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Environmental Assessment for the Preservation or Rehabilitation of Main Road 92 (MR92) [Oshakati-Outapi-Ruacana Road] in the Oshana and Omusati Regions
Scoping Report Version – Final GCS Project Number: 19-0564 16 January 2020
Proponent: Roads Authority
Prepared for: Aurecon
GCS (Pty) Ltd. Reg No: 2006/717 Est.2008 Offices: Durban Johannesburg Lusaka Ostrava Pretoria Windhoek www.gcs-na.biz Director: AC Johnstone Roads Authority MR92 ROAD REHABILITATION
Environmental Assessment for the Preservation or Rehabilitation of Main Road 92 (MR92) [Oshakati-Outapi-Ruacana Road] in the Oshana and Omusati Regions
Scoping Report
Version – Final
16 January 2020
Roads Authority
19-0564
DOCUMENT ISSUE STATUS
Report Issue Final
GCS Reference Number GCS Ref – 19-0564
Client Reference N/A
Environmental Assessment for the Preservation or Title Rehabilitation of Main Road 92 (MR92) [Oshakati-Outapi- Ruacana Road] in the Oshana and Omusati Regions
Name Signature Date
Author 1 Stephanie Strauss December 2019
Document Reviewer Sharon Meyer December 2019
LEGAL NOTICE This report or any proportion thereof and any associated documentation remain the property of GCS until the mandator effects payment of all fees and disbursements due to GCS in terms of the GCS Conditions of Contract and Project Acceptance Form. Notwithstanding the aforesaid, any reproduction, duplication, copying, adaptation, editing, change, disclosure, publication, distribution, incorporation, modification, lending, transfer, sending, delivering, serving or broadcasting must be authorised in writing by GCS.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Roads Authority of Namibia (the Proponent) is undertaking a feasibility study for the preservation or rehabilitation of Main Road 92 (MR92) travelling from Oshakati to Ruacana, stretching across the Omusati and Oshana Regions.
The need for the rehabilitation of the road has been determined by the deteriorating condition of said road. As such, the Proponent identified the need to investigate the feasibility of rehabilitating the road to fulfil its mission of achieving a safe and efficient national road network in Namibia. The feasibility study further aims to determine possible sources for material (borrow pits) which will be needed for the road rehabilitation activities.
The subject road is approximately 171 km long and travels from Oshakati through Oshikuku and Outapi to Ruacana. The project road commences at the end of the dual carriageway on the western side of Oshakati and ends at the junction of the Angola border post and Swartbooidrift District Road DR300 (Aurecon, 2019). The majority of the road section is located within the Omusati Region and a small section is located within the Oshana Region.
This report documents the assessment of potential impacts from the proposed activity. The preliminary findings within this Scoping Report indicate that potential impacts will be of a low significance. These potential impacts can be further mitigated by implementation of an effective Environmental Management Plan.
Based on the information provided in this report, GCS is confident the identified risks associated with the proposed development can be reduced to acceptable levels, should the measures recommended in the EMP be implemented and monitored effectively. It is therefore recommended that the project receive Environmental Clearance, provided that the EMP be implemented.
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CONTENTS PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3 2 THE NEED FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) ...... 5 2.1 PROJECT TEAM ...... 5 2.2 NEED AND DESIRABILITY OF THE PROJECT ...... 6 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK ...... 7 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 8 3.1 ROAD CHARACTERISTICS ...... 8 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITY ...... 9 3.2.1 Feasibility Study ...... 9 3.2.2 Materials and Borrow Pits ...... 10 3.2.3 Resources and Working Team ...... 20 3.2.4 Infrastructure and Services ...... 20 4 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED ...... 21 4.1 NO-GO ALTERNATIVE ...... 21 4.4 CONCLUSIONS ON THE CONSIDERED ALTERNATIVES ...... 22 5 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 24 6 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ...... 32 6.1 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 32 6.1.1 Climate ...... 32 6.1.2 Topography, Soils and Geology...... 32 6.1.3 Hydrology and Hydrogeology ...... 34 6.1.4 Fauna and Flora ...... 35 6.1.5 Archaeological and Heritage Resources ...... 38 6.2 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 40 7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 42 7.1 OBJECTIVE: ...... 42 7.2 APPROACH: ...... 42 7.2.1 Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) ...... 42 7.2.2 Communication with I&APs ...... 43 8 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT ...... 45 8.2 PLANNING AND DESIGN PHASE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 48 8.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 50 8.3.6 Impact Assessment of Archaeological and Heritage Resources ...... 54 8.3.7 Impact Assessment of disturbance to local community members and businesses ...... 54 8.3.8 Impact Assessment of Temporary Employment Creation ...... 55 8.3.9 Impact Assessment of Health and Safety...... 56 9 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION ...... 57 9.1 CONCLUSION ...... 57 10.1 RECOMMENDATION ...... 60 11 REFERENCES ...... 60
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Location of Main Road 92...... 4 Figure 3-1: Project road’s life cycle...... 9 Figure 3-2: Existing borrow pits located within project area...... 11 Figure 3-3: Google Earth Image of BP1...... 13 Figure 3-4: Site photographs of BP1...... 14
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Figure 3-5: Google Earth image of BP2...... 16 Figure 3-6: Site photograph of BP2...... 17 Figure 3-7: Environmental sensitivities along the subject road...... 19 Figure 6-1: Geology of Namibia ...... 32 Figure 6-2: Dominant soils in Namibia...... 33 Figure 6-3: Photographic evidence of site geology...... 33 Figure 6-4: Groundwater basins and hydrogeological regions in Namibia...... 34 Figure 6-5: Pans on the side of the subject road...... 35 Figure 6-6: Major vegetation types grouped by landscape(Mendelsohn & el Obeid, 2005). . 36 Figure 6-7: Trees photographed along the subject road...... 37 Figure 6-8: Animals along the subject road...... 38 Figure 6-9: Google Earth image of memorial sites along the subject road...... 39 Figure 6-10: Memorial sites along the subject road...... 40
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Sections within Scoping Report ...... 7 Table 3-1: Subject Road Details ...... 8 Table 3-2: Possible Borrow Pits ...... 10 Table 4-1: Alternatives considered in terms of services infrastructure ...... 21 Table 5-1: Applicable and relevant Namibian and international legislation, policies and guidelines consulted during the EA process ...... 25 Table 7-1: Summary of Identified IAPs ...... 43 Table 8-1: Extent or spatial impact rating ...... 45 Table 8-2: Duration impact rating ...... 46 Table 8-3: Intensity, magnitude or severity impact rating ...... 46 Table 8-4: Probability of occurrence impact rating ...... 46 Table 8-5: Significance rating scale ...... 47 Table 8-6: Assessment of the impacts on biodiversity loss...... 48 Table 8-7:Assessment of the impacts of dust generation ...... 49 Table 8-8: Assessment of the impacts of noise generation ...... 49 Table 8-9: Assessment of the impacts on environmental degradation ...... 50 Table 8-10: Assessment of the impacts on waste generation ...... 51 Table 8-11: Assessment of the impacts on soil, surface and groundwater ...... 52 Table 8-12: Assessment of the impacts of dust generation ...... 52 Table 8-13: Assessment of the impacts of noise generation ...... 53 Table 8-14: Assessment of the impacts on archaeological and heritage resources ...... 54 Table 8-15: Assessment of the impacts on disturbance to local community members and businesses ...... 55 Table 8-16: Assessment of the impacts of temporary employment creation ...... 55 Table 8-17: Assessment of the impacts on health and safety ...... 56
List of Appendices APPENDIX A: CV’S –SHARON MEYER AND STEPHANIE STRAUSS ...... 61 APPENDIX B: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 62 APPENDIX C: LIST OF INTERESTED AND AFFECTED PARTIES ...... 63 APPENDIX D: BACKGROUND INFORMATION DOCUMENT ...... 64 APPENDIX E: NEWSPAPER ADVERTS ...... 65 APPENDIX F: NOTIFICATION EMAILS AND LETTERS ...... 66 APPENDIX G: MEETING MINUTES AND ATTENDANCE REGISTERS ...... 67 APPENDIX H: PROOF OF SITE NOTICES ...... 68 APPENDIX I: COMMENTS AND RESPONSE REPORT AND COMMENTS RECEIVED ...... 69
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1 INTRODUCTION
The Roads Authority of Namibia (the Proponent) is undertaking a feasibility study for the preservation or rehabilitation of Main Road 92 (MR92) travelling from Oshakati to Ruacana, stretching across the Omusati and Oshana Regions.
