrees Celsius. This trend is over five times the global The world is seeking reliable answers of the lives of our children and average and has taken place in just half to these and other questions. Our grandchildren. the time. scientists are bringing forth new knowledge with a desire to contribute 4 GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE EVOLUTION

1. INDUCTION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN THE 5. DECIPHERING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE ON ANTARCTIC SEA URCHIN STERECHINUS NEUMAYERII BY PENGUIN POPULATIONS: APPLICATIONS OF THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES AND HEAT STRESS (2009-2012) POPULATION DYNAMIC THEORY (2010-2012) Principal Investigator. Marcelo GONZÁLEZ. Principal Investigator. Mauricio LIMA. Associated institutions. INACH, Université de Associated institutions. Pontificia Universidad Montpellier 2-CNRS-Ifremer (France), Católica de Chile. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Lab). Schories D. and Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil). Main objective. To analyze the irregular Funding source. Fondecyt (Initiation Grant) and population fluctuations of penguins, using Antarctic sea urchin INACH (logistic support). models based on ecological theory. Main objective. Characterize and compare the expression profile of immuneg enes in 6. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE OVER POPULATION 8. GLACIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE ANTARCTIC the echinoderm S. neumayeri as a result of SIZE OF PYGOSCELISS PENGUINS (SPHENISCIFORMES) IN PENINSULA BY AIRBORNE SENSORS (2008-2013) stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and KING GEORGE ISLAND, SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS: A Principal Investigators. Gino CASASSA and Andrés temperature increase, and whether the MOLECULAR APPROACH (2010-2011) RIVERA. immune response capacity is affected yb Principal Investigator. Fabiola PEÑA. Associated institutions. Centro de Estudios these factors. Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile. Científicos (CECS), NASA (US) and Armada Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support Grant- de Chile. 2. CLIMATE CHANGE-RELATED EFFECTS ON SURFACE Master). Funding source. CECS, NASA and Armada de UV RADIATION IN ANTARCTICA: DEVELOPMENT OF A Main objective. To determine the extent to Chile. GROUND-BASED UV RECONSTRUCTION MODEL (2010- which the past events of climate change Main objective. To determine changes in 2013) have affected the genetic diversity of two elevation (mass balance) and acquire Principal Investigator. Alessandro DAMIANI. Pygoscelis species (P. adeliae and P. papua) data relating to the thickness and internal Associated institutions. Universidad de Santiago and to assess their possible response to structure of the glaciers on the Antarctic de Chile and Universität Hannover the actual climate change using molecular Peninsula, and study the current state, (Germany). techniques. the dynamics and evolution of glaciers Funding source. Fondecyt (Postdoctorate Grant) and floating ice shelves on the Antarctic and INACH (logistic support). 7. THE ROLE OF ANTARCTIC INTERMEDIATE WATER Peninsula. Main objective. To determine some (AAIW) IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GAS IN THE characteristics of the local UV and generate EASTERN SOUTH PACIFIC AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE 9. BIO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ANTARCTIC SEA-ICE better estimates of the UV dose that is VENTILATION OF THE OXYGEN MINIMUM ZONE (2010- ALGAE (2010-2011) affecting endemic Antarctic species. 2011) Principal Investigator. Ernesto MOLINA. 12 Principal Investigator. Cristina CARRASCO. Associated institutions. University of Technology 3. PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN COLOBANTHUS Associated institutions. Universidad de (Sydney, Australia), Australian Antarctic QUITENSISS CONFRONTING A COMPLEX SCENE OF Concepción Division (Australia) and INACH. GLOBAL CHANGE (2008-2011) Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support Grant- Funding source. SCAR Fellowship Scheme and Principal Investigator. Marco MOLINA. Master). INACH (logistic support). Associated institutions. Ceaza, Universidad Main objective. To determine the role of the Main objective. Contribute to the de Concepción, Centro de Ciencias Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) in gas understanding of photosynthetic responses Medioambientales-CSIC (Spain) and INACH. transporting and other physical properties of sea ice algae to light, in a mechanistic bio- Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). to the eastern South Pacific Ocean and optical model, linking physical conditions Main objective. To assess the phenotypic discern between the biogeochemical and of the environment to the production of sea plasticity under variations of temperature, physical processes that transform these ice algae, and integrating them into models nitrogen in the soil and water availability properties. of larger-scale climate change. (global change components) in populations of Colobanthus quitensis from the Maritime Antarctic and the Antarctic Peninsula. Dr. Marce investigat 4. MACROFAUNA COMMUNITY RESPONSES TO ICEBERG Antarctic DISTURBANCES ON THE EASTERN WEDDELL SHELF reacting t (ANTARCTICA): EXPERIMENTAL TRAWLING NET using the SIMULATION OF ICE SCOURING EFFECTS ON BENTHIC urchin as This is don TROPHIC STRUCTURE (2010-2013) the resista Principal Investigator. Eduardo QUIROGA. invertebra Associated institutions. Pontificia Universidad and increa Católica de Valparaíso, Universidad de temperatu Magallanes, Alfred Wegener Institut (Germany) and Fundación Cequa. Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). Main objective. To characterize the macrofaunal diversity, the normalized biomass size-spectra (NBSS) and the trophic structure, using stable isotopes, in both disturbed and undisturbed sites on the Eastern Weddell Sea Shelf.

