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Seasonal Water Quality Status in Tungbhadra River Around TB Dam, Karnataka, India B.K

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Seasonal Water Quality Status in Tungbhadra River Around TB Dam, Karnataka, India B.K RESEARCH PAPER: Seasonal water quality status in Tungbhadra river around TB dam, Karnataka, India B.K. HARISH KUMARA, S. SRIKANTASWAMY , T. RAGHUNATH AND VIVEK Asian Journal of Environmental Science, (December, 2010) Vol. 5 No. 2 : 99-106 SUMMARY See end of the article for It is important to make an assessment of quality for the best use of water resources distribution and authors’ affiliations utilization. It becomes necessary to have an idea of the present and future demand of water for various use Correspondence to : e.g. irrigation, industries, public health and river conservation. In the present study, water quality analysis of Tungabhadra River around Tungabhadra Dam, from Kudli (upstream) to Honnarahalli S. SRIKANTASWAMY (downstream) has been carried out in order to determine the sources responsible for deterioration of Department of Studies water quality. In order to evaluate the quality of Tungabhadra River, water samples were collected from in Environmental different locations in various seasons during 2009-10. Analyses were carried out with various chemical Science, University of Mysore, techniques to determine the water quality. The water quality parameters were analyzed; pH, electrical Manasagangotri, conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen MYSORE demand, total hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, Nitrate, sulphate, sodium and potassium. Ten different (KARNATAKA) stations were selected in the present study along the river basin for the sample collection. The study INDIA identified increase in the anthropogenic activities which is the main source of pollution. It was observed [email protected] that the main cause of deterioration in water quality was due to the lack of proper sanitation, unprotected river sites. The river water cannot be used for domestic purposes without any form of treatment. Kumara, Harish, B.K., Srikantaswamy, S. , Raghunath, T. and Vivek (2010). Seasonal water quality status in Tungbhadra river around TB dam, Karnataka, India. Asian J. Environ. Sci ., 5(2): 99-106. uman activities involve the use of water in constituents is weaker in the downstream when one way or the other. It may be noted that compared with the upstream of the reservoirs. Key words : H man’s early habitation and civilization sprang This is beneficial for downstream users Physico-chemical up along the banks of rivers. However, with because the result is more reliable and there is parameters, the rapid increase in the population of the country consistent quality of the water supply. There Water quality, and the need to meet the increasing demands are several reports on river water quality Tungabhadra river of irrigation, human and industrial consumption, assessment using physico–chemical and the available water resources in many parts of biological parameters (Madhyastha et al., the country are getting depleted and the water 1999; Sinha et al., 2004; Singh and Gupta 2004 quality has been deteriorated. Indian rivers are and Santosh et al., 2007. polluted due to the discharge of untreated The population pressures in the basin sewage and industrial effluents (Bhardwaj, cause an acceleration of the progressive 2005). The situation is no different in the deterioration of water quality because of Tungabhadra river basin, where agricultural increased domestic, municipal, agricultural and activities, urbanization and industrialization have industrial activities and effluent being significant impacts on water quality. In this discharged into water bodies and increase in context, the study would help to meet the environmental degradation. continued need for sound information on the In the present study, water quality situation analysis, extent of water-quality analysis of Tungabhadra River around problems, variations in water quality in different Tungabhadra Dam, from Kudli (upstream) to Received: seasons, on understanding other key issues and Honnarahalli (downstream) has been carried August, 2010 Accepted : constraints. out in order to determine the sources September, 2010 Generally, the seasonal variability for many responsible for deterioration of water quality. •HIND INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • 100 B.K. HARISH KUMARA, S. SRIKANTASWAMY , T. RAGHUNATH AND VIVEK Tungabhadra dam is located across Tungabhadra River transboundary and flows about 531 kms from its origin in in Bellarty District, Karnataka State, India. Similar to other Karnataka state, before it joins river Krishna at resources, this river is also under environmental stress Sanghameshwaram near Kurnool in the neighbouring state due to siltation, human encroachment, high macrophytic of Andhra Pradesh. The Tungabhadra sub basin (TBSB) population and sewage input from various sources. There stretches over an area of 48,827 sq. km in both the are number of drains discharging