The need for the rehabilitation of the road has been determined by the deteriorating condition of said road. As such, the proponent identified the need to investigate the feasibility of rehabilitating the road to fulfil its mission of achieving a safe and efficient national road network in Namibia. The feasibility study further aims to determine possible sources of material (borrow pits) which will be needed for the road rehabilitation activities.
The subject road is approximately 171 km long and travels from Oshakati through Oshikuku and Outapi to Ruacana. The project road commences at the end of the dual carriageway on the western side of Oshakati and ends at the junction of the Angola border post and Swartbooidrift District Road DR300 (Aurecon, 2019). The majority of the road section is located within the Omusati Region whilst a small section is located within the Oshana Region. Figure 1-1 below depicts the locality of the project road.
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Figure 1-1: Location of Main Road 92.
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2 THE NEED FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA)
Under the 2012 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations of the Environmental Management Act (EMA) No. 7 of 2007, the proposed development is a listed activity that may not be undertaken without an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC). This activity is listed under the following relevant sections:
• 3.2 Other forms of mining or extraction of any natural resources whether regulated by law or not.
• 3.3 Resource extraction, manipulation, conservation and related activities.
• 10.1 The construction of (b) public roads;
• 10.2 The route determination of roads and design of associated physical infrastructure where -
(a) it is a public road;
(b) the road reserve is wider than 30 meters; or
(c) the road caters for more than one lane of traffic in both directions.
In order to fulfil the requirements of the EMA and its 2012 EIA Regulations, an Environmental Assessment (EA) inclusive of public consultation is to be conducted for the proposed activity. The findings of the EA process are incorporated into an Environmental Scoping Report (this report) and together with the draft Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be submitted as part of an application for an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) to the Environmental Commissioner at the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET).
2.1 Project Team The Roads Authority has appointed Aurecon Namibia (Aurecon hereafter) as the engineers to conduct the feasibility study. Aurecon subsequently appointed GCS Water and Environmental Engineering Namibia (Pty) Ltd (GCS Namibia hereafter), on behalf of the Roads Authority, as the independent environmental consultant conducting the EA for the proposed activity.
Stephanie Strauss, a qualified Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) conducted this EA process under the supervision of Sharon Meyer, a qualified and experienced Senior Environmental Scientist. The CV’s of the consultants are attached as Appendix A at the end of this report.
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2.2 Need and Desirability of the Project The Roads Authority has identified the need for this project as the project road has surpassed its intended design life. The project road has not been rehabilitated since its construction in the late 1960s (Aurecon, 2019) and has thus been identified for preservation or rehabilitation. The proponent therefore aims to extend the life of the road by significantly improving the road pavement condition and riding quality to ensure that the road is safer and more comfortable for the road user (Aurecon, 2019).
During the initial site visit, issues were brought to the attention of the project team which require further investigation during the feasibility study. These issues will be developed and investigated as the feasibility study progresses. Should possible solutions be found these will be required to be executed during the rehabilitation work.
By investigating the issues on the subject road, the proposed project aims to benefit Namibian road users and assist the Roads Authority in meeting their objective of ensuring safe roads to prosperity. The need for the project is further motivated by:
• The need for road safety and traffic management improvements;
• The need to identify and address drainage problems;
• The need to investigate the condition of existing structures and identify associated upgrade requirements (Aurecon, 2019).
The project road is of local and regional importance as it links the Oshakati, Outapi and Ruacana towns and additionally provides road connection to neighbouring Angola (Aurecon, 2019). The road further provides tourism access to various destinations along to the Kunene river and the northern part of the Kunene region (Aurecon, 2019). It is for these reasons that the rehabilitation of the road is needed.
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2.3 Scope of Work This scoping study was carried out in accordance with the Environmental Management Act (EMA) (7 of 2007) and its 2012 EIA Regulations (GG No. 4878 GN No. 30).
After submitting an application for ECC to the DEA, the first stage in the EA process is to submit a scoping report. This report provides the following:
Table 2-1: Sections within Scoping Report Description Section of the Report
The need and desirability of the proposed project Subchapter 1.2
Project description and the need for it Chapter 2
Alternatives considered for the proposed project in terms of no- Chapter 3 go option, design, and natural resources
The relevant laws and guidelines pertaining to the proposed Chapter 4 project
Baseline environment in which the proposed activity will be Chapter 5 undertaken
The public consultation process followed (as described in Chapter 6 Regulation 7 of the EMA Act) whereby interested and affected parties (I&APs) and relevant authorities are identified, informed of the proposed activity and provided with a reasonable opportunity to give their concerns and opinions on the project
The identification of potential impacts, impacts description, Chapter 7 assessment, mitigation measures and recommendations
Recommendations and conclusions to the report Chapter 8
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3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Roads Authority of Namibia is undertaking a feasibility study to determine the type of preservation or rehabilitation actions required to extend the service life of Main Road 92 and to identify viable options for these actions. The project further aims to identify the potential economic, environmental and social impacts that the proposed road rehabilitation may have on the surrounding environment and people. The feasibility study will be conducted over a period of 12 months (June 2019 until June 2020) after which the detailed design and construction of the road will commence, depending on the availability of funding.
3.1 Road Characteristics The subject road is a bitumen-surfaced road which commences at the end of the dual carriageway on the western side of Oshakati and ends at the junction of the Angola border post and Swartbooidrift District Road DR300. The project road is approximately 171 km in length. The road is generally flat until it reaches Ruacana after which the topography changes to rolling hills. Steep declines occur here as the road descends to the Kunene River. The horizontal alignment of the road contains some s-curves (Aurecon, 2019). The subject road details are stipulated in Table 3-1 below.
Table 3-1: Subject Road Details Length of road 171 km
Road reserve 60 m
Regional Oshana and Omusati Regional Administration: Council
Towns serviced by Oshakati, Outapi, Oshikuku and road Ruacana
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3.2 Description of Activity 3.2.1 Feasibility Study Each road within the country under the jurisdiction of the Roads Authority has a project life cycle as outlined in Figure 3-1 below. This ranges from pre-feasibility up until closure/decommissioning of a road. The subject road is currently within the feasibility stage for rehabilitation. The feasibility study forms the first phase of the rehabilitation project and will provide suitable and cost-effective solutions to inform the viability of preserving or rehabilitating the project road. The study aims to assess the existing condition of the road in order to determine which areas are a matter for concern and to generate alternative solutions accordingly. As such the engineering, social, economic and environmental aspects that relate to the proposed rehabilitation will be investigated in order to provide sufficient and accurate information regarding the proposed rehabilitation.
Figure 3-1: Project road’s life cycle.
The detailed design and construction for the rehabilitation of the road will only commence at a later stage, dependant on the findings of the feasibility study and whether funding is made available.
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3.2.2 Materials and Borrow Pits
The feasibility study is inclusive of assessing possible sources of material which will be needed during rehabilitation. The possible use of existing borrow pits is being assessed. Tests are ongoing to determine the availability of the necessary materials needed for the rehabilitation. The materials to be used and location they will be sourced from will only be defined during the detailed design phase. The section below discusses borrow pits that were identified during the initial site visit. The section below further outlines environmentally sensitive areas in which quarrying is not recommended. This is not an exhaustive list of potential sources and additional sources may be considered depending on the results of the tests being conducted.