Funding over Funding between Funding between Funding under USD 851,000. USD 212,700 and 851,000. USD 106,400 and 212,700. USD 106,400. 5 OTHER INITIATIVES

In addition to the projects under the four lines above, there are projects that address other areas of polar research, which INACH supports.

1. CONSTRUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CORROSIVENESS 4. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN THE ANTARTIC 6. ANTARCTIC STATION DESIGN PROJECT (2010-2011) MAPS TO METALS AND ALLOYS OF MAJOR PENINSULA, TRENDS, TRANSPORT, BIOACCUMULATION Principal Investigator. Carla ANTOGNINI. TECHNOLOGICAL INTEREST FOR CHILE (2009-2012) AND POTENTIAL EFFECTS (2009-2012) Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile. Principal Investigator. Rosa VERA. Principal Investigator. Ricardo BARRA. Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support- Associated institutions. Pontificia Universidad Associated institutions. Centro de Ciencias Undergraduate), CorreosChile and FACH. Católica de Valparaíso, Asociación Chilena Ambientales-EULA, Universidad de Main objective. To perform a complete de Corrosión, Puerto Ventanas S.A., B. Bosch Concepción and Instituto de Investigación architectural design including a proposal Galvanizado, CDT, Dirección de Obras Pesquera. for infrastructure, according to the Antarctic Portuarias del Ministerio de Obras Públicas Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field). environment and its protection and value. and Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente. Main objective. To analyze the behaviour Funding source. Corfo InnovaChile (Grant) and of POPs in the Antarctic continent by 7. TURBULENCE IN SPACE PLASMAS AND ITS IMPACT INACH (logistic support). evaluating their distribution in different ON THE MAGNETOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND SPACE Main objective. Construct maps of atmospheric abiotic and biotic compartments in WEATHER (2011-2015) corrosion based on environmental accessible areas, using non-destructive Principal Investigator. Marina STEPANOVA. aggressiveness, for metals and alloys, in methodologies of sampling for the Associated institutions. Universidad de Santiago order to optimally select the materials to be biological component, and passive sampling de Chile, Universidad de Concepción, used in steel structures in differentp arts of methodologies for the abiotic components. Universidad de Chile, University of the country. California-Los Angeles (US), Moscow 5. SAMBA-THEMIS CONJUGATE STUDIES OF INNER State University (Russia) and the Air Force 2. NEUTRON MONITOR MN-64 FOR THE ANTARCTIC MAGNETOSPHERE DYNAMICS DURING MAGNETIC Research Lab (US). TERRITORY (1985-2011) STORMS (2009-2011) Funding Source. Fondecyt (Regular Grant) and Principal Investigator. Enrique CORDARO. Principal Investigator. Víctor PINTO. INACH (logistic support). Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile and Associated institutions. Universidad de Chile, Main objective. To contribute to the Università di Pisa (Italy). Universidad de Santiago de Chile and Air understanding of the influence of the Funding source. INACH (logistic support). Force Research Laboratory (US). plasma turbulence on the transport, total Main objective. Continuously record cosmic Funding source. INACH (Thesis Support Grant- pressure, and energy balance, in different rays and atmospheric pressure information Master). regions of the Earth’s magnetosphere. at high latitudes, to correlate them with Main objective. To determine the dynamic Particular attention will be given to the those of the Multidirectional Muon evolution of the equatorial plasma density relevance of the turbulence under different 13 Telescope of Santiago and the Muon in the inner magnetosphere and the level of solar wind and geomagnetic conditions, monitor at the Tropic of Capricorn. heavy ion contribution to it during strong using joint satellite and ground-based geomagnetic storms, using the conjunctions measurements. 3. EVALUATION OF THE POLLUTING EFFECTS RELATED of the Themis mission satellites with the TO ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES IN CHILEAN ANTARCTIC Samba and Measure chains. 8. METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS IN FILDES PENINSULA STATIONS (2008-2011) Principal Investigator. Dirección Meteorológica de Principal Investigator. María Soledad ASTORGA. The project led by Dr. María Soledad Astorga aims Chile. Associated institutions. Universidad de to produce systematic information regarding the Associated institutions. Dirección Meteorológica Magallanes. quantification of the impacts of human activities de Chile Funding source. INACH (Regular Grant-Field) in Chilean Antarctic Bases. This information may Main objective. Main objective. J. Muñoz