loads of sewage, riparian states of Karnataka (38,790 sq. km) and Andhra domestic waste water and industrial effluents directly into Pradesh (9037 sq. km) and finally joins Krishna that flows the river. This dam has influence of various anthropogenic into Bay of Bengal. activities and rapid pace of industrialization in the Water samples were collected in different seasons catchment areas upstream. In this manner, the river has of 2009–10 for the physico-chemical analysis. Ten received silt containing fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides samples were collected from different locations of study which are used for agriculture upstream. The main area which are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. Water samples objective of this study is to evaluate the water quality were collected in three different seasons at each location problems of upstream and downstream, variations in water as per standard method of sampling techniques, APHA, quality in different seasons of Tungabhadra River. (1998). Some of the sensitive parameters such as temperature, pH and electrical conductivity were MATERIALS AND METHODS determined directly in the field and DO was preserved Tunga and Bhadra rises near Samse in the Aroli hill for the subsequent laboratory analyses like electrical range of Kudremukh, lies between latitude 13 0 15 ’ 70 ” N conductivity, pH, turbidity, BOD, total alkalinity, TDS, and longitude 75 0 09 ’ 42 ” E, Karnataka State, India. Bhadra nitrate, and sulphate. These were analyzed within 24 hours river initially flows east, changing course to north and and subsequently total hardness, calcium, magnesium, joins Tunga at Kudli in Shimoga District. The study area sodium, potassium, were analyzed. The water analyses is situated at elevation about 550 meters above mean sea were carried out as per the methods described by Trivedy level (MSL) and lies between latitude 14 0 2’36.28"N to and Goel (1986), APHA (1998) and Hooda and Kaur 15 045’33.69"N and longitude 75 041’39.25"E to (1999). 76 056’35.11"E. In the present study area the main human activities are included as agriculture, several industries RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and other domestic activities. The results are summarized in Tables 2 and 5. All River Tungabhadra is the largest tributary of the river parameters are based on changeable water quality, like Krishna, contributing an annual discharge of 14,700 million anthropogenic activities and natural phenomena. m3 at its confluence point to the main river. The river is Therefore, DO and BOD were determined to check the Table1: Sampling, locations in Tungabhadra river Station Sample locations Longitude E Latitude N Alt Source of contamination no. (MSL) 0 0 L1 Vaishnavahalli, Tunga River 75 38'40.37"E 13 58'26.46"N 564 Agricultural activities, Sand mining 0 0 L2 Bhadra River, Hole Honnur 75 40'32.61"E 13 59'43.75"N 566 Domestic sewage 0 0 L3 S. Kodamaggi, Tungabhadra River 75 41'39.25"E 14 2'36.28"N 555 Sand mining, agricultural activities 0 0 L4 DS, Honnali 75 38'35.45"E 14 15'58.28"N 541 Domestic sewage 0 0 L5 Sarathi 75 49'12.25"E 14 34'30.97"N 528 Industries, bathing, washing clothes, sand mining, agricultural activities 0 0 L6 Mylara 75 40'53.28"E 14 47'50.93"N 516 Floating population for temple, bathing, washing clothes, sand mining, agricultural activities 0 0 L7 Madalagatti 75 53'20.79"E 15 6'39.42"N 502 Industries, bathing, washing clothes, sand mining, agricultural activities 0 0 L8 TB Dam 76 19'31.02"E 15 16'7.86"N 492 0 0 L9 Shanapur 76 38'49.54"E 15 26'33.96"N 395 Industries, bathing, washing clothes, sand mining, agricultural activities 0 0 L10 Honnarahalli 76 56'35.11"E 15 45'33.69"N 366 Industries, bathing, washing clothes, sand mining, agricultural activities [Asian J. Environ. Sci. (Dec., 2010) Vol. 5 (2) ] •HIND INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY • SEASONAL WATER QUALITY STATUS IN TUNGBHADRA RIVER AROUND TB DAM, KARNATAKA, INDIA 101 Table 2: Results of physico -chemical analysis in Tungabhadra river Post Monsoon 2009 Winter 2010 Summer 2010 Min Max Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max Mean SD pH 7.1 7.6 7.33 0.18 7.1 7.7 7.38 0.18 7.5 7.9 7.74 0.13 Ec 68 983 290.5 264.29 151 769 301.2 185.53 159 1010 374.4 260.48 TDS 42 634 187.5 170.59 87 469 187.5 115.53 104 637 239 161.56 COD 53 106 83.6 16.61 54 93 71.6 11.39 58 80 67.2 7.00 Total alkanity 70 264 115 55.12 56 222 99.2 50.93 50 162 89 39.25 Total hardness 140 298 193.6 53.08 124 270 166.4 45.61 270 440 334 60.04 Chlorides 8 148 48.4 51.94 4 120 37 35.15 28 166 60 41.68 Sulphates 128.4 291.2 172.2 44.84 22 186 61.9 47.18 20 192 62.6 51.16 Flourides 0.42 2.24 0.871 0.54 0.2 0.5 0.36 0.11 0.1 2 0.43 0.56 Sodium 23.4 137.6 80.73 45.19 4 85 27.5 26.49 6 94 25.7 26.14 Potassium 0.3 8.8 2.8 3.19 1 8 3.98 2.83 1 16 4.2 4.57 DO 6.2 6.8 6.5 0.18 6.2 6.9 6.52 0.23 6.2 6.7 6.47 0.16 BOD 2.6 5.4 3.89 0.90 3.5 5.4 4.34 0.66 2.2 3.5 2.85 0.50 Nitrates 0.26 2.84 0.89 0.82 0.34 2.34 0.907 0.62 0.78 3.45 1.389 0.78 organic and inorganic pollution in water.
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