3.2.2.1 Borrow Pits identified
During the initial site visit, two existing borrow pits were identified in the area. These are detailed in Table 3-2 and Figure 3-2 below.
Table 3-2: Possible Borrow Pits Borrow pit Latitude Longitude BP1 17°39'30.06"S 15°17'40.78"E BP2 17°29'10.28"S 14°52'5.81"E
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Figure 3-2: Existing borrow pits located within project area.
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3.2.2.2 Site Description – Borrow Pit 1 (BP1)
BP1 is located at the turnoff to the University of Namibia (UNAM) Ogongo Campus as depicted in Figure 3-3 below. The borrow pit has been significantly excavated and is very large in size (Figure 3-4). It poses a danger to people and animals within the area. The borrow pit requires rehabilitation and is thus not suitable to be utilised further. It is thus not advisable to continue making use of the borrow pit as no topsoil or overburden has been left behind for rehabilitation.
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Figure 3-3: Google Earth Image of BP1.
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Figure 3-4: Site photographs of BP1.
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3.2.2.3 Site Description – Borrow Pit 2 (BP2)
BP2 is located on MR92 between Outapi and Ruacana as depicted in Figure 3-5. The area has been disturbed by the opening of the borrow pit. There are several homesteads located within the area. The borrow pit has been significantly extended and is encroaching on the area beneath powerlines (Figure 3-6). This could pose a danger, should the soil become eroded at the edge of the borrow pit close to the pylon of the powerline and cause the pylon to fall over. The area is not considered a highly sensitive area, however, due to the proximity of homesteads it does pose a danger to people and animals in the area and should thus ideally be rehabilitated in consultation with the surrounding communities.
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Figure 3-5: Google Earth image of BP2.
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Figure 3-6: Site photograph of BP2.
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3.2.2.4 Environmentally sensitive areas identified
Figure 3-7 below depicts the environmental sensitivities identified within the subject area. Within these areas (community forests, conservancies, areas with memorial sites present) quarrying is not recommended. It should be noted that only an approved borrow pit (which has a valid Environmental Clearance Certificate) can be utilised to source material. Thus, it does not mean that the remaining areas not shaded on the map are suitable for quarrying. The suitability of the area would depend on other factors such as for example the community the land belongs to. As such, the necessary procedures need to be followed and authorizations issued should new borrow pits be used to source material.
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Figure 3-7: Environmental sensitivities along the subject road.
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3.2.3 Resources and Working Team Rehabilitation activities will be undertaken by a contractor appointed by the Roads Authority. It is anticipated that the workforce will be housed in temporary site camps throughout the road rehabilitation period.
3.2.4 Infrastructure and Services Water will be required for the proposed development. The water sources to be utilised during the rehabilitation works are not defined yet and will only be explored during the detailed design phase. The water source chosen would depend on the amount of water required during construction. The alternatives considered in terms of infrastructure and services during the assessment are discussed further in Section 4.
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4 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED
Alternatives are defined as: “different means of meeting the general purpose and requirements of the activity” (Environmental Management Act (2007) of Namibia and its regulations (2012)). This chapter will highlight the different ways in which the project can be undertaken and identify the alternative that will be the most practical but least damaging to the environment.
4.1 No-Go Alternative The “No-Go” alternative is the option of not proceeding with the activity, which typically implies a continuation of the status quo. This would mean that the proposed rehabilitation will not commence for the subject road. Should the proposed project be discontinued, none of the potential impacts (positive and negative) identified would occur. Therefore, the road condition will remain unchanged and would not be improved.
In considering the proposed project, the ‘no-go’ option cannot be the preferred alternative.
4.2 Design alternatives
The detailed design for the proposed rehabilitation will only commence after the feasibility study has been completed. As such, at this stage design alternatives cannot be assessed. However, due to this project being a rehabilitation of an existing road, with activities taking place within an existing road reserve, it is unlikely that design alternatives will significantly change potential impact significance.
4.3 Resources alternatives
In terms of the resources that may be required for the proposed rehabilitation works, their alternatives are presented in Table 4-1 below.
Table 4-1: Alternatives considered in terms of services infrastructure Services Proposed source Alternative source Water Water to be sourced from Piping water from other local boreholes located in sources out of the project the area area. This would be done to augment local water supplies Power (electricity) for Electric drives and Solar drilling generators Power for cooking Gas stoves Firewood
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Services Proposed source Alternative source Workers accommodation Campsite at the project site Accommodation in the nearest town, which is Oshakati, Outapi, Oshikuku or Ruacana (depending on where along the road the rehabilitation is taking place) Materials Borrow pits Hauling from outside the project site Waste Management Sewage Portable toilets – these are Ventilated improved pit easily transportable and (VIP) latrine. have no direct impact on the environment or ecology (if waste is properly disposed of) Domestic waste Onsite waste bins, regularly Driving waste daily to the emptied at the nearest nearest town landfill landfill Hazardous waste Waste generated is to be None (chemicals) transported to and disposed of at an appropriate facility in the nearest town equipped for the disposal of hazardous waste
4.4 Conclusions on the Considered Alternatives The alternatives considered for the project are summarized as follow:
• No-go vs. continuation of the proposed project: The no-go alternative is not considered to be the preferred option. Should the proposed project be discontinued, none of the potential impacts (positive and negative) identified would occur. Therefore, the road condition will remain unchanged and would not be improved.
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• Project design: The detailed design for the proposed rehabilitation will only commence after the feasibility study has been completed. As such, at this stage design alternatives cannot be assessed. However, due to this project being a rehabilitation of an existing road, with activities taking place within an existing road reserve, it is unlikely that design alternatives will significantly change potential impact significance.
• Resources:
o Water- Water for the proposed activity is to be sourced from boreholes in the area. However, should this not be a suitable option, water would have to be trucked to the site from elsewhere.
o Energy- Increased use of solar technologies is promoted within the development. Where it cannot be successfully employed the use of generators would be required.
o Materials- It is proposed that approved borrow pits be utilized to source material for the proposed rehabilitation of the road. The borrow pits which are located in close proximity to the subject road are preferred to reduce hauling costs. Tests are ongoing to determine what material will be needed and is available. The materials to be used and where they will be sourced from will only be defined during the detailed design phase.
o Waste - Domestic and hazardous waste is to be disposed of appropriately. Portable toilets are to be made available at the construction site and the contractor’s camp and these are easily transportable and have no direct impact on the environment or area ecology (if waste is properly disposed of).
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5 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
A review of Namibian legislation, policies and guidelines applicable and relevant to the proposed development is given in this chapter. This review serves to inform the Proponent (Roads Authority), Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) and the decision makers at the DEA of the requirements and expectations, as laid out in terms of these instruments, to be fulfilled in order to undertake the road rehabilitation activities.
5.1 The Environmental Management Act (No. 7 of 2007)
This scoping assessment was carried out according to the Environmental Management Act (EMA) and its Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations (GG No. 4878 GN No. 30). The EMA stipulates requirements for completing the required documentation in order to obtain an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) for permission to undertake certain listed activities.
5.2 The Constitution of Namibia Act (No 1 of 1990)
Article 91(c) provides for duty to guard against “the degradation and destruction of ecosystems and failure to protect the beauty and character of Namibia.” Article 95(l) deals with the “maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes and biological diversity” and sustainable use of the country’s natural resources. The proposed development should thus assist in ensuring sustainable development as required by the Constitution.
5.3 The Roads Ordinance (No.17 of 1972)
The Roads Ordinance aims to consolidate and amend the laws relating to roads and incidental matters. It sets out the process and regulations for proclaiming, closing, deviating and classifying proclaimed roads. It further outlines the provisions for the maintenance and control of traffic of urban and trunk roads. It additionally allows for the establishment of Roads Boards. The proposed project should align with the regulations regarding the rehabilitation of roads.
The full list of all applicable legislation identified and consulted during the EA process is presented in Table 5-1 below.