Funding over Funding between Funding between Funding under USD 851,000. USD 212,700 and 851,000. USD 106,400 and 212,700. USD 106,400. MANAGEMENT OF THE CHILEAN ANTARCTIC SCIENCE PROGRAM

Financing for Chilean Antarctic Science FINANCING FOR CHILEAN ANTARCTIC SCIENCE

The evolution of the funding of the Chilean Antarctic INACH FONDECYT CONICYT (PIA) CORFO INACH LOGISTICS Science between 2004 and 2010 shows a strong increase thanks to new alliances developed between INACH $1,500,000 and other institutions, motivated by the coming of $1,300,000 the International Polar Year (2007-2008). Among these

) $1,000,000 agreements the ones that stand out include those with USD Conicyt, specifically the Associative Research Program ( $850,000 $650,000

(PIA - Programa de Investigación Asociativa) and a pre- Funds competition Corfo InnovaChile research project. The $405,000

resources obtained in competitive funds fell slightly $215,000 in 2010 with the gradual end of financing for the Corfo $0 InnovaChile infrastructure project, leaving behind a fully 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 equipped modern laboratory at the Escudero Station, which will serve to attract new studies. At the end of this period, it is calculated that the number of logistically supportable projects has been reached with the existing infrastructure, given an annual budget of USD 1,063,000 in funds distributed through an open, peer-reviewed process, along with an investment in logistical support on the order of USD 1,276,600 (orange line). Altogether, the Chilean investment in Antarctic science is more than USD 2 million, considerably less than that of other nations’ Antarctic Programs and possible only thanks to various funding programs from several governmental agencies, including the Chilean Department of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Evolution of the Chilean Antarctic Science Program

The escalation in funding sources and funds for FIGURE A 14 Antarctic scientific research has meant a threefold increase EVOLUTION OF THE CHILEAN ANTARCTIC SCIENCE PROGRAM compared to the number of research projects performed 60 in 2004 (figure A). In addition to this, we have improved the quality of the proposals being selected, thanks to a 50 transparent and objective system for proposal selection, 40 CORFO supported by recognized international researchers. It is CONICYT (PIA) ects important to point out that in the 2010-2011 season, 23 j 30 FONDECYT percent of the projects are supported by funds other than UNDERGRADUATE & POSTGRADUATE INACH. Nº pro 20 THESES LAB Although the percentage of approved projects has 10 FIELD OTHERS remained at around 40% (INACH funding) and 36% 0 (Conicyt funding) in relation to the number of proposal 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 applications (figure B), there has been an overall increase in the number of approved projects according to an increase in the number of proposals presented by researchers, ensuring a more competitive Program with better projects and a potential growth of the Antarctic scientific community. “Sustainability” of polar science quality is only possible with a critical mass of researchers motivated to conduct polar science.

FIGURE B INACH Funding Conicyt Funding 40 40

35 35

30 30

25 25 ects ects j 20 j 20 Applied Applied

º pro 15 º pro 15

N Approved N Approved

10 10

5 5

0 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2007 2008 20092010 Year Year CHILEAN ISI PUBLICATIONS ON ANTARCTIC SCIENCE 1988-2010 Chilean ISI publications on Antarctic 35

Science 1988-2010 30

The productivity in Chilean Antarctic scientific 25 literature, when measured by the number of ISI

(Institute for Scientific Information)p ublications, 20 shows a sharp increase in recent years. In order to ications bl maintain this trend, we need a policy that favours 15

competitive science and a peer review process for the º ISI pu selection of projects. Likewise, improvements and N 10 renovation of laboratory equipment are necessary along with support on the ground for the pursuit of science at a first-class level. We also need continuing 5 efforts to provide the means and logistical support in 0 5 0 1 6 8 0 1 order to successfully conduct our activities. 991 99 00 00 00 1988 1990 1 1992 1993 1994 1 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 200 2002 2003 2004 2005 2 2007 2 2009 20 Year

FUNDING SOURCES FOR CHILEAN ANTARCTIC SCIENCE

INACH has its own funding sources to finance research projects in Antarctica. These funds are distributed in two programs, each with different lines of funding: Funding Program Grant* Value of Logistic Support** Regular Fund 15 Field Project USD 55,000 - USD 180,000 USD 83,000 (proposal requiring conduct of field (total for 3 field campaigns) activities in Antarctica) Lab Project No logistics involved (proposal not requiring travel to USD 22,000 Antarctica) Thesis Support Program Master Thesis USD 6,400 USD 21,300 – 42,500 (1 field campaign only) Doctoral Thesis USD 17,000 USD 42,500 – 85,100 (total for 2 field campaigns) Undergraduate Thesis No grants USD 2,100 – 4,200

* Maximum funding provided for each category, year 2011. ** Value of the logistic support provided by INACH.

In addition, INACH has agreements with major funding agencies for Science and Technology in Chile. If granted, INACH will provide the logistic support needed for their field activities in Antarctica. Current agreements include the following: Funding Program Grant* Value of Logistic Support** Fondecyt: Postdoctorate USD 127,600 Initiation USD 63,800 – 212,700 USD 160,000 Regular (total for 3 field campaigns) USD 425,500

USD 479,000 Conicyt – PIA (‘Antarctic Rings’) USD 479,000 (total for 3 field campaigns)

* Maximum funding provided for each category, 2011. These funds are provided by the indicated funding agency. ** Value of the logistic support provided by INACH. In addition to these ongoing programs for applying to other funding agencies, there is the possibility of other agreements. For example, Corfo InnovaChile is now funding three important projects in Antarctica. CHILEAN ANTARCTIC SC

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES DIVERSITY IN ANTARCTIC BACTERIA GENETIC STRUCTURE AND NICHES OF SUCROSE ACTIVITY IN ANTARCTIC ANTARCTIC MOSSES INACH PEARLWORT FIELD PROJECTS GENOMICS IN ANTARCTIC LIMPETS SECONDARY METABOLITES IN MARINE ORGANISMS MACROECOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF PHOTOBIOLOGY AND HIGH LATITUDE MEIOFAUNA UV STRESS IN ALGAE BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ANTARCTIC YEASTS

THERMOCRONOLOGY OF ANTARCTIC THERMOPHILES OF DECEPTION INACH PENINSULA ISLAND LAB PROJECTS VOLCANIC METAMORPHISM IN THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY OF FUNGI SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS AND YEASTS FROM ANTARCTIC SPONGES