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Table 5-1: Applicable and relevant Namibian and international legislation, policies and guidelines consulted during the EA process Legislation/Policy/ Guideline Relevant Provisions Implications for this project
The Constitution of Namibia Act No. 1 of 1990 Article 91(c) provides for duty to guard against “the The Proponent should ensure compliance with the degradation and destruction of ecosystems and conditions set in the Act. failure to protect the beauty and character of Namibia.”
Article 95(l) deals with the “maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes and biological diversity” and sustainable use of the country’s natural resources.
Environmental Management Act (EMA) No. 7 of 2007 Requires that projects with significant The EMA and its regulations should inform and guide environmental impacts are subject to an this EA process. environmental assessment process (Section 27).
Details principles which are to guide all EAs.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations Details requirements for public consultation within a GN 28-30 (GG 4878) given environmental assessment process (GN 30 S21).
Details the requirements for what should be included in a Scoping Report (GN 30 S8) and an Assessment Report (GN 30 S15).
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Legislation/Policy/ Guideline Relevant Provisions Implications for this project
Environmental Assessment Policy of Namibia (1995) The Policy seeks to ensure that the environmental This EIA outlines the environmental consequences of consequences of development projects and policies this project and considers this definition of are considered, understood and incorporated into Environment. the planning process, and that the term ENVIRONMENT is broadly interpreted to include biophysical, social, economic, cultural, historical and political components.
Roads Authority Environmental Manual (October The manual seeks to inform practitioners regarding The EIA and resultant road rehabilitation should be 2014) the legal and contractual framework within which conducted in line with the guidelines within the roads must be designed and built. It also seeks to document. provide guidance regarding the requirements of the Roads Authority in respect of environmental issues.
The Regional Councils Act No. 22 of 1992 This Act sets out the conditions under which Regional The relevant Regional Councils are considered to be Councils must be elected and administer each IAPs and must be consulted during the Environmental delineated region. From a land use and project Assessment (EA) process. planning point of view, their duties include, as Local Authorities Act No. 23 of 1992 The Oshakati, Oshikuku, Outapi and Ruacana Town described in section 28 “to undertake the planning Councils are the affected responsible Local of the development of the region for which it has Authorities of the area in which the proposed been established with a view to physical, social and development will be located, and they should be economic characteristics, urbanisation patterns, consulted for this EA. natural resources, economic development potential, infrastructure, land utilisation pattern and sensitivity of the natural environment.”
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Legislation/Policy/ Guideline Relevant Provisions Implications for this project
The main objective of this Act is to initiate, supervise, manage and evaluate development.
Public Health Act No. 36 of 1919 Section 119 states that “no person shall cause a The Proponent should ensure that relevant nuisance or shall suffer to exist on any land or regulations set out under this Act are adhered to. premises owned or occupied by him or of which he is in charge any nuisance or other condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to health.”
Health and Safety Regulations GN 156/1997 (GG Details various requirements regarding health and 1617) safety of labourers.
Labour Act No. 6 of 1992 Ministry of Labour (MOL) is aimed at ensuring Roads Authority should ensure that during the road harmonious labour relations through promoting rehabilitation, the safety and welfare of workers are social justice, occupational health and safety and not compromised. enhanced labour market services for the benefit of all Namibians. This ministry insures effective implementation of the Labour Act no. 6 of 1992.
Roads Ordinance No 17 of 1972 The Ordinance consolidates the laws relating to The proposed road rehabilitation must adhere to all roads. applicable provisions in the Roads Ordinance.
• Section 3.1 deals with width of proclaimed roads and road reserve boundaries.
• Section 27.1 is concerned with the control of traffic on urban trunk and main roads.
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Legislation/Policy/ Guideline Relevant Provisions Implications for this project
• Section 36.1 regulates rails, tracks, bridges, wires, cables, subways or culverts across or under proclaimed roads.
• Section 37.1 deals with infringements and obstructions on and interference with proclaimed roads.
Road Traffic Ordinance 30 of 1967 The Ordinance governs road traffic comprehensively. The project should consider the impact it will have on road traffic in the subject area.
Roads Authority Act No 17 of 1999 The Act establishes a Roads Authority to manage the The Roads Authority is the proponent for the national road network of Namibia. development.
National Road Safety Act No 9 of 1972 The Act establishes the National Road Safety Council The project should consider the impact it will have and includes provisions intended to promote road on road safety in the subject area. safety.
Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) Article 1 lists the conservation of biological diversity The project should consider the impact it will have amongst the objectives of the convention. on the biodiversity of the area.
Water Act No. 54 of 1956 Section 23(1) deals with the prohibition of pollution The pollution of water resources must be avoided of underground and surface water bodies. during construction and operation of the development.
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Legislation/Policy/ Guideline Relevant Provisions Implications for this project
Water Resources Management Act No. 11 of 2013 PART 12 deals with the control and protection of The pollution of water resources must be avoided groundwater. during construction and operation of the Part 13 deals with water pollution control. development. Should water need to be abstracted, a water abstraction permit will be required from the Ministry of Water, Agriculture and Forestry.
The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) MET has recently developed a policy on HIV and AIDS. The proponent and its contractor must adhere to the Policy on HIV & AIDS In addition, it has also initiated a programme aimed guidelines provided to manage the aspects of at mainstreaming HIV and gender issues into HIV/AIDS. Experience with construction projects has environmental impact assessments. shown that a significant risk is created when migrant construction workers interact with local communities.
National Heritage Act No. 27 of 2004 The Act is aimed at protecting, conserving and All protected heritage resources (e.g. human registering places and objects of heritage remains etc.) discovered, need to be reported significance. immediately to the National Heritage Council (NHC) and require a permit from the NHC before they may be relocated.
Water Quality Guidelines for Drinking Water and Details specific quantities in terms of water quality These guidelines are to be applied when dealing with Wastewater Treatment determinants, to which wastewater should be water and waste treatment. treated before being discharged into the environment.
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Legislation/Policy/ Guideline Relevant Provisions Implications for this project
Forest Act 12 of 2001 and Forest Regulations of 2015 To provide for the establishment of a Forestry Protected tree and plant species as per the Forest Council and the appointment of certain officials; to Act No 12 of 2001 and Forest Regulations of 2015 may consolidate the laws relating to the management and not be removed without a permit from the Ministry use of forests and forest produce; to provide for the of Agriculture, Water and Forestry. protection of the environment and the control and management of forest fires; to repeal the Preservation of Bees and Honey Proclamation, 1923 (Proclamation No. 1of 1923), Preservation of Trees and Forests Ordinance, 1952 (Ordinance No. 37 of 1952) and the Forest Act, 1968 (Act No. 72 of 1968); and to deal with incidental matters.
Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Ordinance No 45 of Part II - control of noxious or offensive gases, The development should consider the provisions 1965 outlined in the act. The proponent should apply for Part III - atmospheric pollution by smoke, an Air Emissions permit from the Ministry of Health Part IV - dust control, and and Social Services (if needed). Part V - air pollution by fumes emitted by vehicles.
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Legislation/Policy/ Guideline Relevant Provisions Implications for this project
Hazardous Substance Ordinance 14 of 1974 To provide for the control of substances which may The handling, usage and storage of hazardous cause injury, ill-health to or death of human beings substances on site should be carefully controlled and by reason of their toxic, corrosive, irritant, strongly monitored. sensitizing or flammable nature or the generation of pressure thereby in certain circumstances; to provide for the division of such substances into groups in relation to the degree of danger; to provide for the prohibition and control of the importation, manufacture, sale, use, operation, application, modification, disposal or dumping of such substances; and to provide for matters connected therewith.
Soil Conservation Act No 76 of 1969 Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to the The proposed activity should ensure that soil erosion combating and prevention of soil erosion, the and soil pollution is avoided during construction and conservation, improvement and manner of use of the operation. soil and vegetation and the protection of the water sources
The environmental baseline (features) of the project area and the surrounding areas are presented and discussed in the following chapter.