INACH SUPPORT TO EVOLUTION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY IN EFFECTS RELATED TO ANTARCTIC SEA URCHINS BIOSYNTHESIS OF FRUCTOSE IN UNDERGRADUATE ANTARCTIC GRASS AND POSTGRADUATE PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY THESES ON THE ANTARCTIC PENINSULA THERMOPHILIC ENZYMES LIPASES WITH ANTARCTIC ORIGINS

PIA PROGRAM GEOLOGY OF THE LARSEN AND EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION ON CONICYT MAGELLANIC BASINS ENDEMIC SPECIES ANTARCTICA  SOURCE FOR CORFO INNOVACHILE BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES PSYCHROPHILIC BIOFERTILIZERS

EFFECTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS PALAEOPHYTOGEOGRAPHIC ON CELLULAR MEMBRANES FONDECYTINACH RELATIONSHIPS BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN PROGRAM MACROALGAL DIVERSITY IN FUNGUS SUBANTARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC CYANOBACTERIA IN ANTARCTIC REGIONS HOT SPRINGS

INTERNATIONAL ICHTHYOSAURS IN COOPERATION TORRES DEL PAINE

SPECIAL INACH PROJECTS CIENCE PROGRAM - 2011

SUBMARINE GEOREFERENCING AND BIODIVERSITY IN SOUTHERN OCEANS ANTARCTIC PEARLWORT AND DIAZOTROPHY IN THE ANTARCTIC GLOBAL CHANGE CONTAMINATION AT OCEAN CHILEAN ANTARCTIC BASES PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUCARIOTIC MACROFAUNA AND PERTURBATION IN MARINE ICE PLANKTON PERSISTENT ORGANIC TICK IN MARINE BIRDS AS A CONTAMINANTS PATHOGEN VECTOR IN PENGUINS

CHAETOGNATHS AND AMPHIPODS IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN FOOD WEB CLIMATE EFFECTS ON PENGUIN POPULATIONS MIGRATORY CONNECTIONS OF THE HUMPBACK WHALE

SEASTAR REPRODUCTION IN ANTARCTIC WATERS MOLECULAR STUDIES OF DYNAMICS OF THE PENGUIN POPULATIONS MAGNETOSPHERE ASCIDIANS AT FILDES BAY ROLE OF THE ANTARCTIC BASE STATION DESIGN INTERMEDIATE WATER IN THE FOR ANTARCTICA GELATINOUS ZOOPLANKTON AT DISTRIBUTION OF GASES FILDES BAY

MAPPING ATMOSPHERIC CORROSIVITY

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN ANTARCTIC CLIMATE CHANGE AND UV SEASTARS RADIATION IN ANTARCTICA TURBULENCE IN SPACE PLASMAS CYANOLICHENS ASSOCIATION AT IMMUNE RESPONSE IN ANTARCTIC LIVINGSTON ISLAND SEA URCHINS

GLACIOLOGICAL STUDIES USING AIRBORNE SENSORS METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN THE A BIOPTICAL MODEL OF ALGAE FILDES PENINSULA PHOTOSYNTHESIS NEUTRON MONITOR INFRASTRUCTURE

Chile built its first polar base in 1947, on Greenwich Chile supplies stations and shelters in various locations Island. That semicircular facility of 89 square metres, on the Antarctic Peninsula, in the South Shetland Islands, shared the honour of being one of the first facilities in and in the Patriot Hills-Union Glacier area. Additionally, Antarctica with the Wordie House, which the United scientific camps are set up in other locations according to Kingdom built in January of the same year. the requirements of the projects, and shipping transport Since then, all Chilean Antarctic operators have built is arranged along with coordination for the stays of various other installations, first and foremost with a Chilean researchers at stations and shelters belonging to commitment to national sovereignty and exploration of other nations. the unknown continent, and then as strong support for the scientific work done and to be done by the Antarctic international science community.

1. Scientific station “Professor Julio Escudero” 2. Shelter Julio Ripamonti (INACH) 18 (INACH) Geographic location: Ardley peninsula (62º 12’ S; 58º 53’ W), Geographic location: Fildes Peninsula (62º 12’ S; 58º 57’ W), South King George Island, South Shetland Islands. Located in Shetland Islands. the Antarctic Specially Protected Area Nº 150 (requires a Maximum occupancy: 36 persons in summer. special entry permit). Facilities: 2 dry laboratories, 2 wet laboratories. Maximum occupancy: 2 persons, in-transit only, in summer. Scientific equipment: laminar flow hood, drying ovens, loupes Facilities: 2 habitation containers, one located at the and microscopes, digital scale, spectrometer, magnetic centre and the other at the northeast extreme of the agitator, refrigerator, freezer. peninsula. Available vehicles: 4 all-terrain vehicles, 1 Ford F3500 truck, Available vehicles: No vehicles available. Entry of motor 1 utility vehicle, 1 truck/lorry, 3 Zodiac MK-V inflatable boats, vehicles into this zone is prohibited. Logistical support 2 Skidoo snowmobiles. is provided by the Escudero station using Zodiacs. Communications: HF and VHF radios, telephony, satellite phone Overland access is possible at low tide. and internet. Communications: VHF radio.

3. Station Dr. Guillermo Mann (INACH) Geographic location: Cape Shirreff (62º 27’ S; 60º 47’ W), Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. Located in the Antarctic Specially Protected Area Nº 149 and requires a special entry permit. Maximum occupancy: 6 persons in summer. Facilities: One housing unit, one igloo module, one laboratory module, wind-powered electrical generator. Available vehicles: One all terrain vehicle subject to restrictions of the Management Plan for the area. Communications: HF and VHF radio, satellite telephone. For more information, see this site: www.inach.cl/concurso/infraestructura.php

4. Captain Arturo Prat Station (Navy) Geographic location: Greenwich island (62º 30’ S; 59º 39’ W), South Shetland Islands. Maximum occupancy: 25 persons in summer; 21 in winter. Facilities: Heliport, hut, general purpose laboratory. Available vehicles: Summer and winter vehicles belonging to the Chilean Navy. MK-IV Zodiac boat. Communications: HF and VHF radio, telephone and internet via satellite.

5. Bernardo O’Higgins Station (Army) Geographic location: Covadonga Bay, Cape Legoupil (63º 19’ S; 57º 51’ W), Tierra de O’Higgins (Graham Land), Antarctic Peninsula. Maximum occupancy: 50 persons in summer; 21 in winter. Facilities: Heliport, hut. Dry laboratory equipped by INACH for multipurpose use. Available vehicles: Summer and winter vehicles belonging to the Chilean Army. MK-IV Zodiac boat. Communications: HF and VHF radio, telephone and internet via satellite.

6. President Eduardo Frei Montalva Station (Air Force) Geographic location: Fildes Peninsula (62º 14’ S; 58º 48’ W), King George Island, South Shetland Islands. Maximum occupancy: 120 persons in summer. Facilities: General lodging, medical facilities. Communications: HF and VHF radio, telephone and internet.

7. President Gabriel González Videla Station (Air Force) Geographic location: Paradise Bay (64º 49’ S; 62º 51’ W) , Antarctic Peninsula. Maximum occupancy: 19 persons, in summer. Facilities: General lodging. Available vehicles: Two Zodiac boats. Communications: HF and VHF radio. XLVII CHILEAN ANTARCTIC SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION

Research Locations

Elephant

Shetland Islands

King George I. Admiralty B.

I. Nelson C. Shirreff Williams P. Escudero Station Strait Hannah P. Risopatrón Area 1 Byers Livingston ld Prat St. fie Snow s Deception an Br Antarctic P. Low Covadonga Joinville

O’Higgins Hope B. Dundee

Eagle Vega

Brabante Area 2 Ross Area 3 Seymour Anvers Gerlache Strait GGV Yelcho Paradise

Antarctic Peninsula

Grandidier

Antarctic Circle

Adelaide

Carvajal

Marguerite Bay S. Kraus

Foster Bay, Deception Island. We can see the craters left by the 1967 eruption. S. Kraus

Chilean Icebreaker S. Kraus “Óscar Viel” in Paradise Bay. DIRECTORY OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS