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6 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
The proposed project will be undertaken in a specific biophysical and social environment. The baseline conditions of these environmental features are described in the following subchapters. The baseline conditions are described for the subject area, which is the area/regions through which the project road traverses. The subject road is mostly located within the Omusati Region, with a small section located within the Oshana Region.
6.1 Biophysical Environment
6.1.1 Climate
The climate of the subject area can be described as semi-arid. Average annual temperatures are usually more than 22 °C, with average maximum temperatures between 34°C and 36 °C and average minimum temperatures between 6°C and 8 °C (Mendelsohn, Jarvis, Roberts & Roberston, 2002). The subject area generally experiences more rainfall than the south and west of the country with an average rainfall of 350 to 550 mm.
6.1.2 Topography, Soils and Geology
The Oshana and Omusati Regions form part of the Kalahari Group geological division depicted as pale yellow in Figure 6-1 below. The dominant soils within the area are mainly sands and clays (Mendelsohn et al., 2002).
Figure 6-1: Geology of Namibia (http://www.uni- koeln.de/sfb389/e/e1/download/atlas_namibia/pics/physical/geology.jpg)
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The dominant soils in the broader subject area are characterized as Eutric Cambisols, Ferralic Arenosols and Haplic Calcicols (depicted by numbers 15, 19 and 20 in Figure 6-2 below). Eutric Cambisols are fertile soils due to their high water-holding capabilities. Ferralic Arenosols are high in concentrations of combined oxides of iron and aluminium and are formed from wind-blown sand. Sand thus makes up about 70% of the soil with the rest consisting of clay and silt (Mendelsohn et al., 2002). Haplic Calcicols typically contain accumulations of calcium carbonate in the form of calcrete. These soils are potentially fertile (Mendelsohn et al., 2002). Figure 6-3 below depicts the soils present along most of the road section.
Figure 6-2: Dominant soils in Namibia.
Figure 6-3: Photographic evidence of site geology.
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6.1.3 Hydrology and Hydrogeology
In terms of groundwater, the area falls within the Cuvelai-Etosha groundwater basin depicted in Figure 6-4 below. The hydrogeological Cuvelai Basin comprises the Omusati, Oshana, Ohangwena, and Oshikoto Regions and parts of the Kunene Region (Ministry of Agriculture Water and Rural Development, 2011).
Figure 6-4: Groundwater basins and hydrogeological regions in Namibia.
The Cuvelai Basin consists of thousands of drainage channels or oshanas which flow during the rainy season. The oshanas are “shallow, often vegetated and poorly defined, interconnected flood channels and pans through which surface water flows slowly or may form pools depending on the intensity of the floods (“efundja”)” (Ministry of Agriculture Water and Rural Development, 2011).
The Cuvelai Basin is the most densely populated area in the country with most communities living in rural areas largely dependent on agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture Water and Rural Development, 2011). The villages and towns located within the Cuvelai Basin are supplied with water from the Calueque Dam, north of the Angolan border, via an extensive system of canals and pipelines. “Water stored in the Calueque Dam on the Kunene River just north of the border is pumped via a canal to the Olushandja Dam in Namibia, from where it is gravity fed via a concrete-lined canal to Oshakati” (Ministry of Agriculture Water and Rural Development, 2011).
Because surface water is only available during the rainy season, people rely on other water sources during the dry season. As such groundwater is sourced in the region through dug wells and boreholes.
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Several pans were observed along the side of the road which were mostly dry at the time of the initial site visit (June 2019), but could potentially hold water during the rainy season (Figure 6-5).
Figure 6-5: Pans on the side of the subject road.
6.1.4 Fauna and Flora The area forms part of the Cuvelai Drainage vegetation type within the Acacia Tree-and- shrub Savanna biome which is dominated by floodplain grasslands and woodlands (Mendelsohn et al., 2002).
Figure 6-6 below illustrates the major vegetation types occurring within three landscapes namely valleys, highlands and plains. The subject area can be grouped as plains in which woodlands are known to occur. Within north-central Namibia, Mopane is a very common tree species in the Cuvelai Drainage where grassy channels of oshana carry floodwater during heavy rains from the higher areas in the north of Angola (Mendelsohn & el Obeid, 2005).
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Figure 6-6: Major vegetation types grouped by landscape(Mendelsohn & el Obeid, 2005).
The indigenous trees identified along the subject road are Makalani Palm Trees (Hyphaene petersiana) and Mopane Trees (Colophospermum mopane). The Makalani Palm and Mopane trees are protected tree species and should thus not be removed. If removal is required a permit needs to be obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture Water and Forestry. Figure 6- 7 depicts some of the large trees observed along the subject road during the site visit.
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Makalani Palm Tree Mopane Tree (protected species) (protected species)
Figure 6-7: Trees photographed along the subject road.
Not much wildlife occurs within the area as most wildlife is located within the Etosha National Park and do not roam outside of it. Donkeys, cattle and goats are the dominant animals found to roam the subject road as illustrated in Figure 6-8 below.
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Figure 6-8: Animals along the subject road.
6.1.5 Archaeological and Heritage Resources
During the site visit the below memorial sites were observed along the MR92 (-17.63137°E, 15.23532°S and -17.57866°E, 15.13601°S) as depicted in Figures 6-9 and 6-10 below. These are cultural heritage resources which are to be protected and not disturbed during the proposed rehabilitation activities.
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Figure 6-9: Google Earth image of memorial sites along the subject road.
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Figure 6-10: Memorial sites along the subject road.
6.2 Social Environment
6.2.1 Population
According to Namibia Statistics Agency (2014), the population of Omusati Region is 243 166 people, whereas the population of the Oshana Region is 176 674 people. The Omusati Region has an annual growth rate of 0.6% whilst the Oshana Region has an annual growth rate of 0.9%.
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6.2.2 Education
The literacy rate in the Oshana Region is 96% whereas it is 88% in the Omusati Region. In the Omusati Region 23% of the population older than 15 years is currently attending school, whereas 13% never attended school and 60% left school without completing it. Similarly, in the Oshana Region 21% of the population aged over 15 years are attending school whereas 7% never attended school and 68% left school prior to completion.
6.2.3 Traffic
The 2018 traffic data reported that the road at Oshakati accommodated approximately 3037 light vehicles and 177 heavy vehicles per day. Traffic data for the road between Ombalantu and Ruacana indicated that 1176 light vehicles and 60 heavy vehicles is experienced per day (Aurecon, 2019).
The percentage heavy vehicles for each road is relatively similar with the Oshakati road remaining constant at approximately 6% for the past 10 years. Whereas for the road between Ombalantu and Ruacana the percentage heavy vehicles varies between 5% to 8% for the past 10 years (Aurecon, 2019).
6.2.4 Economy
Wages and salaries are the main source of income in both these regions, while other income sources include farming, business etc.
6.2.5 Land Use
The Omusati and Oshana Regions are dominantly agricultural regions in which mahangu (also known as pearl millet) is successfully cultivated as a staple food. Subsistence farming is extensively practiced within the area. Livestock farming is dominated by cattle, goats, donkeys and poultry.
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7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION
7.1 Objective: Public consultation forms an important component of an Environmental Assessment (EA) process. Public consultation provides potential Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) with an opportunity to comment on and raise any issues relevant to the project for consideration as part of the assessment process. Public consultation has been done in accordance with both the EMA and its EIA Regulations.
The public consultation process assists the Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) in identifying all potential impacts and the extent to which further investigations are required. Public consultation can also aid in the process of identifying possible mitigation measures.
7.2 Approach:
7.2.1 Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) An I&P is defined under the Environmental Management Act (2007) as:
• (a) “Any person, group of persons or organization interested in or affected by an activity; and
• (b) Any organ of state that may have jurisdiction over any aspect of the activity”.
GCS identified specific I&APs, whom were considered interested in and/or affected by the proposed activities through the following means:
• Information for the applicable local authorities was obtained from the existing GCS stakeholder database;
• Notification letters and/or emails were sent to those possibly interested and affected by the proposed project; and
• Notices were placed in the local newspapers requesting any potentially affected or interested members of the public to register as I&APs.
A summary of the I&APs identified is presented in Table 7-1. The complete list of I&APs is provided in Appendix C.
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Table 7-1: Summary of Identified IAPs Description
Ministry of Environment and Tourism
Omusati and Oshana Regional Council
Elim, Outapi, Onesi, Anamulenge, Ogongo and Ruacana Constituency
Oshakati Town Council
Outapi Town Council
Oshikuku Town Council
Ruacana Town Council
Community Members Listof IAPs
7.2.2 Communication with I&APs
Regulation 21 of the EIA Regulations details steps to be taken during a given public consultation process and these have been used in guiding this process.
Communication with I&APs regarding the proposed development was facilitated through the following means and in this order:
• Meetings were held with the relevant authorities as follows (see Appendix G):
o Oshana Regional Council – 05 June 2019 @ 09h00
o Oshakati Town Council – 05 June 2019 @ 09h30
o Omusati Regional Council – 05 June 2019 @14h00
o Outapi Town Council – 02 September 2019 @ 14h00
o Ogongo Settlement – 02 September 2019 @ 15h00
o Omusati Regional Council – 03 September 2019 @ 10h00
• A Background Information Document (BID) containing descriptive information about the proposed activities was compiled (Appendix D) and sent out to all identified and registered I&APs on 5th September 2019;
• Notices were placed in The Namibian and The Sun newspapers dated 5th September 2019 and 12th September 2019, briefly explaining the activity and its locality, inviting members of the public to register as I&APs (Appendix E);
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• Site notices were fixed at conspicuous locations in Oshikuku, Outapi and Ruacana Town and along the road on 2nd and 3rd of September 2019 (see Appendix H); and
• Radio announcements were made in Otjiherero and Oshiwambo on Otjiherero (Omurari) and Oshiwambo NBC Radio on 13th, 16th and 19th September 2019.
Public consultation was carried out according to the Environmental Management Act’s EIA Regulations. After the initial notification, the I&APs were given three weeks to submit their comments on the project until 26th September 2019. The comment period will remain open until the final scoping report is submitted to MET.
The Draft Scoping Report was circulated from the 13th of November 2019 until the 28th of November 2019 so that the public can review and comment on it. The overall commentary received from the public during the consultation period is documented in the comments and responses trail document (Annexure I). This report highlights the issues raised from the public on the documents and contain statements of how these are addressed and incorporated into the final document.
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8 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT
8.1 Impact Assessment Methodology
The proposed activities have impacts on certain biophysical and social features. The identified impacts were assessed in terms of probability (likelihood of occurring), scale/extent (spatial scale), magnitude (severity) and duration (temporal scale) as presented in Table 8-1, Table 8-2, Table 8-3 and Table 8-4. To enable a scientific approach to the determination of the environmental significance, a numerical value is linked to each rating scale. This methodology ensures uniformity and that potential impacts can be addressed in a standard manner so that a wide range of impacts are comparable.
It is assumed that an assessment of the significance of a potential impact is a good indicator of the risk associated with such an impact. The following process will be applied to each potential impact:
• Provision of a brief explanation of the impact; • Assessment of the pre- and post-mitigation significance of the impact; and • Description of recommended mitigation measures.
The recommended mitigation measures prescribed for each of the potential impacts contribute towards the attainment of environmentally sustainable operational conditions of the project for various features of the biophysical and social environment.
The following criteria were applied in this impact assessment:
8.1.1 Extent (spatial scale)
Extent is an indication of the physical and spatial scale of the impact. Table 8-1 shows rating of impact in terms of extent of spatial scale.
Table 8-1: Extent or spatial impact rating Low (1) Low/Medium (2) Medium (3) Medium/High (4) High (5) Impact is localised Impact is beyond Impacts felt within Impact widespread Impact extend within the site the site boundary: adjacent far beyond site National or over boundary: Site Local biophysical and boundary: international only social Regional boundaries environments: Regional
8.1.2 Duration
Duration refers to the timeframe over which the impact is expected to occur, measured in relation to the lifetime of the project. Table 8-2 shows the rating of impact in terms of duration.
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Table 8-2: Duration impact rating Low (1) Low/Medium (2) Medium (3) Medium/High (4) High (5) Immediate Impact is quickly Reversible over Impact is long- Long term; beyond mitigating reversible, short time; medium term closure; measures, term impacts (0-5 term (5-15 years) permanent; immediate years) irreplaceable or progress irretrievable commitment of resources
8.1.3 Intensity, magnitude / severity
Intensity refers to the degree or magnitude to which the impact alters the functioning of an element of the environment. The magnitude of alteration can either be positive or negative. These were also taken into consideration during the assessment of severity. Table 8-3 shows the rating of impact in terms of intensity, magnitude or severity.
Table 8-3: Intensity, magnitude or severity impact rating Type of Negative criteria H- M/H- M- M/L- L- (10) (8) (6) (4) (2) Qualitative Very high Substantial Moderate Low Minor deterioration, deterioration, deterioration, deterioration, deterioration, high quantity death, illness discomfort, slight nuisance or of deaths, or injury, loss partial loss of noticeable irritation, injury of of habitat / habitat / alteration in minor change illness / total diversity or biodiversity or habitat and in species / loss of resource, resource, biodiversity. habitat / habitat, total severe moderate Little loss in diversity or alteration of alteration or alteration species resource, no or ecological disturbance of numbers very little processes, important quality extinction of processes deterioration. rare species
8.1.4 Probability of occurrence
Probability describes the likelihood of the impacts actually occurring. This determination is based on previous experience with similar projects and/or professional judgment. See Table 8-4 for impact rating in terms of probability of occurrence.
Table 8-4: Probability of occurrence impact rating Low (1) Medium/Low (2) Medium (3) Medium/High (4) High (5) Probable if Definite (regardless Improbable; low Possible, distinct Likely to occur mitigating of preventative likelihood; possibility, from time to measures are not measures), highly seldom. No frequent. Low to time. Low risk or implemented. likely, continuous. known risk or medium risk or vulnerability to Medium risk of High risk or vulnerability to vulnerability to natural or induced vulnerability to vulnerability to natural or natural or induced hazards natural or induced natural or induced induced hazards. hazards. hazards. hazards.
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8.1.5 Significance
Impact significance is determined through a synthesis of the above impact characteristics. The significance of the impact “without mitigation” is the main determinant of the nature and degree of mitigation required. As stated in the introduction to this chapter, for this assessment, the significance of the impact pre-and post-mitigation actions was measured.
Once the above factors (Table 8-1, Table 8-2, Table 8-3 and Table 8-4) have been ranked for each potential impact, the impact significance of each is assessed using the following formula:
SP = (magnitude + duration + scale) x probability
The maximum value per potential impact is 100 significance points (SP). Potential impacts were rated as high, moderate or low significance, based on the following significance rating scale (Table 8-5).
Table 8-5: Significance rating scale SIGNIFICANCE ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE COLOUR CODE POINTS
High (positive) >60 H
Medium (positive) 30 to 60 M
Low (positive) <30 L
Neutral 0 N
Low (negative) >-30 L
Medium (negative) -30 to -60 M
High (negative) >-60 H
For an impact with a significance rating of high (negative), mitigation measures are recommended to reduce the impact to a low or medium significance rating, provided that the impact with a medium significance rating can be sufficiently controlled with the recommended mitigation measures. To maintain a low or medium significance rating, monitoring is recommended for a period of time to enable the confirmation of the significance of the impact as low or medium and under control.
The impact assessment for the proposed activities is given in subchapter 8.2, 8.3, Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found..
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8.2 Planning and Design Phase Impact Assessment The planning and design phase is mostly concerned with the preparation of the site for the road rehabilitation activities. The potential impacts during this phase include loss of biodiversity, dust and noise during site clearing and preparation.