Jorge ACEVEDO Marely CUBA Fundación Centro de Estudios del Cuaternario Universidad de Concepción Fuego-Patagonia y Antártica, CEQUA [email protected] [email protected] Renato CHÁVEZ Carla ANTOGNINI Universidad de Santiago de Chile Universidad de Chile [email protected] [email protected] Alessandro DAMIANI María Soledad ASTORGA Universidad de Santiago de Chile Universidad de Magallanes [email protected] [email protected] Rodrigo DE LA IGLESIA Marcelo BAEZA Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Universidad de Chile [email protected] [email protected] Angie DÍAZ Ricardo BARRA Universidad de Chile Universidad de Concepción [email protected] [email protected] Beatriz DÍEZ Jenny BLAMEY Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia [email protected] [email protected] Bernhard DOLD Hernán Gonzalo BOBADILLA Universidad de Concepción Universidad de Chile [email protected] [email protected] Karin GERARD Mauricio CALDERÓN Universidad de Chile 22 Universidad de Chile [email protected] [email protected] Manuel GIDEKEL Leyla CÁRDENAS VentureL@b, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Universidad Austral de Chile [email protected] [email protected] Iván GÓMEZ Cristina CARRASCO Universidad Austral de Chile Universidad de Concepción [email protected] [email protected] Daniel GONZÁLEZ Jorge CARRASCO Universidad de Concepción Dirección Meteorológica de Chile [email protected] [email protected] Gerardo GONZÁLEZ Gino CASASSA Universidad de Concepción Centro de Estudios Científicos, CECS [email protected] [email protected] Humberto GONZÁLEZ Enrique CORDARO Universidad Austral de Chile Universidad de Chile [email protected] [email protected] Marcelo GONZÁLEZ Raúl CORDERO INACH Universidad de Santiago de Chile [email protected] [email protected] Ingrid HEBEL Daniela CORREA Universidad de Magallanes Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia [email protected] [email protected] Thomas HERAN Eduardo QUIROGA Universidad Austral de Chile Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso [email protected] [email protected]

Francisco HERVÉ Andrés RIVERA Universidad de Chile Centro de Estudios Científicos, CECS [email protected] [email protected]

Matthew LEE Aurelio SAN MARTÍN Universidad de Los Lagos Universidad de Chile [email protected] [email protected]

Marcelo LEPPE Dirk SCHORIES INACH Universidad Austral de Chile [email protected] [email protected]

Mauricio LIMA Marina STEPANOVA Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Universidad de Santiago de Chile [email protected] [email protected]

Andrés MANSILLA Wolfgang STINNESBECK Universidad de Magallanes Geologisches Institut der Universtät Heidelberg [email protected] [email protected]

Claudia MATURANA Mario SUWALSKY Universidad de Chile Universidad de Concepción [email protected] [email protected]

Ernesto MOLINA Teresa TORRES University of Technology (Sydney) Universidad de Chile [email protected] [email protected] 23

Marco MOLINA Inmaculada VACA Centro de Estudios Avanzados Universidad de Chile en Zonas Áridas, CEAZA [email protected] [email protected] Rosa VERA Héctor Gonzalo MORA Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso [email protected] [email protected]

Patricio MUÑOZ Universidad de Santiago de Chile [email protected]

Julieta ORLANDO Universidad de Chile [email protected]

Ariel PARDO Publication of the Universidad de Santiago de Chile Chilean Antarctic Institute - INACH [email protected] ISSN: 0719-0654 [Chil. antarct. sci. program (Engl. ed.)]. Editors. Reiner Canales and Verónica Vallejos. Fabiola PEÑA Editorial Committee. José Retamales, Javier Arata, Universidad de Chile Marcelo Leppe, Elías Barticevic. [email protected] Drafting Committee. Marcelo González, Ricardo Jaña. Cover. Dušan Matulic and Pablo Ruiz. Víctor PINTO Design. Pamela Ojeda, LPA. Traslated byy Robert Runyard and INACH. Universidad de Chile Printed byy La Prensa Austral. June 2011. [email protected] Phone