8.2.1 Impact Assessment of Biodiversity Loss
A number of large indigenous trees are located along the side of the road that is to be rehabilitated. Some are located within the road reserve in which the proposed road rehabilitation activities will take place. Some vegetation may need to be removed should the rehabilitated road deviate from its current alignment. This may also lead to habitat destruction for some fauna. As such, care should be taken during the removal of vegetation for site preparation to ensure minimal disturbance in the area. The envisaged impact at the project site is thus not of such magnitude and/ or significance that it will have irreversible impacts on the biodiversity and endemism of the area and Namibia at large. The pre- mitigation impact is assessed to be “medium” in significance and after mitigation the impact is assessed to have a “low” significance. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-6.
Table 8-6: Assessment of the impacts on biodiversity loss Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M - 3 L/M - 5 M - 6 M – 3 M - 42 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation
8.2.1.1 Mitigations and recommendation to biodiversity loss • Large indigenous trees on site need to be identified, marked, surveyed and are not to be removed or damaged.
• Trees with a trunk size of 150 mm and bigger should be surveyed, marked with paint (readily visible) and protected.
• Protected tree species as per the Forest Act No 12 of 2001 and Forest Regulations of 2015 may not be removed without a permit from the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry.
• Workers should be trained on the importance of conserving trees during construction activities and should be sensitised to be vigilant against any practice that will have a harmful effect on vegetation.
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8.2.2 Impact Assessment of Dust Generation
During preparation of the site for the proposed rehabilitation, the presence of machinery such as graders for clearing vegetation and preparing the site may lead to the generation of dust which could impact the local communities and businesses negatively, if not properly handled. This may pose a negative health impact on the surrounding communities. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-7.
Table 8-7: Assessment of the impacts of dust generation Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M - 1 L/M - 2 M - 6 M – 3 M - 27 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation 8.2.2.1 Mitigations and recommendation to dust generation • Dust abatement techniques should be implemented e.g. spraying of water on site to reduce dust levels to an acceptable standard.
• The local community and surrounding businesses should be continuously consulted to ensure that the dust levels are acceptable. • Community members and businesses should be informed prior to any clearing of vegetation commencing so that they are aware of the planned work. • During high wind conditions the contractor must make the decision to cease works until the wind has settled. • Stockpiles should be covered with plastic to reduce windblown dust. • Workers should be provided with dust masks.
8.2.3 Impact Assessment of Noise Generation
The presence of graders and other machinery/vehicles during preparation of the site may lead to the generation of noise which could impact the local communities negatively, if not properly handled. This may pose a disturbance on the surrounding communities. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-8.
Table 8-8: Assessment of the impacts of noise generation Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M - 1 L/M - 2 M - 6 M – 3 M - 27 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation
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8.2.3.1 Mitigations and recommendation to noise generation • Site preparation activities should be limited to daytime hours (between 08h00 and 17h00) unless otherwise arranged with community members and businesses in the area.
8.3 Construction Phase Impact Assessment The potential impacts associated with the construction phase of the rehabilitation of the subject road have been identified and assessed in this subchapter. The main potential impacts identified are: environmental degradation, waste generation, soil and groundwater contamination, dust and noise generation, archaeological and heritage resources impacts, disturbance to local community members and businesses, temporary employment creation and health and safety impacts.
8.3.1 Impact Assessment on Environmental Degradation
During construction different types of waste may be generated on site. This may include general waste as well as hazardous bitumen and hydrocarbons which may cause degradation of the subject environment if not correctly managed and contained. Furthermore, the presence of the workforce and machinery may enhance environmental destruction within the subject site. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-9.
Table 8-9: Assessment of the impacts on environmental degradation Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L - 1 L/M - 3 M/L - 4 M - 4 M - 32 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation
8.3.1.1 Mitigations and recommendation to environmental degradation • All types of waste should be effectively managed on site.
• Hazardous substances and hazardous waste materials should be carefully and correctly handled and stored on site according to guidelines in the EMP.
• Contractors should be trained on the importance of protecting the environment.
• Contractors should be trained on EMP compliance and sensitized to ensure that they respect and protect the environment during the work.
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8.3.2 Impact Assessment of Waste Generation
Construction activities usually generate waste which may lead to environmental pollution, if not properly handled. This may result in blocked waterways should waste be blown into water pipelines; animals may choke on waste when ingested and additionally it may pose a negative visual impact on the surrounding environment. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to a “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-10.
Table 8-10: Assessment of the impacts on waste generation Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L - 1 L/M - 3 M/L - 4 M - 4 M - 32 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation
8.3.2.1 Mitigations and recommendation to waste generation • The construction site should be kept tidy at all times. • All domestic and general construction waste produced on a daily basis should be cleaned and contained. • No waste may be buried or burned on site or anywhere else. • Waste containers (bins) should be emptied during and after the construction and the waste removed from site to the municipal waste disposal site on a covered vehicle (to prevent waste blowing off the vehicle into the environment). • Separate waste containers (bins) for hazardous and domestic / general waste must be provided on site. • Construction labourers should be sensitised to dispose of waste in a responsible manner and not to litter.
• No waste may remain on site after the completion of the project.
• The recycling of waste should be considered and implemented as far as possible.
8.3.3 Impact Assessment of Soil, Surface and Groundwater
Improper handling, storage and disposal of hydrocarbon products and hazardous materials at the site may lead to soil, surface and groundwater contamination, in case of spills and leakages. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-11.
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Table 8-11: Assessment of the impacts on soil, surface and groundwater Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M - 3 L/M - 4 M - 6 M – 4 M - 52 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation
8.3.3.1 Mitigations and recommendation to soil, surface and groundwater • Careful storage and handling of hydrocarbons on site is essential.
• Workers responsible for the storage and handling of hydrocarbons should be suitably trained to do so and trained on spill prevention (e.g. the use of drip trays) and the handling of potential spills should they occur, to be able to ensure implementation on site.
• Potential contaminants such as hydrocarbons and wastewater should be contained on site and disposed of in accordance with municipal wastewater discharge standards so that they do not contaminate surrounding soils, surface water and eventually groundwater.
• An emergency plan should be available for major / minor spills at the site during operation activities (with consideration of air, groundwater, soil and surface water) and during the transportation of the product(s) to the site.
8.3.4 Impact Assessment of Dust Generation
Construction activities and the presence of construction vehicles may lead to the generation of dust which could impact the local communities and businesses negatively, if not properly handled. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-12.
Table 8-12: Assessment of the impacts of dust generation Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M - 1 L/M - 2 M - 6 M – 3 M - 27 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation 8.3.4.1 Mitigations and recommendation to dust generation • Dust abatement techniques should be implemented e.g. spraying of water on site to reduce dust levels to an acceptable standard.
• The local community and surrounding businesses should be continuously consulted to ensure that the dust levels are acceptable.
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• Community members and businesses should be informed prior to construction commencing so that they are aware of the planned construction. • During high wind conditions the contractor must make the decision to cease works until the wind has settled. • Stockpiles and sand being transported should be covered with plastic to reduce windblown dust. • Workers should be provided with dust masks.
8.3.5 Impact Assessment of Noise Generation
Construction activities and the presence of construction vehicles may lead to the generation of noise which could impact the local communities negatively, if not properly handled. This may pose a disturbance on the surrounding communities. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-13.
Table 8-13: Assessment of the impacts of noise generation Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M - 1 L/M - 2 M - 6 M – 3 M - 27 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation
8.3.5.1 Mitigations and recommendation to noise generation • Construction activities should be limited to daytime hours (between 08h00 and 17h00) unless otherwise arranged with community members and businesses in the area. • No amplified music should be allowed on site.
• Technology such as silencers should be installed on construction machinery.
• The use of horns as a general communication tool should not be allowed, they should only be used when necessary, as a safety measure.
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8.3.6 Impact Assessment of Archaeological and Heritage Resources
The proposed rehabilitation is not taking place in an area that has significant archaeological or heritage resources. However, should these be encountered during the rehabilitation activities, mitigation measures need to be in place to ensure that these resources are not harmed. Memorial sites were identified along the road which are to be preserved during the proposed rehabilitation. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-14.
Table 8-14: Assessment of the impacts on archaeological and heritage resources Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M - 1 L/M - 4 M - 6 M - 1 M -11 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation
8.3.6.1 Mitigations and recommendation to archaeological and heritage resources • All works are to be immediately ceased in an affected area should an archaeological or heritage resource be discovered.
• The National Heritage Council of Namibia (NHCN) should advise with regards to the removal, packaging and transfer of the potential resource.
8.3.7 Impact Assessment of disturbance to local community members and businesses
The proposed rehabilitation could potentially impact those who have settled or set up businesses close to the road or within the road reserve. Additionally, some community members sell fruits and crafts along the side of the road and this business activity could be disturbed during rehabilitation activities. Should these community members or businesses be impacted upon during rehabilitation activities, mitigation measures need to be in place to ensure that the impacts are minimised. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-15.
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Table 8-15: Assessment of the impacts on disturbance to local community members and businesses Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M - 1 L/M - 4 M - 6 M - 1 M -11 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 4 mitigation 8.3.7.1 Mitigations and recommendation to disturbance to local community members and businesses • Community members and business owners should be informed of rehabilitation activities prior to construction commencing.
• Should community members have to relocate their business activities e.g. selling of fruit, the contractor should communicate with the community members prior to commencing work to ensure that a suitable alternative location to which to relocate the activities is agreed upon.
8.3.8 Impact Assessment of Temporary Employment Creation
The proposed activity may provide employment opportunities for the local people. Additional benefits may arise depending on the agreements reached between the community and the Proponent. The impact can be rated as of a “low-positive” significance. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-16.
Table 8-16: Assessment of the impacts of temporary employment creation Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M + 2 L/M + 2 M + 2 M +3 L+ 18 mitigation Post- L + 4 L+ 3 L+ 2 L + 3 L + 27 mitigation
8.3.8.1 Recommendations for temporary employment creation • Should any job opportunities result, they should be made available to the local people in the area as far as reasonably possible.
• Should materials or resources be sourced from communities, they should be sufficiently compensated in a manner agreed between the community and the proponent/contractor.
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8.3.9 Impact Assessment of Health and Safety
Construction activities may cause health and safety risks to people operating on the site. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to “low” rating. The assessment of this impact is presented in Table 8-17.
Table 8-17: Assessment of the impacts on health and safety Extent Duration Intensity Probability Significance Pre- L/M - 1 L/M - 4 M - 6 M - 1 M -27 mitigation Post- L - 1 L- 1 L- 2 L - 1 L - 6 mitigation
8.3.9.1 Mitigations and recommendation to health and safety • Construction workers should be provided with awareness training about the risks associated with the proposed rehabilitation work such as hydrocarbon handling and storage, the handling of heavy machinery etc.
• During the works conducted, workers should be properly equipped with personal protective equipment (PPE) such as coveralls, gloves, safety boots, safety glasses etc.
• The contractors should comply with the provisions with regards to health and safety as outlined in the Labour Act (No. 6 of 1992).
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9 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
9.1 Conclusion The key potential biophysical impacts related to the construction, operational and maintenance and decommissioning phases of the proposed project were identified and assessed. Suitable mitigation measures (where required and possible) were recommended, and the impacts can be summarised as follows:
• Impacts on biodiversity (during planning and design and construction phases): There are some large indigenous trees located along the side of the road. Some are located within the road reserve in which the proposed road rehabilitation activities will take place. Some vegetation may need to be removed should the rehabilitated road deviate from its current alignment. This may also lead to habitat destruction for some fauna. As such, care should be taken during the removal of vegetation for site preparation to ensure minimal disturbance in the area. The likelihood of this impact is low. However, the impact can be adequately addressed by the recommendations given under subchapter 8.2.1 and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
• Impacts on environmental degradation (during construction phase): During construction different types of waste may be generated on site. This may include general waste as well as hazardous bitumen and hydrocarbons which may cause degradation of the subject environment. Furthermore, the presence of the workforce and machinery may aid in environmental destruction within the subject site. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to low rating. The impact can be adequately addressed by the recommendations given under subchapter 8.3.1 and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
• Impacts on waste generation (during construction phase): Construction activities usually generate waste, which leads to environmental pollution, if not properly handled. This may result in blocked waterways should waste be blown into water pipelines, animals may choke on waste when ingested and it may pose a negative visual impact on the surrounding environment. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to low rating. The impact can be adequately addressed by the recommendations given under subchapters 8.3.2 and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
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• Impacts on soil, surface and groundwater contamination (during construction phase): Improper handling, storage and disposal of hydrocarbon products and hazardous materials at the site may lead to spills and leakages which could cause soil, surface and groundwater contamination. The impact can be adequately addressed by the recommendations given under subchapters Error! Reference source not found. and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
• Impacts on dust generation (during construction phase): Site clearing, construction activities and the presence of construction vehicles may lead to the generation of dust which could impact the local communities negatively, if not properly handled. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigation measures, the impact will be significantly reduced to low rating. The impact can be adequately addressed by the recommendations given under subchapter 8.2.2 and 8.3.4 and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
• Impact on noise generation (during construction phase): Site clearing, construction activities and the presence of construction vehicles may lead to the generation of noise which could impact the local communities negatively, if not properly handled. This may pose a disturbance on the surrounding communities. Without any mitigation measures implemented, the impact can be rated as of a “medium” significance. After the implementation of the mitigations, the impact will be significantly reduced to low rating. The impact can be adequately addressed by the recommendations given under subchapter 8.2.3 and 8.3.5 and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
• Impact on archaeological and heritage resources (during construction phase): The proposed rehabilitation is not taking place in an area that has significant archaeological or heritage resources. However, should these be encountered during the rehabilitation activities, mitigation measures need to be in place to ensure that these resources are not harmed. The impact can be adequately addressed by the recommendations given under subchapter 8.3.6Error! Reference source not found. and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
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• Impact on disturbance to local community members and businesses (during construction phase): The proposed rehabilitation could potentially impact those who have settled close to the road or within the road reserve. Additionally, some community members sell fruits and crafts along the side of the road and this business activity could be disturbed during rehabilitation. However, should community members or businesses be encountered during the rehabilitation activities, mitigation measures need to be in place to ensure that these impacts to the community members are minimised. The impact can be adequately addressed by the recommendations given under subchapter 8.3.7 and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
• Impact on temporary employment creation (during construction phase): The proposed activity may provide employment opportunities for the local people. Additional benefits may arise depending on the agreements reached between the community and the Proponent. The impact can be suitably enhanced by the recommendations given under subchapter 8.3.8Error! Reference source not found. and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
• Impact on health and safety (during construction phase): Construction activities may cause health and safety risks to people operating on the site. The impact can be adequately addressed by the recommendations given under subchapter 8.3.9 and management actions given in the EMP (Chapter 3).
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10.1 Recommendation Based on the information provided in this report, GCS is confident the identified risks associated with the proposed development can be reduced to acceptable levels, should the measures recommended in the EMP be implemented and monitored. It is therefore recommended that the project receive Environmental Clearance, provided that the EMP be implemented.
11 REFERENCES
Aurecon. 2019. Investigation for Road Preservation and Rehabilitation of MR92: Oshakati to Ruacana - Inception Report.
Mendelsohn, J. & el Obeid, S. 2005. Forests and Woodlands of Namibia. RAISON.
Mendelsohn, J., Jarvis, A., Roberts, C. & Roberston, T. 2002.
Ministry of Agriculture Water and Rural Development. 2011. Groundwater in Namibia an explanation to the Hydrogeological Map.
Namibia Statistics Agency. 2014. Namibia Population and Housing Census: Omusati Regional Profile. [Online], Available: https://cms.my.na/assets/documents/p19dptss1qjep16pd1d0utqf1uq84.pdf.
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